Hoploclonia

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Hoploclonia
Hoploclonia cuspidata - pair 0.JPG
Hoploclonia cuspidata , pair
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Phasmatodea
Family: Heteropterygidae
Subfamily: Obriminae
Tribe: Hoplocloniini
Bank et al, 2021
Genus: Hoploclonia
Stål, 1875
Species [1]
Hoploclonia abercrombiei, male Hoploclonia abercrombiei - male.JPG
Hoploclonia abercrombiei , male
Hoploclonia gecko, male Hoploclonia gecko - male.JPG
Hoploclonia gecko , male
Hoplocloniini

Hoploclonia gecko

Hoploclonia spec. 'Mt. Pagon'

Hoploclonia cuspidata

Hoploclonia abercrombiei

Relationships of the examined Hoploclonia species by Sarah Bank et al. (2021) [2]

Hoploclonia is the only genus of the tribe Hoplocloniini and brings together relatively small and darkly coloured Phasmatodea species. [1]

Contents

Characteristics

The representatives of this genus are very small with 35 to 40 mm in the male and 45 to 55 mm in the female sex. Both sexes are always wingless and very thorny. The thorns form a characteristic triangle on the mesothorax. At the front two corner points are created by a pair of widely spaced and, in the females, very flat thorns. While these converge at the front transversely to the body axis and thus form one side of the triangle, the third corner point and the other two sides are created by the thorn edges that taper off flat towards the rear. In this area the males still have a distinct, very close pair of thorns. They are dominated by dark brown, almost black tones, which are complemented by yellow-orange species-specific drawings. The mostly lighter females are less prickly and much more variable in color. Their basic color can vary from light brown to reddish brown to dark brown. As is typical for the representatives of the Obriminae, at the end of the abdomen they have a rather short secondary ovipositor for laying eggs in the ground. This surrounds the actual ovipositor. It is ventrally formed from the eighth sternite, here named subgenital plate [3] or operculum. Dorsally it is not formed from the eleventh tergum (epiproct), as in the representatives of the Heteropteryginae and Obrimini, but from the tenth tergum. This characteristic is considered autapomorphic for the tribe Hoplocloniini. [2] [4] [5]

Way of life and reproduction

The nocturnal insects hide on the ground or in low vegetation during the day. Even at night, they do not climb particularly high to eat. The eggs are laid in the ground by the females with the ovipositor. They are 3.5 to 4.0 mm long and 2.5 to 3.0 mm wide and have a bulging, protruding dorsal area, as well as a lid (operculum) that slopes downwards towards the ventral side. The nymphs hatch after 3 to 8 months and need more than half a year to become adult. [4] [6] [7]

Taxonomy

Systematic background

The genus is assigned to the subfamily Obriminae, where it has been included in the Eubulidini tribe since 2004. [8] Since this was drafted in 2016, it has been included in the Tisamenini tribe. [9] After this was also with the Obrimini synonymized in 2021, the genus was granted its own tribe due to its already mentioned exception regarding the morphology of the secondary ovipositor. Since this ovipositor is formed dorsally from the eleventh tergum in the Obrimini and the Heteropteryginae, whereas in the case of Hoploclonia it is formed from the tenth tergum, it must have developed independently three times within the Heteropterygidae. This peculiarity of the genus Hoploclonia was already described in 1906. [5] Younger genetic analysis based investigations confirm the phylogenetic special position of the genus within the subfamily. [2] [10] [11]

Internal systematics

In 1875 Carl Stål established the genus Hoploclonia. In this he placed a species already described by John Obadiah Westwood as Acanthoderus gecko in 1859, which thus became the type species of the genus. Josef Redtenbacher described in 1906 with Hoploclonia cuspidata a second species based on a female. In the same work he described the male of this species as Dares haematacanthus.

James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son John William Holman Rehn described eight more Hoploclonia species in 1939 and assigned some Tisamenus species to the genus Hoploclonia. However, all newly assigned and newly described species later turned out to be representatives of the genus Tisamenus. It was not until 1994 that Philip Edward Bragg found two more Hoploclonia species: Hoploclonia abercrombiei and Hoploclonia apiensis. He also describes two unassignable males that he found in 1995. One was found outside the Niah Cave in Sarawak. It is similar in proportions and thorns to the Hoploclonia abercrombiei, which is also native there, but has thorns on the pronotum that resemble those of Hoploclonia gecko . It also has a single spine on the left side of the fourth abdominal segment, where otherwise only Hoploclonia cuspidata has a complete pair of spines. Bragg thinks it is a variation of Hoploclonia abercrombiei or possibly a hybrid. The second male is a nymph who has a pair of spines on the second abdominal segment, so more than Hoploclonia gecko, but less than the other two species. [1] [5] [6] [12]

In 2016 Francis Seow-Choen synonymized both Hoploclonia apiensis and Hoploclonia abercrombiei with Hoploclonia cuspidata and established a second subspecies for this species. To justify the synonymization, the variability of the spines, especially those on the abdomen, is pointed out, which makes the acanthotaxy (taxonomic delimitation on the basis of the spines) appear unsuitable as a species characteristic. [13] As early as 2018, Robertson et al proved that Hoploclonia abercrombiei is an independent species. [11] Sarah Bank et al show in their investigations that there is a fourth, as yet undescribed species, which was found at Mount Pagon in Brunei. [2]

Valid and described species are: [1]

Rearing

All three so far described and valid species are or were present in the terrariums of enthusiasts. The first species introduced in 1987 was Hoploclonia gecko by Philip Bragg, which was given the PSG number 110 by the Phasmid Study Group. Also imported by Bragg and Ian Abercrombie in 1994 was a species later described by Bragg as Hoploclonia abercrombiei. For this, the PSG number 165 was assigned. Hoploclonia cuspidata introduced by Ian Abercrombie in 1994 can be found under PSG number 199.
All species only need small terrariums with high humidity and a substrate to lay their eggs. They are easy to feed on leaves of bramble (blackberries) or oak, but are considered difficult to keep or to breed. [7] [14] [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Heteropteryx</i> Species of stick insect

Heteropteryx is a monotypic genus of stick insects containing Heteropteryx dilatata as the only described species. and gives its name to the family of the Heteropterygidae. Their only species may be known as jungle nymph, Malaysian stick insect, Malaysian wood nymph, Malayan jungle nymph, or Malayan wood nymph and because of their size it is commonly kept in zoological institutions and private terrariums of insect lovers. It originates from the Malay Archipelago and is nocturnal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heteropterygidae</span> Family of stick insects

The Heteropterygidae is a family of stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East and Southeast Asia. More than 130 valid species have been described.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obriminae</span> Family of stick insects

The Obriminae are the most species-rich subfamily of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae native to Southeast Asia. It is divided into two tribe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Datamini</span> Tribe of stick insects

Datamini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Dataminae from the order of the Phasmatodea. The representatives of this subfamily are on average not as large as those of the other two subfamilies belonging to the family of Heteropterygidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heteropterygini</span> Tribe of stick insects

Heteropterygini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae. With 19 representatives described, this subfamily includes the fewest species of the three subfamilies, but includes the largest and most striking species of the family.

<i>Epidares</i> Species of stick insect

Epidares nolimetangere, the touch-me-not stick insect, is an insect species from the order of the Phasmatodea and the only representative of the genus Epidares. The species name nolimetangere comes from Latin and means "don't touch me". It refers to the prickly appearance of the animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obrimini</span> Tribe of stick insects

The Obrimini are the most species-rich tribe of the Phasmatodea family of the Heteropterygidae native to Southeast Asia.

<i>Tisamenus</i> (insect) Genus of stick insects

The genus Tisamenus native to the Philippines combines small to medium-sized species of stick insects.

<i>Aretaon</i> (insect) Genus of stick insects

Aretaon is a genus of stick insects native to Borneo and the Philippine island Palawan.

<i>Trachyaretaon</i> Genus of stick insects

Trachyaretaon is a genus of stick insects native to the Philippines.

<i>Brasidas</i> (insect) Genus of stick insects

Brasidas is a genus of stick insects that is native to the Philippines and is named after the Spartan general Brasidas

<i>Theramenes</i> (insect) Genus of insects

Theramenes is a genus of medium-sized stick insects in the tribe Obrimini, which is native to the Philippines and to the Indonesian Talaud Islands.

<i>Aretaon asperrimus</i> Species of stick insect

Aretaon asperrimus is a species of insect in the Aretaon genus of the Phasmatodea order. The sometimes used common name thorny stick insect is a bit misleading, since the species does not correspond to the typical stick-like habitus and many other species are thorny as well.

<i>Orestes mouhotii</i> Species of stick insect

Orestes mouhotii is an insect species belonging to the order of Phasmatodea. Because of its synyonym Orestes verruculatus, it is the type species of the genus Orestes. Because of its compact body shape, the species is sometimes referred to as small cigar stick insect.

<i>Hoploclonia cuspidata</i> Species of stick insect

Hoploclonia cuspidata is a stick insect species native to the north of Borneo and is also called Brunei Hoploclonia stick insect.

<i>Hoploclonia abercrombiei</i> Species of stick insect

Hoploclonia abercrombiei is a stick insect species known from the northwest of Borneo, more precisely from only one place in the Malay state Sarawak.

<i>Stenobrimus</i> Genus of stick insects

Stenobrimus is a genus of medium-sized stick insects native to the Philippines.

<i>Haaniella saussurei</i> Species of stick insect

Haaniella saussurei is a species of stick insect native to Borneo and a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name Saussure's Haaniella refers to the species name.

<i>Haaniella parva</i> Species of stick insect

Haaniella parva is a species of stick insect from the subfamily Heteropteryginae and belongs to the representatives of the genus Haaniella native to Sumatra. It is their smallest representative.

Pterobrimus is a monotypic genus of stick insects (Phasmatodea), containing the species Pterobrimus depressus, which is native to Fiji.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.: Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0./5.0 (accessdate 17 June 2021)
  2. 1 2 3 4 Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021). Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae), Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472
  3. ↑ Fritzsche, I. (2007). Stabschrecken - Carausius, Sipyloidea & Co., Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, ISBN   978-3-937285-84-9
  4. 1 2 Seiler, C.; Bradler, S. & Koch, R. (2000). Phasmiden – Pflege und Zucht von Gespenstschrecken, Stabschrecken und Wandelnden Blättern im Terrarium. bede, Ruhmannsfelden, ISBN   3-933646-89-8
  5. 1 2 3 Redtenbacher, J. (1906). Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 46 ff.
  6. 1 2 Bragg, P. E. (2001). Phasmids of Borneo, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2001, pp. 110–124, ISBN   983-812-027-8
  7. 1 2 stabschrecken.com (2010). Haltungsberichte -Stabschrecken, Gespenstschrecken, Wandelnde Blätter, iter novellum Verlag, Saarbrücken, pp. 78-79, ISBN   978-3-00-031913-6
  8. ↑ Zompro, O. (2004). Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea), Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler, pp. 205–208, ISBN   978-3931374396
  9. ↑ Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Brock, P. D. & Seow-Choen, F. (2016). Revision of the Oriental subfamiliy Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae), Zootaxa 4159 (1), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand, ISSN   1175-5326
  10. ↑ Bradler, S. (2009). Die Phylogenie der Stab- und Gespentschrecken (Insecta: Phasmatodea), Species, Phylogeny and Evolution Vol 2.1, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2009, ISSN   1864-211X
  11. 1 2 Robertson, J. A.; Bradler, S. & Whiting, M. F. (2018). Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea), Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
  12. ↑ Rehn, J. A. G. & Rehn, J. W. H. (1939). Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences (Vol. 90, 1938), Philadelphia, pp. 435 ff.
  13. ↑ Seow-Choen, F. (2016). A Taxonomic Guide to the Stick Insects of Borneo, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 415–421, ISBN 978-983-812-169-9
  14. ↑ phasmatodea.com by Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Kneubühler, B. & Pablo Valero
  15. ↑ Phasmid Study Group Culture List
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