The butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is a diverse group within the tribeSatyrini, occurring throughout Central and South America, in addition to a few species known from North America. Euptychiina is a predominantly lowland group, with the exception of one Asian taxon Palaeonympha opalinaButler, 1871 and the AndeangenusForsterinariaGray, 1973. The taxon was erected by Lee Denmar Miller.[1][2]
Despite its members being common, this subtribe has been a challenging subject for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies for many years because of their dull coloration, intraspecific variation, lack of clear morphological characters, and morphological homogeneity.[2] However, with the exception of pioneering work by W. Forster[3] and L. D. Miller,[4] the group received little attention from butterfly researchers until recently due to their typically dull brownish coloration. Currently, 50 genera and over 400 described species are recognized within this subtribe,[5][6] but the group is estimated to contain over 500 species in 70 genera.[6] The current classification of Euptychiina is based on the Lamas checklist,[7] who retained and reorganized many of the genera erected by Forster. Forster described 33 euptychiine genera that are now widely accepted, but since he erected these genera without testing monophyly and synapomorphies, many of his genera have been recovered as polyphyletic or paraphyletic in recent molecular phylogenetic studies.[1][8]
Phylogeny showing relationships of major euptychiine genera
History of classification
A. Butler[9] was probably the first to propose a systematic classification for many euptychiine taxa, excluding species now in the "Taygetisclade". In his monograph of Euptychia (then used as a catch-all genus to include most euptychiine species), Butler divided the genus into seven groups (Division I to VII). Subsequently, Butler proposed an updated classification for the group and recognized 27 "species groups" within Euptychia sensu Butler (1867).[10]G. Weymer recognized 29 "species group" within Euptychia sensu Butler, in addition to treating Taygetis and Amphidecta in his monograph of Satyridae in the "Macrolepidoptera of the American Faunistic region" by A. Seitz.[11] Based on Weymer (1911)'s classification, Forster (1964) introduced 33 euptychiine genera and his classification is largely retained in Lamas (2004), a work considered as a vital foundation regarding Neotropical butterfly classification.[3][7] The recent years have seen an explosion of interest in euptychiine systematics, resulting in many changes in generic classification of the group as well as improvement in our understanding of its species diversity.[6][12] Although the subtribal name was first introduced by L. D. Miller when he treated Euptychiina as a tribal level taxon "Euptychiini",[4] the genus Euptychia Hübner, 1818 was historically used to place many euptychiine species now no longer classified in that genus, perhaps explaining why the generic name Euptychia was used in a much broader sense to include many other euptychiine species. Consequently, Forster included this name "Euptychia" as part of new generic names he described, a trend also followed when the new generic name Atlanteuptychia was introduced for Euptychia ernestina Weymer, 1911.[13] However, other recently described euptychiine genera do not follow this trend (references above).
Biology
There exist detailed early stage biology (i.e. complete life cycle documented) information for 30 euptychiine species.[14][15][16][17][18][19] Larva of euptychiine species often lack body scoli and possessing short head scoli and caudal filaments, but there exist some variation.[19] Hostplant records are known for approximately 100 species, those records are mainly grass and bamboo species,[20] although the genus Euptychia is known to feed on mosses and lycopsids.[21][22][23]
Euptychia westwoodi mating on its host plant (Selaginella species) in western Ecuador.
Early stage biology (egg, larva, pupa and adult) of Splendeuptychia quadrina
Generic classification and species
The following genera and species belong to subtribe Euptychina.[24]
E. sophiae Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias, 2015
E. truncata Nakahara & Hall, 2015
E. westwoodi Butler, 1867
E. westwoodi westwoodi Butler, 1867
E. westwoodi muli Brévignon, 2005
E. woroina Viloria & Benmesbah, 2020
Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of male Euptychia attenboroughi.Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of female Euptychia attenboroughi.Euptychia westwoodi
The Satyrini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. It includes about 2200 species and is therefore the largest tribe in the subfamily which comprises 2500 species.
Pronophilina is a Neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae. They are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains, especially the Andes. Before 1970, they were poorly studied, but recent interest has resulted in high rates of species description from previously unexplored mountain ranges. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on their biology and ecology. Their relationship to other groups of Satyrine butterflies and their complex patterns of speciation within and among mountain ranges have led to several biogeographic discussions.
Modica fugitiva is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Suriname.
Lazulina hewitsonii is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Brazil (Pará), Suriname and Ecuador.
Taygetis is a genus of satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm.
Taygetina peribaea is a species of butterfly in the subfamily Satyrinae. It is found in the Neotropical realm.
Guaianaza is a monotypic butterfly genus of the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. Guaianaza is considered a synonym of the genus Forsterinaria Gray, 1973. Its single species, Guaianaza pronophila, is found in the Neotropical realm.
Magneuptychia is a genus of satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm.
Moneuptychia is a genus of satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm.
Argyrophorus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. It is distributed between Chile, Argentina and Perú. The systematic and circumscription of the genus is disputed.
Taguaiba servius is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Brazil, where it has been recorded from Baixo Guandu in Espírito Santo and from Jitaúna in Bahia. It is probably also present in Minas Gerais.
Taguaiba fulginia is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the southeastern Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo at altitudes ranging from sea level to 250 metres (820 ft).
Taguaiba drogoni is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in south-eastern Brazil in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, at altitudes ranging from 800 to 1,500 meters.
Taguaiba rectifascia is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the southeastern and southern Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina at altitudes ranging from 300 to 1,200 meters. It has also been found in other southeastern states of Brazil as well as in south western Ecuador.
Taguaiba ypthima is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in northeastern, southeastern and southern Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina at altitudes ranging from sea level to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).
Malaveria nebulosa is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in northern Venezuela, where it has been recorded only from the slope of the Serranía del Litoral in the Venezuelan Coastal Range. Records from Colombia and Panama are probably based on misidentifications.
Malaveria alcinoe, the Alcinoe satyr, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Costa Rica to Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Venezuela.
Malaveria mimas is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Bolivia and Colombia.
Saurona is a genus of butterfly belonging to the family Nymphalidae found in the Neotropics. This genus was proposed as a new genus in 2023.
Cissia eous, locally known as the brown brown, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1867. It is found in the countries of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.
References
1 2 Peña, C.; Nylin, S.; Freitas, A. V. L.; Wahlberg, N. (2010). "Biogeographic history of the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)". Zoologica Scripta. 39 (3): 243–258. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00421.x.
1 2 Peña, C.; Lamas, G. (2005). "Revision of the butterfly genus Forsterinaria Gray, 1973 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)". Revista Peruana de Biología. 12 (1): 5–48. doi:10.15381/rpb.v12i1.2357.
1 2 Forster, W. (1964). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae". Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 8: 51–188.
1 2 Miller, L. D. (1968). "The higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera)". Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. 24: [6] + iii + 174 pp.
1 2 3 Nakahara, S.; Willmott, K. R.; Mielke, O. H. H.; Schwartz, J.; Zacca, T.; Espeland, M.; Lamas, G. (2018). "Seven new taxa from the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with revisional notes on Harjesia Forster, 1964 and Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964". Insecta Mundi (639): 1–38.
1 2 Lamas, G. (2004). "Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea – Papilionoidea". In Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol.5A. Gainesville: Scientific Publishers. pp.430 pp.
↑ Butler, A. G. (1867). "A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1866 (3): 484–504.
↑ Butler, A. G. (1877). "On new species of the genus Euptychia, with a tabular view of those hitherto recorded". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 13 (67): 116–128. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1877.tb02375.x.
↑ Weymer, G. 1910-1911. 4. Familie: Satyridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, A. Kernen. 5: 185-225.
↑ Nakahara, S.; Barbosa, E. P.; Freitas, A V L. (2017). "A Potentially Endangered New Species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil". Neotropical Entomology. 46 (3): 302–309. doi:10.1007/s13744-016-0466-y. PMID28063143. S2CID28364100.
↑ Freitas, A. V. L., Carreira, J. Y. O., Santos, J. P., Barbosa, E. P. 2016. Immature stages and natural history of two species of Forsterinaria from southeastern Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 26(1): 13-18.
↑ Freitas, A. V. L., Barbosa, E. P., Marin, M. A. 2016. Immature stages and natural history of the neotropical satyrine Pareuptychia ocirrhoe interjecta (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 70(4): 271-276.
↑ Freitas, A. V. L. 2017. Immature stages of the Neotropical satyrine Taygetis acuta (Nymphalidae: Euptychiina). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 27: 1-5.
↑ Freitas, A. V. L., Rosa, A. H. B., Carreira, J. Y. O., Gueratto, P. Y., Santos J. P., Tacioli A. 2018. Immature stages of two Moneuptychia from southeastern Brazil (Nymphalidae: Euptychiina). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 28: 100-105.
1 2 See, J., Nakahara, S., Gallice, G. 2018 Immature stages of Splendeuptychia quadrina (Butler, 1869) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 28 (2): 49–53.
↑ Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K., Robinson, G. S. 2008. Catalogue of the Hostplants of the Neotropical Butterflies / Catálogo de las Plantas Huésped de las Mariposas Neotropicales. m3m-Monografías Tercer Milenio, Volume 8. Zaragoza, Spain: Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (SEA)/Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografía y Entomología Sistemática (RIBES)/Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (CYTED)/Natural History Museum, London, U. K. (NHM)/Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Venezuela (IVIC). 1-536 pp.
↑ Singer, M. C., Ehrlich, P. R., Gilbert, L. E. 1971. Butterfly feeding on lycopsid. Science, 172: 1341-1342.
↑ DeVries, P. J. 1986. Hostplant records and natural history notes on Costa Rican butterflies (Papilionidae, Pieridae & Nymphalidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 24: 290‑333.
↑ Brévignon, C. 2008. Inventaire des Satyrinae de Guyane Française (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), pp. 62-94. In: Lacomme, D., Manil, L. (Eds.),Lépidoptères de Guyane, Tome 3, Rhopalocères 2. Paris, Lepidopteristes de France.
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