| Hoploclonia cuspidata | |
|---|---|
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| Hoploclonia cuspidata, female | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Heteropterygidae |
| Subfamily: | Obriminae |
| Tribe: | Hoplocloniini |
| Genus: | Hoploclonia |
| Species: | H. cuspidata |
| Binomial name | |
| Hoploclonia cuspidata Redtenbacher, 1906 | |
| Subspecies [1] | |
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| Synonyms [1] | |
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Hoploclonia cuspidata is a stick insect species native to the north of Borneo and is also called Brunei Hoploclonia stick insect. [2]
When Josef Redtenbacher described the species in 1906, both males and females were available to him. However, he only recognized that the female belongs to the genus Hoploclonia established by Carl Stål in 1875. This was until then monotypical. Although both males and females were known from the hitherto only representative of the genus, namely Hoploclonia gecko , Redtenbacher described the male of Hoploclonia cuspidata as Dares (Epidares) haematacanthus. [3] The type material was long thought to be lost. It was rediscovered in 2000 by Oliver Zompro. One lectotype is deposited in the State Museum of Zoology, Dresden and another syntype in the Natural History Museum, Berlin. Philip Edward Bragg first transferred the species to the genus Epidares in 1998. After the type material was available, he synonymized the species with Hoploclonia cuspidata in 2001. The holotype of Hoploclonia cuspidata is a 52 millimetres (2.0 in) long female, which is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, France.
As early as 1995 Bragg described two other species, namely Hoploclonia apiensis, which so far is only known from the female holotype and Hoploclonia abercrombiei . [4] Both were synonymous with Hoploclonia cuspidata by Francis Seow-Choen in 2016. [5] As early as 2018, a study proved that Hoploclonia abercrombiei is an independent and therefore valid species. [6] Simultaneously with the synonymization, Seow-Choen described Hoploclonia cuspidata crockerensis, a further subspecies in addition to the nominotypical subspecies. [1] [5]
The stick insects, wingless in both sexes, have spines on their bodies that are typical of representatives of this genus. In the 30 to 35 millimetres (1.2 to 1.4 in) long males, these are found in pairs on the head, the thorax and the anterior segments of the thorax. In adult males a dark, mostly black-brown basic color dominates. Only the areas around the coxae, as well as the distal ends of the femurs and the proximal ends of the tibae, i.e. the knee area, are yellow to orange in color and form a clear contrast to the basic color.
The females are 42 to 52 millimetres (1.7 to 2.0 in) long. They are usually lighter in color and significantly more variable in color. Their basic color can vary from light brown to reddish brown to dark brown. Only on the thorax do they have clear, very flat spines, which on the mesothorax form the triangle typical of Hoploclonia species. Overall, they are very robust from the habitus. The abdomen is plump in egg-laying females and approximately cylindrical in cross-section. The end of the abdomen forms a short ovipositor for laying the eggs in the ground. [2] [4] [7]
Hoploclonia cuspidata is native to the north of Borneo. Its main distribution area is Brunei, which is why the species with the common name is also called Brunei Hoploclonia stick insect. Further evidence is available for the Malay areas near Brunei. Animals have been found in the west of Sabah and in the northwest of Sarawak. Further evidence is available for the Malay areas near Brunei. Specimens have been found in the west of Sabah and in the northwest of Sarawak. [4]
In addition to sexual reproduction, facultative parthenogenesis has also been documented in this species. Like most well-camouflaged stick insects, Hoploclonia cuspidata hides during the day and only comes out of the hiding places near the ground at dusk to eat and look for a partner. With their ovipositor, the females prick the eggs 3.5 to 3.7 millimetres (0.14 to 0.15 in) long, 2.8 to 2.9 millimetres (0.11 to 0.11 in) high and 2.5 millimetres (0.098 in) wide into the ground. As is typical for all Hoploclonia species, these are more arched on the dorsal side and therefore have a lid (operculum) that slopes down towards the ventral side. Your micropylar plate has three arms, with one arm pointing towards the lid, while the other two are narrower and run laterally in the direction of the lower pole. The nymphs need three to five months to hatch, depending on the climate, and then have a length of 12 millimetres (0.47 in). They are initially black and have reddish-brown legs. Female nymphs are about 27 millimetres (1.1 in) long in the third stage. Their legs are much more reddish in color and they have no spines whatsoever. It takes at least six months until the moulting to imago occurs, often more for the females. [4] [7]
The first breeding stock appeared in the terraristics in the mid-1990s. These go back to specimens that Ian Abercrombie had collected in 1994 in Brunei, more precisely in Kuala Belalong in the Temburong District. The species was given PSG number 199 by the Phasmid Study Group.
The keeping of Hoploclonia cuspidata is considered to be delicate. Only small terrariums are required. In these there should be a substrate that is always slightly moist and suitable for laying eggs on the terrarium floor. The humidity in the terrarium should also be rather high at 70 to 90 percent. Leaves of brambles, other Rosaceae and oak are eaten. [2] [7] [8]
Heteropteryx is a monotypic genus of stick insects containing Heteropteryx dilatata as the only described species. and gives its name to the family of the Heteropterygidae. Their only species may be known as jungle nymph, Malaysian stick insect, Malaysian wood nymph, Malayan jungle nymph, or Malayan wood nymph and because of their size it is commonly kept in zoological institutions and private terrariums of insect lovers. It originates in Malay Archipelago, more precisely on the Malay Peninsula and Borneo and is nocturnal.
Pulchriphyllium giganteum, commonly known as the Giant Malaysian Leaf insect, is a species of leaf insects described from Malaysia by Hausleithner in 1984 and placed in the genus Pulchriphyllium since 2021. Pulchriphyllium giganteum is the largest species belonging to the genus Pulchriphyllium reaching 105 mm in size. They are found most abundantly in the west Malaysian tropics. The females typically have large elytra that lie edge to edge on the abdomen and tend to lack hind wings making them usually flightless. Males have small elytra and sometimes transparent non-leaflike functional hind wings. Pulchriphyllium giganteum found in the wild tend to be mostly females and the first male of this species was not found until 1994. In captivity, the species has primarily been observed to reproduce through parthenogenesis meaning the females are asexual. The primary reproductive pattern in the wild is unknown. Eggs tend to be brown or black and glossy and resemble the look of seeds. They hatch around 6 months after breeding. Newly hatched young nymphs tend to be wingless and brown or reddish in color. They develop their green color after feeding on leaves. Both the adult and larval stages are phytophagous meaning they feed on plants. The main plant food sources for this species are oak and bramble tree leaves.
The Heteropterygidae is a family of stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East and Southeast Asia. More than 130 valid species are descriebed.
Pylaemenes is a genus of stick insects in the family Heteropterygidae and subfamily Dataminae. It combines small to medium-sized, often brightly colored Phasmatodea species. Their representatives are found in large parts of Southeast Asia.
The genus Orestes combines relatively small and elongated Phasmatodea species from Southeast and East Asia.
Datamini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Dataminae from the order of the Phasmatodea. The representatives of this subfamily are on average not as large as those of the other two subfamilies belonging to the family of Heteropterygidae.
Heteropterygini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae from the order of the Phasmatodea in the family Heteropterygidae. With 19 representatives described, this subfamily represents both the species-poorest and that of the three subfamilies, to which the largest and most striking species are counted.
Epidares nolimetangere, the touch-me-not stick insect, is an insect species from the order of the Phasmatodea and the only representative of the genus Epidares. The species name nolimetangere comes from Latin and means "don't touch me". It refers to the prickly appearance of the animals.
The genus Dares, which is mainly native to Borneo, combines relatively small and mostly dark-colored Phasmatodea species.
The genus Planispectrum combines very small and compact species from Southeast Asia.
Hoploclonia is the only genus of the tribe Hoplocloniini and brings together relatively small and darkly colored Phasmatodea species.
Haaniella is a genus of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae from Southeast Asia.
Aretaon is a genus of stick insects native to Borneo and the Philippine island Palawan.
Aretaon asperrimus is a species of insect in the Aretaon genus of the Phasmatodea order. The sometimes used common name thorny stick insect is a bit misleading, since the species does not correspond to the typical stick-like habitus and many other species are thorny as well.
Orestes mouhotii is an insect species belonging to the order of Phasmatodea. Because of its synyonym Orestes verruculatus, it is the type species of the genus Orestes. Because of its compact body shape, the species is sometimes referred to as small cigar stick insect.
Dares murudensis is a relatively small species of stick insect. Like most other members of the genus Dares, the species is native to Borneo.
Dares verrucosus is a species of stick insects. Like most other members of the genus Dares, the species is native to Borneo, more precisely in the north of the island.
Aretaon muscosus is a stick insect species from the family Heteropterygidae, which is native to Borneo.
Hoploclonia gecko is a relatively small, spiny and darkly colored stick insect species that is native to the northwest of Borneo.
Hoploclonia abercrombiei is a stick insect species known from the northwest of Borneo, more precisely from only one place in the Malay state Sarawak.
Data related to Hoploclonia cuspidata at Wikispecies
Media related to Hoploclonia cuspidata at Wikimedia Commons