Satyrini | |
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Satyrus actaea , Languedoc-Roussillon, France | |
Lethe appalachia (syn. Satyrodes appalachia ), Virginia, United States | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Family: | Nymphalidae |
Subfamily: | Satyrinae |
Tribe: | Satyrini Boisduval, 1833 |
Subtribes [1] | |
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Diversity [2] | |
approximately 220 genera, 2200 species |
The Satyrini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. It includes about 2200 species and is therefore the largest tribe in the subfamily which comprises 2500 species. [2]
Satyrini butterflies have a worldwide distribution, but the distribution pattern differs between subtribes. Some subtribes are almost restricted to a single biogeographic region, such as the Pronophilina, which is found only in Andean cloud forests from Venezuela to Bolivia. [2]
The larval food plants of many species in this tribe are grasses, i.e. Poaceae. It is considered that the Satyrini diversified at about the same time as the grasses did, and that the radiation of the tribe is therefore closely related to the evolution of the grasses. [2] [3]
In contrast, the tribe has a few genera which show uncommon feeding preferences. [3] Three genera, Euptychia , Ragadia and Acrophtalmia , feed on Lycopsida, and moreover, some species of Euptychia have been reported to feed on mosses of Neckeraceae. This is interesting cases as these genera are not considered to be very closely related to each other. [4]
The taxonomy of the subfamily Satyrinae has recently undergone a significant revision. Peña et al. (2006) showed that most of the traditionally well known group are paraphyletic or polyphyletic and developed a new taxonomy, based on molecular phylogenetic. The classification scheme transferred many genera traditionally placed in the Elymniini to the Satyrini, [5] and later studies have largely followed this classification. [6] [7] Thus, the Satyrini is now considered to include the genera previously placed in the Elymniini, such as Lethe , Pararge and Mycalesis . [1] However, the phylogenetic statuses of some subtribes within the tribe are still unclear and the revision of the classification is likely to continue. [7]
According to Wahlberg (2019), the Satyrini includes the following subtribes and genera:
Miller (1968) | Harvey (1991) | Peña et al. (2006) | |||
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Family | Satyridae | Subfamily | Satyrinae | Satyrinae | |
Subfamily | Elymniinae | Tribe | Elymniini | Elymniini | |
Tribe | Elymniini | Subtribe | Elymniiti | ||
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Tribe | Lethini | Subtribe | Lethiti | ||
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Tribe | Mycalesini | Subtribe | Mycalesiti | ||
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Tribe | Zetherini | Subtribe | Zetheriti | ||
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Tribe | Zetherini | ||||
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Subfamily | Biinae | Tribe | Biini | Melanitini | |
Tribe | Melanitini | Subtribe | Melanititi | ||
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Tribe | tribe uncertain | Tribe | tribe uncertain | ||
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Subfamily | Haeterinae | Tribe | Haeterini | Haeterini | |
Tribe | Haeterini |
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Subfamily | Satyrinae | Tribe | Satyrini | Satyrini | |
Subtribe | Parargina | ||||
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Subtribe | Lethina | ||||
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Subtribe | Mycalesina | ||||
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Tribe | Coenonymphini | Subtribe | Coenonymphiti | Coenonymphina | |
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Tribe | Hypocystini | Subtribe | Hypocystiti | ||
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Tribe | Euptychiini | Subtribe | Euptychiiti | Euptychiina | |
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Tribe | tribe uncertain | Subtribe | subtribe uncertain | subtribe uncertain | |
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Tribe | Ypthimini | Subtribe | Ypthimiti | Ypthimina | |
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Tribe | Melanargiini | Subtribe | Melanargiiti | Melanargiina | |
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Tribe | Maniolini | Subtribe | Manioliti | Maniolina | |
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Tribe | Pronophilini | Subtribe | Pronophiliti | Pronophilina | |
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Tribe | Erebiini | Subtribe | Erebiiti | Erebiina | |
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Tribe | Satyrini | Subtribe | Satyriti | Satyrina | |
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Tribe | tribe uncertain | ||||
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The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility, in reference to these butterflies' large size, bold patterns, and dashing flight. In particular, the light stripe running lengthwise across the wings of many Limenitidini has reminded earlier authors of officers' shoulder marks and epaulets.
Redonda is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The genus was erected by Michael Jan Adams and George Igor Bernard in 1981. It is endemic to the Cordillera de Merida páramo in Mérida, Venezuela. There are 10 known species, which are separated in distinct mountain ranges. Most species show some degree of sexual dimorphism in wing size, in the most extreme cases females show some degree of wing deformation which might point to incipient brachyptery.
The Elymniini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. If the subfamily Satyrinae elevate to family status, this tribe shall be treated as subfamily Elymniinae. Elymniini was formerly a large group, but recently, it is considered to be include only one genus, Elymnias, according to molecular phylogenetic analyses.
The Arctiina are a subtribe of moths in the family Erebidae.
The butterfly subtribe Euptychiina is a diverse group within the tribe Satyrini, occurring throughout Central and South America, in addition to a few species known from North America. Euptychiina is a predominantly lowland group, with the exception of one Asian taxon Palaeonympha opalinaButler, 1871 and the Andean genus ForsterinariaGray, 1973. The taxon was erected by Lee Denmar Miller.
Brassolini is a tribe usually placed in the brush-footed butterfly subfamily Morphinae, which is often included in the Satyrinae as a tribe Morphini. If this is accepted, the Brassolini become the sister tribe of the Morphini among the Satyrinae. Formerly, they were treated as an independent family Brassolidae or subfamily Brassolinae. Many members of this tribe are called owl butterflies.
Splendeuptychia is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae.
Parargina is a subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae.
Pronophilina is a Neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae. They are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains, especially the Andes. Before 1970, they were poorly studied, but recent interest has resulted in high rates of species description from previously unexplored mountain ranges. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on their biology and ecology. Their relationship to other groups of Satyrine butterflies and their complex patterns of speciation within and among mountain ranges have led to several biogeographic discussions.
Pedaliodes is a genus of butterflies from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae found from Mexico to South America. The genus was erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1867.
Lymanopoda is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae found in north-western South America.
Euptychia is a genus of satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1818.
Hermeuptychia harmonia is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1867. It is found from Costa Rica to Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru. The larvae feed on Cyperus luzulae.
Taygetis is a genus of satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm.
Taygetina peribaea is a species of butterfly in the subfamily Satyrinae. It is found in the Neotropical realm.
Argyrophorus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. It is distributed between Chile, Argentina and Perú. The systematic and circumscription of the genus is disputed.
Hyantis is a monotypic nymphalid butterfly genus. Its sole species is Hyantis hodeva, which is found in New Guinea. It is uncertain which tribe this butterfly should be placed within.
Eretris is a Neotropical butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae. The genus was erected by Theodor Otto Thieme in 1905.
Nemeobiinae is a subfamily of Riodinidae, the metalmark family. The subfamily's members consist entirely of Old World members of the Riodinid family. Recent revisions to the subfamily have begun to include members located within the New World as well, however, the subfamily continues to encompass the entirety of the Old World Riodinids.