Grouper

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Grouper
Baltimore Aquarium - Mycteroperca microlepis - 05.jpg
Gag grouper, Mycteroperca microlepis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Serranidae
Subfamily: Epinephelinae
Bleeker, 1874 [1]
Tribes and genera

See text

Groupers are fish of any of a number of genera in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae, in the order Perciformes.

Contents

Not all serranids are called "groupers"; the family also includes the sea basses. The common name "grouper" is usually given to fish in one of two large genera: Epinephelus and Mycteroperca . In addition, the species classified in the small genera Anyperidon, Cromileptes, Dermatolepis, Graciela, Saloptia, and Triso are also called "groupers". Fish in the genus Plectropomus are referred to as "coral groupers". These genera are all classified in the subfamily Epiphelinae. However, some of the hamlets (genus Alphestes), the hinds (genus Cephalopholis), the lyretails (genus Variola), and some other small genera (Gonioplectrus, Niphon, Paranthias) are also in this subfamily, and occasional species in other serranid genera have common names involving the word "grouper". Nonetheless, the word "grouper" on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephelinae.

Description

Anatomy of a grouper Only today I got to know this Fish better! What about you%3F (3852325083).jpg
Anatomy of a grouper

Groupers are teleosts, typically having a stout body and a large mouth. They are not built for long-distance, fast swimming. They can be quite large: in length, over a meter. The largest is the Atlantic goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) which has been weighed at 399 kilograms (880 pounds) and a length of 2.43 m (7 ft 11+1⁄2 in), [2] though in such a large group, species vary considerably. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off of them. They do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the pharynx. They habitually eat fish, octopuses, and crustaceans. Some species prefer to ambush their prey, while others are active predators. Reports of fatal attacks on humans by the largest species, such as the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), are unconfirmed. [3]

Their mouths and gills form a powerful vacuum that pulls their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouths to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills.[ citation needed ]

Research indicates roving coralgroupers (Plectropomus pessuliferus) sometimes cooperate with giant morays in hunting. [4] Groupers are also one of the only animals that eat invasive red lionfish. [5]

Systematics

Etymology

The word "grouper" is from the Portuguese name, garoupa, which has been speculated to come from an indigenous South American language. [6] [7]

In Australia, "groper" is used instead of "grouper" for several species, such as the Queensland grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). In New Zealand, "groper" refers to a type of wreckfish, Polyprion oxygeneios, which goes by the name hapuka (from the Māori language hāpuku). [8] In the Philippines, groupers are generally known as lapu-lapu in Luzon, while in the Visayas and Mindanao they are known as pugapo. [9] [10] Its Indonesian name is kerapu. In the Middle East, the fish is known as 'hammour', and is widely eaten, especially in the Persian Gulf region. [11] [12] In Latin America, the fish is known as 'mero'.

The species in the tribes Grammistini and Diploprionini secrete a mucus-like toxin in their skin called grammistin, and when they are confined in a restricted space and subjected to stress, the mucus produces a foam that is toxic to nearby fish. These fishes are often called soapfishes. They have been classified either as their own families or within subfamilies, [13] although the fifth Edition of the Fishes of the World classifies these two groups as tribes within the subfamily Epinephelinae. [14]

Classification

According to the 5th edition of Fishes of the World, the subfamily is divided up into 5 tribes containing a total of 32 genera and 234 species. [14] [15]

Subfamily Epinephelinae Bleeker, 1874 (groupers) [1]

Reproduction

Groupers are mostly monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, i.e., they mature only as females and can change sex after sexual maturity. [16] [17] Some species of groupers grow about a kilogram per year and are generally adolescents until they reach three kilograms when they become female. The largest males often control harems containing three to 15 females. [16] [18] Groupers often pair spawn, which enables large males to competitively exclude smaller males from reproducing. [16] [19] [20] [21] As such, if a small female grouper were to change sex before it could control a harem as a male, its fitness would decrease. [19] [20] [21] If no male is available, the largest female that can increase fitness by changing sex will do so. [20]

However, some groupers are gonochoristic. [16] Gonochorism, or a reproductive strategy with two distinct sexes, has evolved independently in groupers at least five times. [16] The evolution of gonochorism is linked to group spawning high amounts of habitat cover. [16] [20] [22] Both group spawning and habitat cover increase the likelihood of a smaller male reproducing in the presence of large males. The fitness of male groupers in environments where competitive exclusion of smaller males is impossible is correlated with sperm production and thus testicle size. [18] [20] [23] Gonochoristic groupers have larger testes than protogynous groupers (10% of body mass compared to 1% of body mass), indicating the evolution of gonochorism increased male grouper fitness in environments where large males were unable to competitively exclude small males from reproducing. [18]

Parasites

A monogenean parasitic on the gill of a grouper Pseudorhabdosynochus morrhua.jpg
A monogenean parasitic on the gill of a grouper

Like other fish, groupers harbor parasites, including digeneans, [24] nematodes, cestodes, monogeneans, isopods, and copepods. A study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that coral reef-associated groupers have about ten species of parasites per fish species. [25] Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus , monogeneans of the family Diplectanidae are typical of and especially numerous on groupers.[ citation needed ]

Modern use

Gulai kerapu, a grouper-based Padang food Gulai kerapu.JPG
Gulai kerapu, a grouper-based Padang food

Many groupers are important food fish; some are now farmed. Unlike most other fish species, which are chilled or frozen, groupers are usually sold alive in markets. [26] Many species are popular game fish for sea-angling. Some species are small enough to be kept in aquaria, though even the small species are inclined to grow rapidly. [ citation needed ]

Groupers are commonly reported as a source of ciguatera fish poisoning. [27] DNA barcoding of grouper species might help control Ciguatera fish poisoning since fish are easily identified, even from meal remnants, with molecular tools. [28]

Size

Malaysian newspaper The Star reported a 180 kg (400 lb) grouper being caught off the waters near Pulau Sembilan in the Strait of Malacca in January 2008. [29] Shenzhen News in China reported that a 1.8 m (6 ft) grouper swallowed a 1.0 m (3 ft 3 in) whitetip reef shark at the Fuzhou Sea World aquarium. [30]

In September 2010, a Costa Rican newspaper reported a 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) grouper in Cieneguita, Limón. The weight of the fish was 250 kg (550 lb), and it was lured using one kilogram of bait. [31] In November 2013, a 310 kg (680 lb) grouper had been caught and sold to a hotel in Dongyuan, China. [32]

In August 2014, off Bonita Springs in Florida (USA), a big grouper took in one gulp a 4-foot shark that an angler had caught. [33] [34]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serranidae</span> Family of fishes

Serranidae is a large family of fishes belonging to the order Perciformes. The family contains about 450 species in 65 genera, including the sea basses and the groupers. Although many species are small, in some cases less than 10 cm (3.9 in), the giant grouper is one of the largest bony fishes in the world, growing to 2.7 m in length and 400 kg (880 lb) in weight. Representatives of this group live in tropical and subtropical seas worldwide.

<i>Epinephelus</i> Genus of fishes

Epinephelus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, groupers from the subfamily Epinephelinae, part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. They are predatory fish, largely associated with reefs and are found in tropical and subtropical seas throughout the world. They are important target species for fisheries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brownspotted grouper</span> Species of fish

The brownspotted grouper, also known as the brown spotted reef cod, brown-spotted rockcod, coral grouper or honeycomb cod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It has an Indo-Pacific distribution but in the northern Indian Ocean this distribution is discontinuous. It forms part of a species complex with two closely related species in the genus Epinephelus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blacktip grouper</span> Species of fish

The blacktip grouper, also known as the redbanded grouper, blacktipped cod, black-tipped rockcod, footballer cod, red-barred cod, red-barred rockcod, scarlet rock-cod or weathered rock-cod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. It is the type species of the genus Epinephelus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hong Kong grouper</span> Species of fish

The Hong Kong grouper is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in eastern and southeastern Asian waters of the Western Pacific Ocean. Its natural habitats are shallow seas and coral reefs.

<i>Epinephelus andersoni</i> Species of fish

Epinephelus andersoni, the catface grouper, brown-spotted grouper, catface rockcod or brown spotted rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the southwestern Indian Ocean where it is associated with reefs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red grouper</span> Species of fish

The red grouper is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Mycteroperca</i> Genus of fishes

Mycteroperca is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, groupers from the subfamily Epinephelinae, part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. They are predatory fish, largely associated with reefs and are found in tropical and subtropical seas in the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean. They are important target species for fisheries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf grouper</span> Species of fish

The Gulf grouper is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is endemic to Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mottled grouper</span> Species of fish

The mottled grouper is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leopard coral grouper</span> Species of fish

The leopard coral grouper, also known as the common coral trout, leopard coral trout, blue-dotted coral grouper or spotted coral grouper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Western Pacific Ocean.

<i>Plectropomus</i> Genus of fishes

Plectropomus, commonly known as the coral groupers, is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, groupers from the subfamily Epinephelinae, part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. They are found in the Indo-Pacific region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potato grouper</span> Species of fish

The potato grouper, also called the potato cod or potato bass, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution.

<i>Mycteroperca rosacea</i> Species of fish

Mycteroperca rosacea, the leopard grouper or golden grouper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Eastern Central Pacific that occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

<i>Plectropomus laevis</i> Species of fish

Plectropomus laevis, known commonly as the black-saddled coral grouper, cluespotted coral trout, blacksaddled coral trout, blue-spot trout, Chinese footballer, footballer cod, footballer coral trout, oceanic coral trout or tiger trout, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Honeycomb grouper</span> Species of fish

The honeycomb grouper, also known as black-spotted rock-cod, common birdwire rockcod, dwarf spotted rockcod, dwarf-spotted grouper, honeycomb cod, wire-netted reefcod or wire-netting cod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution where it is found in coastal and offshore reefs in shallow waters.

<i>Epinephelus ongus</i> Species of fish

Epinephelus ongus, the white-streaked grouper, specklefin grouper, lace-finned rock-cod, specklefin rockcod, wavy-lined tock-cod, white-speckled grouper or white-spotted rock-cod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution and it is found in brackish waters as well as marine reefs.

<i>Epinephelus rivulatus</i> Species of fish

Epinephelus rivulatus, the halfmoon grouper, halfmoon rockcod, Chinaman rockcod, Charlie court cod, green-finned rock cod, or white-dotted grouper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epinephelini</span> Tribe of fishes

Epinephelini is one of the five tribes in the subfamily Epinephelinae, the groupers, which is part of the family Serranidae which also includes the anthias and the sea basses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squaretail coral grouper</span> Species of fish

The squaretail coral grouper is a species of marine ray-finned fish. It is a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae, which is part of the family Serranidae. This family also includes anthias and sea basses. The squaretail coral grouper is also known as the spotted coral trout or the squaretail coral trout, and is fast-growing, short-lived, and early-maturing. However, due to the continued decrease in its population, it is now classified as vulnerable, as it continues to face threats from human activity.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 . PMID   25543675.
  2. ↑ Robert H. Robins. "Epinephelus itajara". Discover Fish. Florida Museum. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  3. ↑ Lieske, E.; Myers, R. (1999). Coral Reef Fishes (2 ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN   0-691-02659-9.
  4. ↑ Bshary, Redouan; Hohner, Andrea; Ait-El-Djoudi, Karim; Fricke, Hans (2006). "Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea". PLOS Biology. 4 (12). Biology.plosjournals.org: e431. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431 . PMC   1750927 . PMID   17147471. S2CID   14006488.
  5. ↑ "Study reveals grouper can help control lionfish invasion". Biology.plosjournals.org. 2011.
  6. ↑ "s.v. (?)". Oxford English Dictionary.
  7. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  8. ↑ "Coastal fish – Hāpuku – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  9. ↑ Kohno, Hiroshi (1988). "State of grouper (lapu-lapu) culture in the Philippines" (PDF). SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture. 10 (2): 4–9.
  10. ↑ Eslao-Alix, Louella (1 September 2019). "From Pugapo to Lapu-lapu". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  11. ↑ "Food and Drink – Local Dishes". UAE Interact. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  12. ↑ Carrington, Daisy (19 January 2009). "Handling hammour". Time Out Abu Dhabi. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  13. ↑ John E. Randall; Kasumi Aida; Takashi Hibiya; Nobuhiro Mitsuura; Hisao Kamiya & Yoshiri Hashimoto (1971). "Grammistin, the skin toxin of soapfishes, and its significance in the classification of the Grammistidae" (PDF). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. XIX (2/3): 157–190.
  14. 1 2 J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 446–448. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  15. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Epinephelinae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Erisman, B. E., M. T. Craig, and P. A. Hastings. 2009. A phylogenetic test of the size-advantage model: Evolutionary changes in mating behavior influence the loss of sex change in a fish lineage. American Naturalist 174:83-99.
  17. ↑ DeMartini, E. E., A. R. Everson and R. S. Nichols. 2011. Estimates of body sizes at maturation and sex change and the endemic Hawaiian grouper's spawning seasonality and sex ratio (Hyporthodus queries, f. Epinephelidae). Fishery Bulletin 109:123-134.
  18. 1 2 3 Sadovy, Y. and P. L. Colin. 1995. Sexual development and sexuality in the Nassau grouper. Journal of Fish Biology 46:961-976.
  19. 1 2 Allsop, D. J. and S. A. West. 2003. Constant relative age and size at sex change for sequentially hermaphroditic fish. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16:921-929.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Munoz, R. C. and R. R. Warner. 2003. A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: Incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew. American Naturalist 161:749-761.
  21. 1 2 Kuwamura, T. 2004. Sex change in fishes: Its process and evolutionary mechanism. Zoological Science 21:1248-1248.
  22. ↑ Erisman, B. E., J. A. Rosales-Cassian and P. A. Hastings. 2008. There is evidence of gonochorism in a grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea, from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Environmental Biology of Fishes 82:23-33.
  23. ↑ Molloy, P. P., N. B. Goodwin, I. M. Cote, J. D. Reynolds, and M. J. G. Gage. 2007. Sperm competition and sex change: A comparative analysis across fishes. Evolution 61:640-652.
  24. ↑ Cribb, T. H., Bray, R. A., Wright, T. & Pichelin, S. 2002: The trematodes of groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae): knowledge, nature, and evolution. Parasitology, 124, S23-S42.
  25. ↑ Justine, J.-L., Beveridge, I., Boxshall, G. A., Bray, R. A., Moravec, F., Trilles, J.-P. & Whittington, I. D. 2010: An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish. Folia Parasitologica, 57, 237-262. doi : 10.14411/fp.2010.032 PDF
  26. ↑ "Most consumers prefer to purchase live groupers in fish markets" . Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  27. ↑ Sadovy de Mitcheson, Yvonne; Craig, Matthew T; Bertoncini, Athila A; Carpenter, Kent E; Cheung, William W L; Choat, John H; Cornish, Andrew S; Fennessy, Sean T; Ferreira, Beatrice P; Heemstra, Philip C; Liu, Min; Myers, Robert F; Pollard, David A; Rhodes, Kevin L; Rocha, Luiz A; Russell, Barry C; Samoilys, Melita A; Sanciangco, Jonnell (June 2013). "Fishing groupers towards extinction: a global assessment of threats and extinction risks in a billion dollar fishery: Fishing groupers to extinction". Fish and Fisheries. 14 (2): 119–136. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00455.x . Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  28. ↑ Schoelinck, C., Hinsinger, D. D., Dettaï, A., Cruaud, C. & Justine, J.-L. 2014: A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning. PLoS ONE, 9, e98198. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0098198
  29. ↑ "Whopper of a grouper bought for RM10,000". The Star. Malaysia. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  30. ↑ "海底"血案":巨型石斑鱼一口吞下白鳍鲨". Sznews.com. 30 March 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  31. ↑ Diario La Extra 2010, Marvin Carvajal. "Cayó el más mero en el Caribe". Archived from the original on 13 September 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ "Photos: Fishermen catch wildly huge 686-pound fish, sell it to hotel". 3 May 2022.
  33. ↑ Heather Alexander, Houston Chronicle (21 August 2014). "Gulf grouper swallows 4 foot shark in a single bite". Houston Chronicle.
  34. ↑ Grouper eats 4ft shark in one bite. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021 – via YouTube.
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