Hypoplectrus gummigutta

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Hypoplectrus gummigutta
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Serranidae
Subfamily: Serraninae
Genus: Hypoplectrus
Species:
H. gummigutta
Binomial name
Hypoplectrus gummigutta
(Poey, 1852)
Synonyms [2]
  • Plectropoma gummiguttaPoey, 1852

Hypoplectrus gummigutta, commonly called the golden hamlet, is a species of marine ray-finned fish. They are sea bass from the subfamily Serraninae and the greater family Serranidae, which also includes the groupers and anthias. The golden hamlet was first described in 1852 by zoologist Felipe Poey (1799-1891) as Plectropoma gummigutta before being given its accepted name: Hypoplectrus gummigutta. [3] It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean and occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. [2]

Contents

Description

The golden hamlet is morphologically similar to all other hamlets. [4] [5] It has a laterally compressed head with a short snout and a straight forehead. The single dorsal fin has 14–17 rays. It has long pelvic fins and a slightly forked caudal fin. [6] The head, body, and fins are golden-yellow. On the head, there are typically one or more possibly large dark spots bordered by iridescent blue. [7] Sometimes their back is colored grey. [8] The species has a maximum recorded length of 13.2 centimeters (5.20 in). [9]

Distribution

Hamlets are tropical fish found only in the western Atlantic Ocean, specifically in the Caribbean, off the coast of Brazil, and in the Gulf of Mexico. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] H. gummigutta, however, does not have as wide of a distribution as the rest of its genus. In one study, they were shown to be one of the least widely distributed species of the genus. [11] H. gummigutta were once thought to be absent from Mexico and rare in the Dominican Republic, though this has been disproven. [13] Rather, they are rare in Puerto Rico and Mexico, but relatively common in the Dominican Republic. [11] As a whole, they are rarely found east of the Mona Passage, which cuts across the space between Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. [14]  

Habitat

Hypoplectrus gummigutta are tropical coral reef fish not found outside the western Atlantic Ocean. [5] [11] They tend to stay close to the bottom and may hide in crevices when not swimming. [14] Though similar in many ways to the other members of the Hypoplectrus genus, H. gummigutta differs in that they are found at greater depths than other hamlets, sometimes at more than 25 meters (82 ft). [8]

Diet

Golden hamlets are predatory carnivores with a diet similar to other hamlets, consisting of small reef-dwelling fishes and invertebrates. [5] [8] [10] [15] Crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs, make up most of their diet. [5]

Reproduction

H. gummigutta, like the other members of the Hypoplectrus genus, are simultaneous hermaphrodites. They simultaneously have both male and female sex organs and produce both sperm and eggs. [10] However, they do not self-fertilize, like some other simultaneous hermaphrodites. [16] Instead, they mate by pairing with another H. gummigutta and switching between the male and female role. [16] To initiate a mating, one hamlet assumes the female role and advertises its eggs, offering them up for fertilization in exchange for the chance to fertilize another's eggs. This phenomenon is known as egg-trading. [16] The two hamlets alternate roles several times, releasing their eggs gradually to ensure reciprocal fertilization. [17] This courtship is somewhat dance-like and lasts around an hour. [17] Hamlets spawn daily in the late afternoon, just before sunset. [10] [17] H. gummigutta displays no parental care; fertilization is external and takes place after eggs are released into the water, where they disperse and grow into larvae. Larvae are planktonic. [16] [18]

Golden hamlets exhibit color-assortative mating, choosing to mate primarily with those of the same species, as demarcated by color pattern. [10] [19] Despite mating preference, no reproductive barrier exists between different species of hamlets mating. [5] [19] Hamlet hybridization is not common, but does occasionally occur, resulting in an offspring with a color pattern between those of its parents. [5] [8]

It has been hypothesized that hybridization of the golden and black hamlets generated the shy, yellowbelly, and yellowtail hamlets. [7] However, there is currently no evidence for this, and it is considered very unlikely. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serranidae</span> Family of fishes

Serranidae is a large family of fishes belonging to the order Perciformes. The family contains about 450 species in 65 genera, including the sea basses and the groupers. Although many species are small, in some cases less than 10 cm (3.9 in), the giant grouper is one of the largest bony fishes in the world, growing to 2.7 m in length and 400 kg (880 lb) in weight. Representatives of this group live in tropical and subtropical seas worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gobiidae</span> Family of fishes

Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typically less than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length, and the family includes some of the smallest vertebrates in the world, such as Trimmatom nanus and Pandaka pygmaea, Trimmatom nanus are under 1 cm long when fully grown, then Pandaka pygmaea standard length are 9 mm (0.35 in), maximum known standard length are 11 mm (0.43 in). Some large gobies can reach over 30 cm (0.98 ft) in length, but that is exceptional. Generally, they are benthic or bottom-dwellers. Although few are important as food fish for humans, they are of great significance as prey species for other commercially important fish such as cod, haddock, sea bass and flatfish. Several gobiids are also of interest as aquarium fish, such as the dartfish of the genus Ptereleotris. Phylogenetic relationships of gobiids have been studied using molecular data.

<i>Hypoplectrus</i> Genus of fishes

Hypoplectrus is a genus of fishes commonly known as hamlets, found mainly in coral reefs in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, particularly around Florida and the Bahamas. They are a popular choice for hobbyist saltwater aquariums, and come in a variety of colors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ribbon eel</span> Species of fish

The ribbon eel, also known as the leaf-nosed moray eel or bernis eel, is a species of moray eel, the only member of the genus Rhinomuraena. The ribbon eel is found in sand burrows and reefs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Although generally placed in the moray eel family Muraenidae, it has several distinctive features leading some to place it in its own family, Rhinomuraenidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sequential hermaphroditism</span> Sex change as part of the normal life cycle of a species

Sequential hermaphroditism is one of the two types of hermaphroditism, the other type being simultaneous hermaphroditism. It occurs when the organism's sex changes at some point in its life. A sequential hermaphrodite produces eggs and sperm at different stages in life. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Species that can undergo these changes do so as a normal event within their reproductive cycle, usually cued by either social structure or the achievement of a certain age or size.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fish reproduction</span> Reproductive physiology of fishes

Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness. The genital papilla is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes, from which the sperm or eggs are released; the sex of a fish can often be determined by the shape of its papilla.

<i>Thalassoma bifasciatum</i> Species of fish

Thalassoma bifasciatum, the bluehead, bluehead wrasse or blue-headed wrasse, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a wrasse from the family Labridae. It is native to the coral reefs of the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean. Individuals are small and rarely live longer than two years. They form large schools over the reef and are important cleaner fish in the reefs they inhabit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicolor angelfish</span> Species of fish

The bicolor angelfish is a marine species of fish, easily recognizable by its yellow tail, yellow front half of their body, and blue rear with blue patterns above and around the eye. Other names of this angelfish include: Pacific rock beauty, oriole angelfish, oriole dwarf angel, blue and gold angel, and two-colored angel. The life expectancy of this fish in the wild varies greatly, depending on location, and ranges between 5 and 13 years. These fish tend to grow to a maximum of 6 inches in length. The larval stages lasts approximately 32 days.

<i>Hypoplectrus gemma</i> Species of fish

Hypoplectrus gemma, the blue hamlet, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea bass from the subfamily Serraninae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the groupers and anthias. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean and occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queen angelfish</span> Species of marine angelfish

The queen angelfish, also known as the blue angelfish, golden angelfish, or yellow angelfish, is a species of marine angelfish found in the western Atlantic Ocean. It is a benthic warm-water species that lives in coral reefs. It is recognized by its blue and yellow coloration and a distinctive spot or "crown" on its forehead. This crown distinguishes it from the closely related and similar-looking Bermuda blue angelfish, with which it overlaps in range and can interbreed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masked hamlet</span> Species of fish

The masked hamlet is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea bass from the subfamily Serraninae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the groupers and anthias. This species is found in the western Atlantic Ocean in the Caribbean Sea and has been recorded from the coast of Central America from Quintana Roo in Mexico to Bocas del Toro in Panama and from Jamaica to Puerto Rico, as well as in the Turks and Caicos and the Cayman Islands. Its specific name refers to Providencia Island, Colombia where the type was collected. It was also recorded from other islands in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. They are a unique species in the Hypoplectrus genus, defined by their unique color morph. Their behavior is largely similar to that of other hamlets, especially in their diet and egg-trading spawning patterns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hermaphrodite</span> Sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes

A hermaphrodite is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spawning</span> Eggs and sperm released into water

Spawn is the eggs and sperm released or deposited into water by aquatic animals. As a verb, to spawn refers to the process of freely releasing eggs and sperm into a body of water ; the physical act is known as spawning. The vast majority of aquatic and amphibious animals reproduce through spawning. These include the following groups:

<i>Hypoplectrus puella</i> Species of fish

Hypoplectrus puella, the barred hamlet is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea bass from the subfamily Serraninae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the groupers and anthias. This species is from the Western Central Atlantic. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

<i>Hypoplectrus nigricans</i> Species of fish

Hypoplectrus nigricans, the black hamlet, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea bass from the subfamily Serraninae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the groupers and anthias. It is native to shallow parts of the central Western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. It grows to about 15 cm (6 in) in total length. It is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, with a breeding strategy known as egg trading. One fish acts as a female and lays a batch of eggs which the other fertilises. The following night, the roles are reversed.

<i>Hypoplectrus unicolor</i> Species of fish

Hypoplectrus unicolor, the butter hamlet or yellowtail hamlet, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea bass from the subfamily Serraninae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the groupers and anthias. It occurs in the western central Atlantic Ocean and occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

<i>Hypoplectrus indigo</i> Species of fish

Hypoplectrus indigo, the indigo hamlet, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea bass from the subfamily Serraninae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the groupers and anthias. It is found in the central western Atlantic Ocean. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shy hamlet</span> Species of fish

The shy hamlet is a small Western Atlantic serranid fish, which belongs to the subclass perciformes in the class Actinopterygii. To this date, seventeen species of the genus Hypoplectrus have been recognized, a third of which have been discovered in the past few years.

<i>Ophryotrocha</i> Genus of annelid worms

Ophryotrocha is a genus of marine polychaete worms in the family Dorvilleidae.

<i>Scarus zelindae</i> Species of fish

Scarus zelindae is a species of fish of the Scaridae family in the order Perciformes. This species of Parrotfish can be brown, blue, green, yellow, and purple and can change their colors several times throughout their lifetime. They live for about 5–7 years and can be found in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, primarily in Brazilian waters.

References

  1. ↑ Anderson, W.; Carpenter, K.E.; Gilmore, G.; Milagrosa Bustamante, G.; Robertson, R. (2015). "Hypoplectrus gummigutta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T16751128A16781773. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T16751128A16781773.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Hypoplecrus gummigutta". FishBase . December 2019 version.
  3. ↑ Eschmeyer WN, Fricke R, van der Laan R. "Plectropoma gummigutta". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  4. ↑ Whiteman EA, Côté IM, Reynolds JD (2007). "Ecological differences between hamlet (Hypoplectrus: Serranidae) colour morphs: between-morph variation in diet". Journal of Fish Biology. 71 (1): 235–244. Bibcode:2007JFBio..71..235W. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01485.x. ISSN   1095-8649.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Garcia-Machado E, Monteagudo PC, Solignac M (2004-01-01). "Lack of mtDNA differentiation among hamlets (Hypoplectrus, Serranidae)". Marine Biology. 144 (1): 147–152. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1174-9. hdl: 1834/4569 . S2CID   84589000.
  6. ↑ "Shorefishes - The Fishes - Taxa". biogeodb.stri.si.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  7. 1 2 3 Domeier, Michael L. Speciation in the serranid fish Hypoplectrus (Publication No. 9239654) [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Miami] ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Holt BG, Côté IM, Emerson BC (2010). "Signatures of speciation? Distribution and diversity of Hypoplectrus (Teleostei: Serranidae) colour morphotypes". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 19 (4): 432–441. Bibcode:2010GloEB..19..432H. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00539.x. ISSN   1466-8238.
  9. 1 2 "Hypoplectrus gummigutta, Golden hamlet : aquarium". www.fishbase.de. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Hench K, Mcmillan WO, Betancur-R R, Puebla O (November 2017). "Temporal changes in hamlet communities (Hypoplectrus spp., Serranidae) over 17 years". Journal of Fish Biology. 91 (5): 1475–1490. Bibcode:2017JFBio..91.1475H. doi:10.1111/jfb.13481. PMID   28994100.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Aguilar-Perera A, González-Salas C (June 2010). "Distribution of the genus Hypoplectrus (Teleostei: Serranidae) in the Greater Caribbean Region: support for a color-based speciation". Marine Ecology. 31 (2): 375–387. Bibcode:2010MarEc..31..375A. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00339.x.
  12. ↑ Graves JE, Rosenblatt RH (March 1980). "Genetic Relationships of the Color Morphs of the Serranid Fish Hypoplectrus Unicolor". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 34 (2): 240–245. doi:10.2307/2407388. JSTOR   2407388. PMID   28563427.
  13. ↑ Heemstra PC, Anderson WD, Lobel PS (2002). "Serranidae, Groupers (seabasses, creolefish, hinds, hamlets, anthiines, and soapfishes).". In Carpenter KE (ed.). The Living Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. FAO Special Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Special Publications No. 5. Vol. 2. Bony Fishes, Part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO. pp. 1308–1369.
  14. 1 2 Taylor MS, Hellberg ME (March 2006). "Comparative phylogeography in a genus of coral reef fishes: biogeographic and genetic concordance in the Caribbean". Molecular Ecology. 15 (3): 695–707. Bibcode:2006MolEc..15..695T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02820.x. PMID   16499695. S2CID   16157214.
  15. ↑ Goodson G, Weisgerber P (1985). Fishes of the Atlantic Coast: Canada to Brazil, Including the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and the Caribbean. Stanford University Press. ISBN   978-0-8047-1268-2.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Fischer EA (1980-05-01). "The relationship between mating system and simultaneous hermaphroditism in the coral reef fish, Hypoplectrus nigricans (Serranidae)". Animal Behaviour. 28 (2): 620–633. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80070-4. ISSN   0003-3472. S2CID   53195819.
  17. 1 2 3 Theodosiou L, McMillan WO, Puebla O (December 2016). "Recombination in the eggs and sperm in a simultaneously hermaphroditic vertebrate". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 283 (1844). doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1821. PMC   5204151 . PMID   27974520.
  18. ↑ Picq S, McMillan WO, Puebla O (April 2016). "Population genomics of local adaptation versus speciation in coral reef fishes (Hypoplectrus spp, Serranidae)". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (7): 2109–24. Bibcode:2016EcoEv...6.2109P. doi:10.1002/ece3.2028. PMC   4831444 . PMID   27099711.
  19. 1 2 Whiteman EA, Gage MJ (2007). "No barriers to fertilization between sympatric colour morphs in the marine species flock Hypoplectrus (Serranidae)". Journal of Zoology. 272 (3): 305–310. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00270.x. ISSN   1469-7998.
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