The small heath is a butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae, classified within the subfamily Satyrinae. It is the smallest butterfly in this subfamily. The small heath is diurnal and flies with a noticeable fluttering flight pattern near the ground. It rests with closed wings when not in flight. It is widespread in colonies throughout the grasslands of Eurasia and north-western Africa, preferring drier habitats than other Coenonympha, such as salt marshes, alpine meadows, wetlands, and grasslands near water. However, habitat loss caused by human activities has led to a decline in populations in some locations.
Polygonia c-album, the comma, is a food generalist (polyphagous) butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae. The angular notches on the edges of the forewings are characteristic of the genus Polygonia, which is why species in the genus are commonly referred to as anglewing butterflies. Comma butterflies can be identified by their prominent orange and dark brown/black dorsal wings.
Mycalesis patnia, the glad-eye bushbrown, is a satyrid butterfly found in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Hypolimnas bolina, the great eggfly, common eggfly, varied eggfly, or in New Zealand the blue moon butterfly, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found from Madagascar to Asia and Australia.
Danaus chrysippus, also known as the plain tiger, African queen, or African monarch, is a medium-sized butterfly widespread in Asia, Australia and Africa. It belongs to the Danainae subfamily of the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. Danainae primarily consume plants in the genus Asclepias, more commonly called milkweed. Milkweed contains toxic compounds, cardenolides, which are often consumed and stored by many butterflies. Because of their emetic properties, the plain tiger is unpalatable to most predators. As a result, its colouration is widely mimicked by other species of butterflies. The plain tiger inhabits a wide variety of habitats, although it is less likely to thrive in jungle-like conditions and is most often found in drier, wide-open areas.
Calisto is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1823. Members of the genus occur on the Caribbean islands only. Of the 44 species that are currently thought to exist, eleven occur on Cuba, one on Puerto Rico, one on Anegada Island, one on Jamaica, two on the Bahamas and twenty-eight on Hispaniola.
Parantica nilgiriensis, the Nilgiri tiger, is a butterfly found in the Western Ghats of India south of the Konkan. It belongs to the danaid group of the brush-footed butterflies family.
Lethe europa, the bamboo treebrown, is a species of Satyrinae butterfly found in Asia.
Ornithoptera paradisea, the paradise birdwing, is a species of birdwing butterfly found in New Guinea.
Pseudochazara cingovskii, the Macedonian grayling, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found only in the Macedonian village of Pletvar.
Auca coctei is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Chile and Argentina.
Methona confusa, the giant glasswing, is a species of clearwinged butterfly in the order Lepidoptera and in the family Nymphalidae. It can be found in some Central and South American countries in regions with forests and mountains.
Calisto israeli is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is known from the middle and western parts of the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains, from the Monte Iberia plateau west to Cupeyal. The species has also been recorded from Sierra de Cristal. It is probably also present on the eastern half of Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains. It can be found from 250 and 1,230 meters, where it inhabits several variants of evergreen and rainforests and, to a lesser extent, wet sclerophyllous low forests.
Calisto israeli is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is known from the Sierra Maestra. The species inhabits evergreen and rainforests at altitudes between 800 and 1,500 metres. It is also found in cloud forest above 1,500 metres, and at the cloud scrub around Pico Turquino.
Calisto occulta is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is known from a few localities from the middle part of the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains, from the Monte Iberia plateau north to near Yamanigüey, in north-eastern Cuba. It is probable that it is more widespread in the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains. The species inhabits the wet sclerophyllous low forests and rainforests up to 700 meters in the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountain range.
Calisto brochei is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is present in several localities in the middle and western Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains, from the Monte Iberia plateau west to the Pinares de Mayarí at Nipe plateau. The species inhabits several variants of rain and evergreen forests at altitudes between 200 and 800 meters. Individuals can be found mainly at shady forest paths.
Calisto bradleyi is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is found in the major mountain range of western Cuba, Guaniguanico, from El Taburete, at Sierra del Rosario, west to Viñales valley, always at low elevations.
Calisto bruneri is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it occurs in the western parts of the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa Mountains. The species inhabits rainforests, wet sclerophyllous low forests and pine forests.
Calisto muripetens is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is only known from a few localities in the central Cuban mountains: the Guamuhaya massif, above 750 meters and up to 1,140 meters on Pico San Juan, the highest peak.
Pronophilina is a Neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae. They are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains, especially the Andes. Before 1970, they were poorly studied, but recent interest has resulted in high rates of species description from previously unexplored mountain ranges. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on their biology and ecology. Their relationship to other groups of Satyrine butterflies and their complex patterns of speciation within and among mountain ranges have led to several biogeographic discussions.
