Hypotenuse

A right-angled triangle and its hypotenuse

In geometry, a hypotenuse is the side of a right triangle opposite the right angle. ^[1] It is the longest side of any such triangle. The length of the hypotenuse can be found using the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. Mathematically, this can be written as ${\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}}$, where a is the length of one leg, b is the length of another leg, and c is the length of the hypotenuse. ^[2]

For example, if one of the other sides has a length of 3 (when squared, 9) and the other has a length of 4 (when squared, 16), then their squares add up to 25. The length of the hypotenuse is the square root of 25, that is, 5. In other words, if ${\displaystyle a=3}$ and ${\displaystyle b=4}$, then ${\displaystyle c={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}=5}$.

Etymology

The word hypotenuse is derived from Greek ἡ τὴν ὀρθὴν γωνίαν ὑποτείνουσα (sc. γραμμή or πλευρά), meaning "[side] subtending the right angle" (Apollodorus), ^[3] ὑποτείνουσαhupoteinousa being the feminine present active participle of the verb ὑποτείνωhupo-teinō "to stretch below, to subtend", from τείνωteinō "to stretch, extend". The nominalised participle, ἡ ὑποτείνουσα, was used for the hypotenuse of a triangle in the 4th century BCE (attested in Plato, Timaeus 54d). The Greek term was loaned into Late Latin, as hypotēnūsa. ^{[4] [ better source needed ] [5]} The spelling in -e, as hypotenuse, is French in origin (Estienne de La Roche 1520). ^[6]

Calculating the hypotenuse

The length of the hypotenuse can be calculated using the square root function implied by the Pythagorean theorem. Using the common notation that the length of the two legs (or catheti) of the triangle (the sides perpendicular to each other) are a and b and that of the hypotenuse is c, we have

${\displaystyle c={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}.}$

The Pythagorean theorem, and hence this length, can also be derived from the law of cosines by observing that the angle opposite the hypotenuse is 90° and noting that its cosine is 0:

${\displaystyle c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\cos 90^{\circ }=a^{2}+b^{2}\therefore c={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}.}$

Many computer languages support the ISO C standard function hypot(x,y), which returns the value above. ^[7] The function is designed not to fail where the straightforward calculation might overflow or underflow and can be slightly more accurate and sometimes significantly slower.

Some scientific calculators^{[ which? ]} provide a function to convert from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates. This gives both the length of the hypotenuse and the angle the hypotenuse makes with the base line (c₁ above) at the same time when given x and y. The angle returned is normally given by atan2(y,x).

Trigonometric ratios

By means of trigonometric ratios, one can obtain the value of two acute angles, ${\displaystyle \alpha \,}$and ${\displaystyle \beta \,}$, of the right triangle.

Given the length of the hypotenuse ${\displaystyle c\,}$and of a cathetus ${\displaystyle b\,}$, the ratio is:

${\displaystyle {\frac {b}{c}}=\sin(\beta )\,}$

The trigonometric inverse function is:

${\displaystyle \beta \ =\arcsin \left({\frac {b}{c}}\right)\,}$

in which ${\displaystyle \beta \,}$ is the angle opposite the cathetus ${\displaystyle b\,}$.

The adjacent angle of the catheti ${\displaystyle b\,}$ is ${\displaystyle \alpha \,}$ = 90° – ${\displaystyle \beta \,}$

One may also obtain the value of the angle ${\displaystyle \beta \,}$by the equation:

${\displaystyle \beta \ =\arccos \left({\frac {a}{c}}\right)\,}$

in which ${\displaystyle a\,}$ is the other cathetus.

See also

• Mathematics portal

• Cathetus
• Triangle
• Space diagonal
• Nonhypotenuse number
• Taxicab geometry
• Trigonometry
• Special right triangles
• Pythagoras
• Norm_(mathematics)#Euclidean_norm

Notes

1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Triangle (geometry)"  . Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press – via Wikisource.
2. Jr, Jesse Moland (August 2009). I Hate Trig!: A Practical Guide to Understanding Trigonometry. Jesse Moland. p. 1. ISBN   978-1-4486-4707-1.
3. u(po/, tei/nw, pleura/ . Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
4. "hypotenuse | Origin and meaning of hypotenuse by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
5. "hypotenuse definition and word origin". Collins Dictionary. Collins. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
6. Estienne de La Roche, l'Arismetique (1520), fol. 221r (cited after TLFi).
7. "hypot(3)". Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved 4 December 2021.

References

• Hypotenuse at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Hypotenuse". MathWorld .