This article needs additional citations for verification .(March 2007) |
Hickory Log Creek Dam is a gravity dam on the Hickory Log Creek which runs from northeast and north-central Cherokee County, Georgia, United States, south-southwest to the northeastern part of Canton, the county seat. It is a tributary of the Etowah River, which it meets shortly after crossing under Riverstone Parkway (formerly Ball Ground Highway and Georgia 5).
Since the end of November 2007, a stream gauge (location identifier HLCG1) is located just below the dam, at an elevation of 860 feet (262 m) AMSL (NGVD29). The drainage basin above this point has an area of 8.33 square miles (21.57 km2).
Hickory Log Creek Dam is a 180-foot (55 m) high roller-compacted-concrete dam just north of the Riverstone business district in Canton, and just west of Bluffs Parkway. ( 34°16′02″N84°28′30″W / 34.2671°N 84.4749°W ) The city partnered with the Cobb County-Marietta Water Authority (CCMWA) to build the dam. Hickory Log Creek Reservoir is a drought-contingency reservoir which provides an additional source of drinking water for the area.
The dam is approximately 950 feet (290 m) or 290 meters wide, and 180 feet (55 m) or 55 meters high, making it one of largest dams in the state of Georgia not built by the Corps of Engineers or Georgia Power. Construction was completed December 2007, and filling of the reservoir was expected to take another two years. [1]
The reservoir covers 411 acres (1.66 km2) when full, and offers 15 miles (24 km) of shoreline. At capacity, it will hold about 6 billion US gallons (23,000,000 m3) of water. It is permitted for a withdrawal of 39 million US gallons (150,000 m3) per day, which will be shared by Canton and CCMWA. In addition to the dam and reservoir, the project also includes an intake and pump station, plus a pipeline to transport water between the reservoir and the Etowah River.
Several miles or kilometers of the creek will be submerged, and 411 acres (1.66 km2) of native and mostly hardwood trees are being clear-cut for the lake. It will also receive runoff directly from Bluffs Technology Park, an industrial park constructed immediately to the lake's east along Bluffs Parkway, in what is now forested and very hilly area just west of Interstate 575.
The City of Canton and the CCMWA formed their partnership to meet the long-term water supply needs of the region. All costs of the project are being split 25/75, proportionately to the amount of water to be used by each. 25% of the water will go to Canton, and 75% to Cobb and the parts of the neighboring counties it sells to: south Cherokee, Paulding, and Douglas. This is partially an interbasin water transfer, since most of Cobb and all of Douglas and south Paulding are in the Chattahoochee River basin.
Because the creek is not very large, the pump station will ultimately pull water from the Etowah River and pump it into the Hickory Log Creek Reservoir. A 54-inch (1,400 mm) diameter ductile iron pipe connects the intake to the pump station (located behind the former Waffle House on old highway 5) and then a 42-inch (107 cm) diameter pipe, slightly more than a mile or 1.6 km long, will connect the pump station to the reservoir.
Equipment will include 3-28MKM, five-stage fresh-water vertical turbine pumps, each capable of producing 9,028 US gallons (34,170 L), at 247 or 75.3 meters, at 880 RPM. The units are powered by 700 horsepower (520 kW) high-inertia motors.
The reservoir supplements the city’s existing raw water supply, the Etowah River. Water from the reservoir will go to residents who use the city’s water service and CCMWA’s numerous wholesale customers in the region. Currently, the city serves approximately 6100 customers, and the reservoir is forecast to help Canton continue to meet its water supply needs through 2050, even factoring in growth projections.
The reservoir was given a permit by the Corps in 2004, as it is in the headwaters of ACT river basin, its water later flowing into the Coosa River and in turn the Alabama River and Mobile Bay. Despite being nearly complete in late October 2007, the state of Alabama amended its complaint in U.S. federal court against the Corps, trying to force it to revoke the permit and start the entire process over again, giving more consideration to its downstream effect on Alabama.
This particular filing was likely in reaction to Georgia's aggressive actions to keep more water during the drought (in this case, particularly Lake Allatoona not far downstream), but is part of the so-called "tri-state water war" that has been ongoing in court since 1990.
The dam is constructed using roller-compacted concrete or RCC. Overall, the dam's design called for the use of about 225,000 cubic yards or 172,000 cubic meters of RCC. The dam was built by Thalle Construction Co. with assistance from Subcontractor ASI Constructors produced the RCC on-site in a Johnson-Ross batch plant, utilizing aggregate from the nearby Lafarge quarry in Ball Ground, and cement from Signal Mountain Cement Co. Fly ash was also utilized in the mix design. The six-yard (5 m) plant typically produced about 350 cubic yards or 268 cubic meters of RCC per hour.
The mix was delivered to the dam via a conveyor system, manufactured, installed and maintained by Rotec Industries. An initial conveyor run of about 700 feet (210 m) or 213 meters carried the mix from the plant up the hill to a transfer station; from there, a second conveyor transported the mix along the top of the dam to a "tripper". The tripper, which could be positioned along the second conveyor's run, diverted the RCC from the distribution conveyor and discharged it onto the working surface at the desired location.
As the RCC was discharged by the tripper, it was spread in 12-inch (30 cm) lifts by a bulldozer. Initially, during placement of the first lifts of RCC, a small Komatsu D21A bulldozer was used for maximum manoeuvrability. Then, as RCC placement continued and placement rates increased, the team switched to a larger Caterpillar D5MXL and then to an even larger Deere 850 dozer outfitted with wings on the blade. Toward the top of the dam, as the working area began to narrow, the Cat D5MXL was again called into service.
As the dam's elevation increased, the columns supporting the second stage of the conveyor system were raised using hydraulic jacks. Typically, the conveyor was raised about every two days. As the support columns were jacked up, they left behind openings in the RCC which provide drainage or ventilation to the gallery.
After being spread by the dozer, the RCC was compacted by a pair of Ingersoll Rand rollers — a DD125 and, for working close to the edge forms, a DD24. Additionally, vibratory plate compactors were used to compact the mix near the edge forms and around various penetrations.
On the downstream side of the dam, the RCC face will be visible. To enhance the appearance of those faces, the construction team utilized so-called grout-enriched RCC to yield a smoother face. This involved placing uncompacted RCC along the form edges, applying a neat cement grout onto the RCC surface, then vibrating the grout into the RCC to enhance a narrow zone of RCC and thus yield a smooth formed face. Komatsu and Deere loaders were used to transport the facing concrete from ready mix trucks to the locations where it was used.
Much work happened behind the scenes before actual construction on the project began, such as evaluating the dam site and designing the various structures: the dam, intake and pump station, and a pipeline. During the design and construction phases, the project will underwent review by the city, CCMWA and Georgia Safe Dams, which is a program managed by the state Environmental Protection Division. The schedule also included time to hire construction companies to build the projects. [2]
Because of the location and layout of the site, a key factor in maintaining production was ensuring that materials and equipment could be delivered to the dam construction crew where and when they were needed.
To that end, the team utilized four large cranes on the project — a Kobelco 100-ton crane on one end of the dam, a Liebherr 120-ton crane on the other end, a Manitowoc 4100 on the downstream side, and a Manitowoc 888 on the upstream side — as well as smaller cranes and lifts elsewhere as needed. Having multiple cranes on-site allowed maximum lifting flexibility at any point on the dam. [3]
The dam is designed with a flat and vertical upstream face and a stepped downstream face. Its downstream steps were formed using wood forms, creating steps with a height of three feet (90 cm). On the upstream side, the team used precast stay-in-place concrete form panels — typically measuring 16 feet (4.9 m) by 6.5 feet (2.0 m) with a thickness of 5 inches (488×198×13cm) — to define the face of the dam. The inside face of each of these panels is lined with an impervious geomembrane. Crews fabricated and cast these panels at an on-site precast yard.
To anchor these upstream forms during RCC placement and compaction, permanent anchors extending back into the RCC were attached to the inside face of each form panel. Additionally, temporary exterior steel stiffbacks were installed to provide additional support. Overall, the design utilizes close to 1,100 of the panels.
Not all formwork was on the outside of the dam. The Hickory Log Creek dam includes an inspection/drainage gallery which has been constructed deep within the dam itself. This gallery has a width of 7 feet (2.1 m) and a height of 8 feet (2.4 m). The walls were formed during RCC placement using removable metal forms; gallery ceiling was constructed using precast reinforced concrete roof panels. Access stairways have also been incorporated into the mass structure. The presence of these openings and passages complicated construction somewhat but allows for easy instrumentation, drainage from the foundation drains and interior inspection of the structure.
Temperature is a concern during any Dam project, particularly one such as this where such a large volume of roller-compacted concrete or RCC is being placed. RCC produces heat as it hydrates and cures, and that heat can cause cracking if it is excessive.
To avoid overheating problems, RCC placement was scheduled to avoid the heat of day. Placement typically began at about 5PM (17:00) and continued through the night, wrapping up mid-morning before temperatures got too high.
Temperature management was further aided by the fact that most of the aggregate was stockpiled last winter, during cold weather. The core of the aggregate pile remained cool even as the weather warmed — an additional aid in controlling mix temperature. Should ambient temperatures have risen too much, the team had the ability to add liquid nitrogen to the mix to lower the temperature further.
Temperature was also a major factor in determining whether bedding mortar was used between each placement session. Although bedding mortar was used in a narrow zone on the upstream side and at each abutment contact at the beginning of each day's RCC placement, it was only necessary to bed the entire lift if the "degree-hours" (that is, the product of the temperature and time between lifts) exceeded 500 degree hours.
Old Hickory Lock and Dam is a dam located in middle Tennessee on the Cumberland River at river mile 216.2 in Sumner and Davidson Counties, approximately 25 miles (40 km) upstream from Nashville. The reservoir behind the dam is Old Hickory Lake. The dam and lake are named after President Andrew Jackson, who lived in the vicinity at The Hermitage.
Dworshak Dam is a concrete gravity dam in the western United States, on the North Fork of the Clearwater River in north central Idaho. In Clearwater County, the dam is located approximately four miles (6 km) northwest of Orofino and impounds the Dworshak Reservoir for flood control and hydroelectricity generation.
The Avon Dam is a heritage-listed dam in Avon, Wingecarribee Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It is one of four dams and weirs in the catchment of the Upper Nepean Scheme, providing water to the Macarthur and Illawarra regions, the Wollondilly Shire, and metropolitan Sydney. The arch dam across the Avon River was completed in 1927 under the supervision of Ernest Macartney de Burgh, the dam is currently managed by the Sydney Catchment Authority and is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register.
Toker Dam is the fourth largest dam in Eritrea. Construction was begun in 1997 and completed in 2001, despite having to be halted for a few months in 1998 when Ethiopia and Eritrea were at war. Its primary designer was Natural Resources Consulting Engineers from Colorado, USA. Furthermore, NRCE Inc., was the primary consultant on the project. The construction contractor was Keagnam of South Korea.
Salt Springs Reservoir is a reservoir in the eastern portions of Amador County and Calaveras County of California in the Sierra Nevada about 30 miles (48 km) east-northeast of Jackson. The reservoir is in the Eldorado National Forest at an elevation of 3,900 feet (1,200 m).
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) or rolled concrete (rollcrete) is a special blend of concrete that has essentially the same ingredients as conventional concrete but in different ratios, and increasingly with partial substitution of fly ash for Portland cement. The partial substitution of fly ash for Portland Cement is an important aspect of RCC dam construction because the heat generated by fly ash hydration is significantly less than the heat generated by Portland Cement hydration. This in turn reduces the thermal loads on the dam and reduces the potential for thermal cracking to occur. RCC is a mix of cement/fly ash, water, sand, aggregate and common additives, but contains much less water. The produced mix is drier and essentially has no slump. RCC is placed in a manner similar to paving; the material is delivered by dump trucks or conveyors, spread by small bulldozers or specially modified asphalt pavers, and then compacted by vibratory rollers.
An embankment dam is a large artificial dam. It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface and a dense, impervious core. This makes the dam impervious to surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance.
The Paradise Dam, also known as the Burnett River Dam, is a roller compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dam across the Burnett River, located between Coringa and Good Night northwest Biggenden and 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Bundaberg in the Wide Bay-Burnett region of Queensland, Australia. Built for irrigation, the impoundment created by the dam is called Lake Paradise.
Wolwedans Dam is a concrete dam in South Africa located on the Great Brak River near Mossel Bay, Western Cape, South Africa. The dam is the main source of water for the municipality of Mossel Bay as well as the gas-to-liquids refinery PetroSA. The dam serves mainly for municipal and industrial water supply purposes.
The Yeywa Hydropower Station, located on the Myitnge River, 52 kilometres (32 mi) southeast of Mandalay city, at Yeywa village in Kyaukse Township, Mandalay Region in central Myanmar, is the country's first roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dam, and the site of a 790-megawatt (1,060,000 hp) hydroelectric power plant, the largest in the country.
The Salmon Creek Dam is a concrete arch dam on the Salmon Creek, 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Juneau, Alaska. Built in 1914, it is the world's first constant-angle arch variable radius dam. Since it was built, over 100 such dams have been constructed all over the world. The dam was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2022.
The San Vicente Dam is a concrete gravity dam on San Vicente Creek near Lakeside and 25 km (15.5 mi) northeast of San Diego, California. The dam was built between 1941 and 1943 and created San Vicente Reservoir for the purpose of municipal water storage, flood control and recreation. Although the reservoir is fed by run-off, its main source is the First San Diego Aqueduct. In June 2009, construction to raise the height of the dam by 117 ft (36 m), in order to more than double its reservoir size, commenced. It is the largest dam raise in the United States and largest roller-compacted concrete dam raise in the world. The dam raise project was originally set for the end of 2012, but was completed in early 2014. Efforts to replace the water supply pipelines and prepare the reservoir for the public will be underway until 2015–2017.
Santiago Dam is an earth/rockfill dam across Santiago Creek in Orange County, in the U.S. state of California, forming Irvine Lake. The 136-foot (41 m) earth dam and its reservoir serve for flood control and recreational purposes. It lies upstream (southeast) from the city of Orange and north of Irvine. Irvine Lake is the largest body of fresh water entirely in Orange County.
The Jiangya Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Loushui River, located 50 km (31 mi) northeast of Zhangjiajie in Hunan Province, China. The primary purpose of the multi-purpose dam is flood control but it also generates hydroelectricty, supplies water for irrigation and municipal use and improves navigation.
The Longshou II Dam, also referred to as Longshou No. 2, is a concrete-face rock-fill dam on the Heihe River, located 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Zhangye in Gansu Province, China. It is part of the Gansu Heihe Rural Hydropower Development and supports a 157 MW power station. The dam's first feasibility study was carried out in 2000 and river diversion construction began in December 2001. In June 2002, the river was diverted and in September that year, filling of the dam's body began. On 17 August 2004, the first generator was operational with the rest by the end of the year. The 146.5 m (481 ft) high dam withholds a reservoir with a capacity of 86,200,000 m3 (69,883 acre⋅ft). It's spillway is located on the right bank and is a controlled chute type with a discharge capacity of 2,696 m3/s (95,208 cu ft/s). Water is delivered to the dam's power station downstream via a 1.7 km (1 mi) long tunnel. The dam is located upstream of the Longshou I Dam, an 80 m (262 ft) tall double-curvature arch dam with an installed capacity of 52 MW. Upstream is the Xiaogushan Dam, a gravity dam which diverts water to a 102 MW power station.
The Suofengying Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Wu River, 44 km (27 mi) northwest of Guiyang in Guizhou Province, China. It is located 35.5 km (22 mi) downstream of the Dongfeng Dam and 74.9 km (47 mi) upstream of the Wujiangdu Dam. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 600 MW power station. Construction on the dam began on 26 July 2002 and on December 18 of that year, the river was diverted. Pouring of roller-compacted concrete into the dam's body began on 14 January 2004 and in June, the dam began to impound its reservoir. On 18 August, the first generator was operational and the last two in 2005. The 121.8 m (400 ft) tall dam creates a reservoir with a capacity of 201,200,000 m3 (163,115 acre⋅ft). The dam's power station is located on its right bank and contains three 200 MW Francis turbine-generators.
The Hohhot Pumped Storage Power Station, also known by Huhehaote, is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia, China. It uses the pumped-storage hydroelectric method to generate electricity. The plant has an installed capacity of 1,224 megawatts (1,641,000 hp). Construction began in 2005 and the first generator was commissioned on 20 November 2014. The second generator was commissioned on 26 December 2014 and the final two were commissioned in June 2015.
Changuinola I Dam, is located in district of Changuinola, in the Province of Bocas del Toro, in the western part of Panama. It is the largest roller-compacted concrete arch-gravity dam in the World.
Ghatghar Dam refers to two associated gravity dams built using roller-compacted concrete, the first use in India. They are situated in Ghatghar village in Ahmednagar district Maharashtra, India. Both dams create a lower and upper reservoir for the 250 MW pumped-storage hydroelectric power station. The upper Ghatghar dam is 15 m (49 ft) tall and on the Pravara River, a tributary of Godavari river. The lower Ghatghar dam is 86 m (282 ft) tall and located on the Shahi Nalla which is a tributary of Ulhas River to the south west of the upper reservoir in a steep valley. The hydro power project diverts Godavari river basin water outside the basin area to a west flowing river of Western ghats.
The Pembelik Dam is a gravity dam on the Peri River, in Karakoçan district of Elazığ Province, Turkey. Its primary purpose is hydroelectric power generation and is the fourth dam in the Peri River cascade. Construction on the dam began in 2009 and its two generators were commissioned in February/March 2015. The 88 m (289 ft) tall roller-compacted concrete dam faced opposition from locals and construction was briefly suspended in 2014. It is owned and operated by Limak Energy and Bilgin Energy.