Hypoptopomatinae

Hypoptopomatinae
Otocinclus cocama
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Siluriformes
Family:	Loricariidae
Subfamily:	Hypoptopomatinae C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1890
Genera
Tribe Hypoptopomatini    Acestridium    Hypoptopoma    Lampiella    Leptotocinclus    Nannoxyropsis    Niobichthys    Otocinclus , inc. Macrotocinclus    Oxyropsis Tribe Neoplecostomini (sometimes elevated to subfamily as Neoplecostominae)    Hirtella    Isbrueckerichthys    Kronichthys    Microplecostomus [1]    Neoplecostomus    Pareiorhaphis    Pareiorhina Tribe Otothyrini (sometimes elevated to subfamily as Otothyrinae)    Corumbataia    Curculionichthys    Epactionotus    Eurycheilichthys    Hisonotus    Microlepidogaster    Otothyris    Otothyropsis [2]    Parotocinclus    Pseudotocinclus    Pseudotothyris    Rhinotocinclus    Schizolecis incertae sedis    Chauliocheilos [3]    Euryochus    Plesioptopoma [4]    Rhinolekos [5]

The Hypoptopomatinae are a subfamily of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Loricariidae, ^[2] composed of 32 genera and approximately 265 species. ^[6] This subfamily represents about one-tenth of all loricariid species. ^[7]

It has been divided into three tribes, Hypoptopomatini, Neoplecostomini and Otothyrini. However, in a 2005 analysis, Otothyrini was found to not be monophyletic, with its representatives comprising a paraphyletic group in relation to the tribe Hypoptopomatini. ^[8] More recent phylogenetic evidence shows that Hypoptopomatini and Otothyrini, while each are monophyletic tribes, do not form a monophyletic subfamily, and therefore should each be recognized as their own individual subfamilies. ^[9] Problematically, the most recent Hypoptopomatine genera, Gymnotocinclus and Rhinolekos , were not classified in either of the tribes. ^{[5] [10]} . Gymnotocinclus was subsequently invalidated when it was synonymised with Corumbataia in 2019. ^[11]

Almost all species of Hypoptopomatinae have a diploid number of 2n = 54; this group is karyotypically very conserved. ^[12]

Hypoptopomatinae are distributed east of the Andes in South America from Venezuela to northern Argentina. ^[13] Most of the hypoptopomatine species are usually found at or near the water surface, typically in close association with riverbank vegetation or some subsurface structure. ^[14]

References

1. Silva G.S.C.; Roxo F.F.; Ochoa L.E.; Oliveira C. (2016). "Description of a new catfish genus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Tocantins River basin in central Brazil, with comments on the historical zoogeography of the new taxon". ZooKeys (598): 129–157. Bibcode:2016ZooK..598..129S. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.598.7400 . PMC   4926676 . PMID   27408594.
2. Ribeiro, Alexandre C.; Carvalho, Murilo; Melo, Alex L. A. (2005). "Description and relationships of Otothyropsis marapoama, a new genus and species of Hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Tietê basin, southeastern Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 3 (4): 489–498. doi: 10.1590/S1679-62252005000400006 . hdl: 11449/26922 .
3. Martins, F.O.; Andrade, B.N.; Rosa, A.C.; Langeani, F. (2014). "Chauliocheilos saxatilis, a new genus and species of Hypoptopomatinae from rio Jequitinhonha basin, with a unique labial appendix (Teleostei: Loricariidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 25 (3): 193–204.(Abstract)
4. Reis, R.E.; Pereira, E.H.L.; Lehmann A., P. (2012). "A New Genus and Species of Hypoptopomatine Catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Upper Rio São Francisco Basin, Brazil". Copeia. 2012 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1643/CI-11-068.
5. de Oliveira Martins, F.; Langeani, F. (2011). "Rhinolekos, a new genus with three new species of Hypoptopomatinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from upper rio Paraná". Neotropical Ichthyology. 9 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252011000100004.
6. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Hypoptopomatinae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences.
7. Reis, Roberto E.; Schaefer, Scott A. (December 21, 1998). "New Cascudinhos from Southern Brazil: Systematics, Endemism, and Relationships (Siluriformes, Loricariidae, Hypoptopomatinae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3254): 1–25.
8. Gauger, Marco F. W.; Buckup, Paulo Andreas (2005). "Two new species of Hypoptopomatinae from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin, with comments on the monophyly of Parotocinclus and the Otothyrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)". Neotropical Ichthyology. 3 (4): 509–518. doi: 10.1590/S1679-62252005000400008 .
9. Cramer, Christian A.; Bonatto, Sandro L.; Reis, Roberto E. (2011). "Molecular phylogeny of the Neoplecostominae and Hypoptopomatinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) using multiple genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (1): 43–52. Bibcode:2011MolPE..59...43C. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.01.002 . PMID   21241812.
10. Carvalho, Tiago Pinto; Lehmann A., Pablo; Reis, Roberto E. (2008). "Gymnotocinclus anosteos, a new uniquely-plated genus and species of loricariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, central Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 6 (3): 329–338. doi: 10.1590/S1679-62252008000300006 .
11. Roxo FF; Ochoa LE; Sabaj MH; Lujan NK; Covain R; Silva GSC; Melo BF; Albert JS; Chang J; Foresti F; Alfaro ME; Oliveira C. (2019). "Phylogenomic reappraisal of the Neotropical catfish family Loricariidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using ultraconserved elements". Mol Phylogenet Evo. 135: 148–165. Bibcode:2019MolPE.135..148R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.017. PMID   30802595.
12. Andreata, Artur Antonio; Oliveira, Claudio; Foresti, Fausto (2006). "Karyological characterization of four Neotropical fish species of the genus Hisonotus (Teleostei, Loricariidae, Hypoptopomatinae) from distinct Brazilian river basins" (PDF). Genet. Mol. Biol. 29 (1): 62–66. doi: 10.1590/S1415-47572006000100013 .
13. Ferreira, Katiane M.; Ribeiro, Alexandre C. (2007). "Corumbataia britskii (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) a new species from the upper Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil" (PDF). Zootaxa . 1386: 59–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1386.1.7.
14. de Brito, Marcelo F. G.; Caramaschi, Érica P. (2005). "An albino armored catfish Schizolecis guntheri (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from an Atlantic Forest coastal basin" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology. 3 (1): 123–125. doi: 10.1590/s1679-62252005000100009 .