Melanargia

Melanargia
Melanargia galathea , dorsal view
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Subfamily:	Satyrinae
Tribe:	Satyrini
Subtribe:	Melanargiina Wheeler, 1903
Genus:	Melanargia Meigen, 1828
Synonyms
Agapetes Billberg, 1820 Arge Hübner, 1819 Ledargia Houlbert, 1922 Epimede Houlbert, 1922 Parce Oberthür & Houlbert, 1922 Halimede Oberthür et Houlbert, 1922 Lachesis Oberthür & Houlbert, 1922

Melanargia galathea, lateral view

Melanargia is a genus of butterflies belonging to the family Nymphalidae and the subfamily Satyrinae (formerly family Satyridae).

This genus, described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1828, is the only genus in the subtribe Melanargiina, Wheeler, 1903.

The adults of this genus of satyrines are easily distinguished by their white wings with black veins and markings (hence the common name "marbled whites"). A peculiar phenotypic distinctiveness is also a dilated vein 12 at the base of the forewing.

Butterflies of genus Melanargia are widespread from Europe and north Africa to Japan.

Species and subspecies

The investigations on genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships among Melanargia species have recognized three subgenera (Melanargia, Argeformia, and Halimede) and reclassified the genus in 20 species and relevant subspecies as follows

Subgenus Melanargia(Meigen, 1829)

• Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758) - marbled white
  • Melanargia galathea ssp. galathea(Linnaeus, 1758) (Europe)
  • Melanargia galathea ssp. satniaFruhstorfer, 1917 (Caucasus)
  • Melanargia galathea ssp. magdalenaeReichl, 1975
  • Melanargia galathea ssp. syracusanaZeller, 1847
• Melanargia lucasi (Rambur, 1858) (northern Africa)
  • Melanargia lucasi ssp. lucasi(Rambur, 1858)
  • Melanargia lucasi ssp. meadwaldoiRothschild, 1917
• Melanargia lachesis (Hübner, 1790) - Iberian marbled white
• Melanargia evartianae (Wagener, 1976) (northern Iran)
  • Melanargia evartianae ssp. evartianaeWagener, 1976
  • Melanargia evartianae ssp. sadjadiiCarbonell & Naderi, 2006
• Melanargia teneates (Ménétriés, 1832) (northern Iran)
  • Melanargia teneates ssp. teneates(Ménétriés, 1832)
  • Melanargia teneates ssp. meda(Grum-Grshimailo, 1895)
• Melanargia hylata (Ménétriés, 1832)
• Melanargia larissa (Geyer, 1828) - Balkan marbled white
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. larissa(Geyer, 1828)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. hylata(Ménétriés, 1832) (Turkey and Iran)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. grumi(Standfuss, 1892)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. lorestanensis(Carbonell & Naderi, 2007)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. iranica(Seitz, 1907)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. taurica(Rober, 1896)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. massageta(Staudinger, 1901)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. karabagi(Koçak, 1976)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. kocaki (Wagener, 1983)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. syriaca(Oberthür, 1894)
  • Melanargia larissa ssp. titea (Klug, 1832) (= titaniaCalberla, 1891, = standfussiWagener, 1983)
• Melanargia wiskotii (Rober, 1896)
• Melanargia russiae (Esper, 1783) - Esper's marbled white (southern Europe to central Asia)
  • Melanargia russiae ssp. russiae(Esper, 1793)
  • Melanargia russiae ssp. cleanthe(Boisduval, 1833)
  • Melanargia russiae ssp. japygia(Cyrillo, 1787)
• Melanargia transcaspica (Staudinger, 1901)
  • Melanargia transcaspica ssp. transcaspica(Staudinger, 1901)
  • Melanargia transcaspica ssp. eberti(Wagener, 1975)
• Melanargia parce (Staudinger, 1882)
• Melanargia lucida (Staudinger, 1886)

Subgenus Argeformia(Verity, 1953)

• Melanargia occitanica (Esper, 1793) - western marbled white (south-west of Europe, northern Africa and Sicily)
  • Melanargia occitanica ssp. occitanica(Esper, 1793)
  • Melanargia occitanica ssp. pelagia(Oberthur, 1911)
  • Melanargia occitanica ssp. pherusa(Boisduval, 1832)
• Melanargia ines (Hoffmannsegg, 1804) - Spanish marbled white (Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya)
  • Melanargia ines ssp. ines(Hoffmannsegg, 1804)
  • Melanargia ines ssp. fathme(Wagner, 1913)
  • Melanargia ines ssp. jahandiezi(Oberthür, 1922)
• Melanargia arge (Sulzer, 1776) - Italian marbled white (Italy)

Subgenus Halimede(Oberthür & Houlbert, 1922)

• Melanargia leda (Leech, 1891) (Tibet and western China)
  • Melanargia leda ssp. leda(Leech, 1891) (=yunnanaOberthür, 1891)
  • Melanargia leda ssp. melliWagener, 1961
• Melanargia halimede (Ménétriés, 1858) (eastern Mongolia, north-east of China and Korea)
  • Melanargia halimede ssp. halimede(Ménétriés, 1858) (=gratianiWagener, 1961)
  • Melanargia halimede ssp. coreana(Okamoto, 1926)
• Melanargia meridionalis (Felder, 1862) (central and western China)
  • Melanargia meridionalis ssp. meridionalis(C. & R. Felder, 1862)
  • Melanargia meridionalis ssp. tapaishanensis(Wagener, 1961)
• Melanargia lugens (Honrath, 1888) (central China)
  • Melanargia lugens ssp. lugens(Honrath, 1888) (= ahyouiWagener, 1961)
  • Melanargia lugens ssp. hengshanensis (Wagener, 1961) (= hoeneiWagener, 1961)
  • Melanargia lugens ssp. montana(Leech, 1890)
• Melanargia epimede (Staudinger, 1892) (eastern Mongolia, north-east of China and Korea)
  • Melanargia epimede ssp. epimede(Staudinger, 1887)
  • Melanargia epimede ssp. pseudolugens(Staudinger, 1887)
  • Melanargia epimede ssp. ganymedes(Heyne, 1895) (Tibet)
• Melanargia asiatica (Oberthür & Houlbert, 1922) (= dejeaniWagener, 1961, = elisaWagener, 1961, = sigbertiBozano, 2004) (China)

Gallery

• 
  Melanargia galathea , lateral view
• 
  Melanargia galathea
• 
  Melanargia arge
• 
  Melanargia ines
• 
  Melanargia lachesis
• 
  Melanargia occitanica
• 
  Melanargia russiae
• 
  Melanargia titea (Melanargia larissa ssp. titea)

References

• "Melanargia Meigen, 1828" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
• BioLib.cz
• Satyrini Classification
• Nazari, V., Ten Hagen, W.,Bozano, G.C. 2010. Molecular systematics and phylogeny of the 'Marbled Whites' (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Melanargia Meigen). Systematic Entomology 35: 132-147

External links

• Satyrinae of the Western Palearctic