Igor Fruman

Last updated

Igor Fruman
Born1966 (age 57–58)
Kalinkavichy, Soviet Union (now Belarus)

Igor Fruman (born 1966) [1] is a Soviet-born American businessman. He is an associate of Rudy Giuliani who, along with Lev Parnas, aided in a search in Ukraine for detrimental information on U.S. President Donald Trump's political opponents. This included looking for evidence for a narrative to counter Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation and information on former Vice President Joe Biden. [2] [3] [4] [5] He pleaded guilty to an unrelated campaign finance law violation in September 2021 and was sentenced to a one-year prison term in January 2022. [6]

Contents

Career

Fruman was born in Kalinkavichy, Gomel Region, Belarus, and immigrated to the U.S., later working in Ukraine for a time. [7] He lived in the Detroit metropolitan area before moving to South Florida. He has owned an import/export business in Ukraine as well as a beach bar named Mafia Rave in Odesa, Ukraine. [8] [9] [10] Fruman attended the state funeral in December 2018 of former U.S. president George H. W. Bush, apparently as a guest of Rudy Giuliani. [11] Fruman's marriage to Yelyzaveta Naumova ended in divorce. [12]

Fruman partnered with Lev Parnas in an energy related venture. [8] [13] In addition to working on joint business and political efforts, Parnas and Fruman have been involved in Jewish charities and causes in the U.S., Ukraine and Israel. [14] Fruman and Parnas are on the board of a Ukrainian-Jewish charity, "Friends of Anatevka", founded by Ukrainian rabbi Moshe Reuven Azman, to provide a refuge for Jews affected by the Russian military intervention in Ukraine. [15] Parnas and Fruman visited Israel in the summer of 2018 as a part of a delegation, led by former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee and joined by Anthony Scaramucci, of "right-wing Jewish and evangelical supporters of Trump." While there, the group met with various leaders and personalities including the U.S. Ambassador to Israel, David M. Friedman, Benjamin Netanyahu's son Yair Netanyahu, as well as billionaire Simon Falic, one of Netanyahu's most generous donors. [16] Huckabee joined the two once again in March 2019 when they were awarded with the "Chovevei Zion" (Lovers of Zion) awards at a gala for the National Council of Young Israel, an event focused on supporting President Trump and Israeli West Bank settlements. Rudy Giuliani and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy were in attendance as well. While in Israel, Parnas and Fruman also met with oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi, a wealthy Ukrainian under investigation by the Department of Justice for money laundering. [14]

Trump–Ukraine scandal

In 2018, Parnas and Fruman hired Giuliani, the president's personal attorney, to serve as a consultant as the two, according to Giulani, were "ramping up" a security business with the felicitous name "Fraud Guarantee". [17] (Parnas had chosen the name "Fraud Guarantee" in 2013 to clean up his Google search results after accusations of fraud in previous ventures.) [18] Florida authorities had apparently dissolved Fraud Guarantee in September 2014 for failing to file an annual report, which would have limited the company to activities related to closing itself down. [19]

The Republican donor, Trump supporter and Long Island attorney Charles Gucciardo paid Giuliani on behalf of Fraud Guarantee in two $250,000 payments, in September and October 2018. [20]

Late in 2018, Giuliani sent them to Ukraine to search for damaging information on Trump's U.S. political rivals. According to The New York Times , "Their mission was to find people and information that could be used to undermine the Special Counsel's investigation, and also to damage former Vice President Joseph R. Biden." Both were also at the center of the pro-Trump forces' push to remove Marie Yovanovitch, the U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, because her loyalty to President Trump was deemed deficient as Trump pursued his agenda there. [21] It is also alleged that the two pressed for support for allegations that former Ukrainian officials schemed to manipulate the 2016 election to support Hillary Clinton, by revealing adverse information about Paul Manafort, chairman of Trump's campaign, which became a central element in Mueller's special counsel investigation. [22]

Also, over the course of a year beginning in 2018, the two men introduced Giuliani to Ukrainians who were amenable to promoting "a largely unsubstantiated narrative about the Bidens." [21] These included Yuriy Lutsenko, a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, who was critical to Giuliani's efforts to produce damaging information. Viktor Shokin, also a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, was part of this group. Parnas and Robert F. Hyde reportedly exchanged messages indicating that then-Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch was under surveillance and that they were working to have her removed. [23] [24]

The New York field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), along with SDNY prosecutors, are conducting a criminal investigation of Giuliani's relationship with Parnas and Fruman. [25] Giuliani is under investigation for potentially violating lobbying laws. [26] Parnas was initially being legally represented by John M. Dowd, who was Trump's personal attorney in the Mueller investigation in 2017–18, until he fired him and hired Joseph A. Bondy. [27] Dowd initially represented Fruman as well. [28]

Arrest

Fruman and Lev Parnas were arrested on the evening of October 9, 2019, at Dulles International Airport, and charged with planning to direct funds from a foreign government "to U.S. politicians while trying to influence U.S.-Ukraine relations". [29] They had one-way tickets to Frankfurt, Germany, and were reported to be going to Vienna, Austria. [30] [31] The reason for their arrest was described as a "complex web of financial and political interactions linking diplomacy to alleged violations of campaign finance law." The head of the New York's FBI office described the investigation as "about corrupt behavior, deliberate lawbreaking". [32] [30] [33] Fruman and Parnas pled not guilty to these charges and to additional charges filed in September 2020. Fruman did, however, plead guilty on September 10, 2021, to soliciting a contribution from a foreign national. He did not make an agreement to cooperate with the government. [34] He was sentenced to one year in prison in January 2022. [35]

The 2019 charges also connected Parnas and Fruman to the campaign to oust the United States ambassador to Ukraine, Marie Yovanovitch, from her post and have her recalled. [30] This occurred over many months. [33] In 2018, the operation included Parnas and Fruman donating funds and pledging further additional moneys to an unnamed Congressman, who was recruited for the "campaign to oust her." [30] Some of the funds violated campaign limits. The funds were funneled through a shell company, Global Energy Producers. [36] Parnas and Fruman were also charged with unlawful campaign contributions. Based on campaign finance filings, former congressional Representative Pete Sessions (R-Texas) has been identified as the unnamed Congressman. In 2018, as the Chairman of the House Rules Committee, Sessions wrote a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo saying that Yovanovitch should be fired for privately expressing "disdain" for the Trump administration. [30]

See also


Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudy Giuliani</span> American attorney and politician (born 1944)

Rudolph William Louis Giuliani is an American politician and disbarred lawyer who served as the 107th mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1983 and the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1983 to 1989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victoria Toensing</span> American lawyer

Victoria Ann Toensing is an American attorney, Republican Party operative and with her husband, Joseph diGenova, a partner in the Washington law firm diGenova & Toensing. Toensing and diGenova frequently appeared on Fox News and Fox Business channels, until diGenova used a November 2019 appearance to spread conspiracy theories about George Soros, leading to widespread calls for him to be banned from the network. In 2019, Toensing and diGenova began representing Ukrainian oligarch Dmitry Firtash in his efforts to block extradition to the United States under a federal indictment and became embroiled in the Trump–Ukraine scandal. The couple has worked with Rudy Giuliani in support of President Donald Trump beginning in 2018, and was named to join a legal team led by Giuliani to overturn the results of the 2020 United States presidential election in which Trump was defeated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pam Bondi</span> American lawyer and politician (born 1965)

Pamela Jo Bondi is an American attorney, lobbyist, and politician. A Republican, she served as the 37th Florida attorney general from 2011 to 2019, the first woman elected to the office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marie Yovanovitch</span> Canadian-American diplomat (born 1958)

Marie Louise "Masha" Yovanovitch is a Canadian-American former diplomat and retired senior member of the United States Foreign Service. She served in multiple State Department posts, including Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (2004–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan (2005–2008), U.S. Ambassador to Armenia (2008–2011), Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (2012–2013), and Ambassador to Ukraine (2016–2019). Yovanovitch is a diplomat in residence at the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University. On January 31, 2020, it was reported that she had retired from the State Department.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Derek Harvey</span> American Army officer and civil servant

Derek J. Harvey is a retired US Army Colonel who previously served on the staff of Congressman Devin Nunes, ranking member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Harvey is a former National Security Council (NSC) staffer in President Donald Trump's administration and was the first director of the Afghanistan-Pakistan Center of Excellence at U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), having been selected by General David Petraeus in 2009 to lead the new organization. Harvey was the previous senior analytical specialist for Iraq to Petraeus, then Commander, Multi-National Forces-Iraq. After being fired from both USCENTCOM and the NSC, he became a top aide to Republican congressman Devin Nunes on the House Intelligence Committee in September 2017. While in this role, Harvey worked to leak the name of the Ukraine whistle-blower, causing concern about their safety and legal protections of whistle-blowers. In 2022, Derek Harvey was elected to serve a four year term on the Board of County Commissioners in Washington County, Maryland. His term expires in 2026.

Dmytro Vasylovych Firtash is a Ukrainian businessman who heads the board of directors of Group DF. He was highly influential during the Yushchenko administration and the Yanukovych administration. As a middleman for the Russian natural gas giant Gazprom and with connections to the Kremlin, Firtash funneled money into the campaigns of pro-Russian politicians in Ukraine. Firtash obtained his position with the agreement of Russian president Vladimir Putin and, according to Firtash, Russian organized crime boss Semion Mogilevich.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Solomon (political commentator)</span> American media executive, political commentator, and conspiracy theorist

John F. Solomon is an American journalist who was a contributor to Fox News until late 2020. He was formerly an executive and editor-in-chief at The Washington Times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brian Benczkowski</span> American lawyer (born 1969)

Brian Allen Benczkowski is an American lawyer who served as the Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice. Prior to assuming that role, he was a partner at Kirkland & Ellis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoffrey Berman</span> American lawyer (born 1959)

Geoffrey Steven Berman is an American attorney who served as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 2018 to 2020. He is a partner at the law firm Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph diGenova</span> American attorney

Joseph diGenova is an American lawyer and political commentator who served as the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1983 to 1988. He and his wife, Victoria Toensing, are partners in the Washington, D.C., law firm diGenova and Toensing. He is known for promoting conspiracy theories about the Department of Justice and the FBI. He and Toensing frequently appeared on Fox News and Fox Business channels, until diGenova used a November 2019 appearance to spread conspiracy theories about George Soros, leading to widespread calls for him to be banned from the network.

Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections was a matter of concern at the highest level of national security within the United States government, in addition to the computer and social media industries. In 2020, the RAND Corporation was one of the first to release research describing Russia's playbook for interfering in U.S. elections, developed machine-learning tools to detect the interference, and tested strategies to counter Russian interference. In February and August 2020, United States Intelligence Community (USIC) experts warned members of Congress that Russia was interfering in the 2020 presidential election in then-President Donald Trump's favor. USIC analysis released by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) in March 2021 found that proxies of Russian intelligence promoted and laundered misleading or unsubstantiated narratives about Joe Biden "to US media organizations, US officials, and prominent US individuals, including some close to former President Trump and his administration." The New York Times reported in May 2021 that federal investigators in Brooklyn began a criminal investigation late in the Trump administration into possible efforts by several current and former Ukrainian officials to spread unsubstantiated allegations about corruption by Joe Biden, including whether they had used Trump personal attorney Rudy Giuliani as a channel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trump–Ukraine scandal</span> U.S. political scandal that began in 2019

The Trump–Ukraine scandal was a political scandal that arose primarily from the discovery of U.S. President Donald Trump's alleged attempts to coerce Ukraine into investigating a Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory, and thus potentially damage 2020 Democratic Party presidential candidate Joe Biden. Trump enlisted surrogates in and outside his administration, including personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr, to pressure Ukraine and other governments to cooperate in supporting conspiracy theories concerning US politics. Trump blocked payment of a congressionally-mandated $400 million military aid package, in an attempt to obtain quid pro quo cooperation from Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Contacts were established between the White House and government of Ukraine, culminating in a call between Trump and Zelenskyy on July 25, 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump</span> 2019 Congressional process regarding U.S. President Trump

The inquiry process which preceded the first impeachment of Donald Trump, 45th president of the United States, was initiated by then-House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on September 24, 2019, after a whistleblower alleged that Donald Trump may have abused the power of the presidency. Trump was accused of withholding military aid as a means of pressuring newly elected president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky to pursue investigations of Joe Biden and his son Hunter and to investigate a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, not Russia, was behind interference in the 2016 presidential election. More than a week after Trump had put a hold on the previously approved aid, he made these requests in a July 25 phone call with the Ukrainian president, which the whistleblower said was intended to help Trump's reelection bid.

Lev Parnas is a Soviet-born American businessman and former associate of Rudy Giuliani. Parnas, Giuliani, Igor Fruman, John Solomon, Yuriy Lutsenko, Dmytro Firtash and his allies, Victoria Toensing and Joe diGenova, were involved in creating the false Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory, which is part of the Trump–Ukraine scandal's efforts to damage Joe Biden. As president, Donald Trump said he did not know Parnas or what he was involved in; Parnas insisted Trump "knew exactly what was going on".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First impeachment trial of Donald Trump</span> 2020 trial in the US Senate

The first impeachment trial of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, began in the U.S. Senate on January 16, 2020, and concluded with his acquittal on February 5. After an inquiry between September and November 2019, President Trump was impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 18, 2019; the articles of impeachment charged him with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. It was the third impeachment trial of a U.S. president, preceded by those of Andrew Johnson and of Bill Clinton.

Robert Finley Hyde is an American businessman, lobbyist, and political candidate. Hyde gained attention during the first impeachment of Donald Trump as a figure associated with the Trump–Ukraine scandal. He runs a lobbying firm, Finley Hyde & Associates, in Washington, D.C.

The Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory is a series of false allegations that Joe Biden, while he was vice president of the United States, improperly withheld a loan guarantee and took a bribe to pressure Ukraine into firing prosecutor general Viktor Shokin to prevent a corruption investigation of Ukrainian gas company Burisma and to protect his son, Hunter Biden, who was on the Burisma board. As part of efforts by Donald Trump and his campaign in the Trump–Ukraine scandal, which led to Trump's first impeachment, these falsehoods were spread in an attempt to damage Joe Biden's reputation and chances during the 2020 presidential campaign, and later in an effort to impeach him.

Suriya Evans-Pritchard Jayanti is a British-American energy entrepreneur and energy policy expert, journalist, and lawyer. She is a regular contributor to TIME Magazine and other print and television media outlets on energy issues and Ukraine topics. She is the co-founder and managing director of Eney LLC, a U.S.-Ukrainian diversified clean energy company, along with former long-time CEO of Naftogaz of Ukraine Andriy Kobolyev. She is also a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council think tank. She came into the public eye during the first impeachment of President Donald J. Trump after being subpoenaed to testify in her capacity as a U.S. diplomat at the U.S. Department of State who served as the Energy Unit Chief at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. She did not ultimately testify. With the February 24, 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia, she became a regular commentator on Ukrainian and energy affairs, known for her pro-Ukrainian viewpoint.

This is a timeline of major events in second half of 2019 related to the investigations into the myriad links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies that are suspected of being inappropriate, relating to the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. It follows the timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections before and after July 2016 up until election day November 8, and the transition, the first and second halves of 2017, the first and second halves of 2018, and the first half of 2019, but precedes that of 2020 and 2021.

Aaron Gideon Parnas is an American lawyer and democratic activist. Parnas is the son of Lev Parnas, known for his role in the Trump-administration Trump–Ukraine scandal. Parnas, who was once a staunch Republican and supporter of President Donald Trump, has since become an activist in support of the Democratic Party.

References

  1. ↑ Briman, Shimon (March 6, 2018). "Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year". ForumDaily. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  2. ↑ "Two Unofficial US Operatives Reporting To Trump's Lawyer Privately Lobbied A Foreign Government In A Bid To Help The President Win In 2020". BuzzFeed News. July 22, 2019. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Two Key Players In The Ukraine Controversy Spent Lavishly As They Dug For Dirt on Biden". BuzzFeed News. October 9, 2019. Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  4. ↑ Levin, Bess (October 10, 2019). "Giuliani's Ukraine Goons Arrested Trying to Flee the U.S." Vanity Fair. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  5. ↑ Viswanatha, Aruna; Ballhaus, Rebecca; Gurman, Sadie; Tau, Byron (October 10, 2019). "Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  6. ↑ Neumeister, Larry (January 21, 2022). "Giuliani Associate Gets Year In Prison In Foreign Donor Case". HuffPost. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  7. ↑ Briman, Shimon (March 6, 2018). "Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year". ForumDaily. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  8. 1 2 Entous, Adam (October 15, 2019). "How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's "One Big Family"". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  9. ↑ McCall, Rosie (October 11, 2019). "Arrested Giuliani Ukraine Associates Operated Companies Called 'Fraud Guarantee' and 'Mafia Rave'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  10. ↑ "Giuliani and Former Detroiter Fruman Arrested". The Jewish News. October 11, 2019. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  11. ↑ Weber, Peter (October 16, 2019). "Jeb Bush is disappointed Rudy Giuliani brought now-indicted associate to George H.W. Bush's state funeral". The Week . Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  12. ↑ Belford, Aubrey; Melkozerova, Veronika (July 22, 2019). "Meet the Florida Duo Helping Giuliani Investigate for Trump in Ukraine". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project . Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Giuliani's arrested associates have tangled past" . Financial Times . October 11, 2019. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  14. 1 2 Sallah, Michael; Kozyreva, Tanya; Belford, Aubrey (October 1, 2019). "Congress Wants Answers From Two Men Who Led Smear Campaign Against Biden — Under Giuliani's Direction". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  15. ↑ Sales, Ben (October 11, 2019). "Orthodox Synagogue association honored 2 Giuliani associates before arrests". The Times of Israel . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  16. ↑ Tibon, Amir (October 10, 2019). "These arrested Giuliani Associates, Linked to Trump's Ukraine scandal, Have Ties to Israel's Right". Haaretz . Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  17. ↑ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Dawsey, Josh; Sonne, Paul. "How two Soviet-born emigres made it into elite Trump circles — and the center of the impeachment storm". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  18. ↑ O’Brien, Joe Palazzolo and Rebecca Davis (October 31, 2019). "Giuliani Associate Left Trail of Troubled Businesses Before Ukraine Probe Push". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  19. ↑ Eaton, Joshua; Timms, Ed; Eaton, Joshua; Timms, Ed (October 17, 2019). "State officials dissolved company long before $500K deal with Giuliani". Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  20. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P.; Protess, Ben; Nir, Sarah Maslin (November 6, 2019). "Behind the Deal That Put Giuliani Together With a Dirt-Hunting Partner". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  21. 1 2 Vogel, Kenneth P. (October 10, 2019). "Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  22. ↑ Kyiv, Rebecca Ballhaus and Alan Cullison in Washington and Brett Forrest in (November 8, 2019). "WSJ News Exclusive | Giuliani Associates Urged Ukraine's Prior President to Open Biden, Election Probes". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  23. ↑ Erica Orden; Kara Scannell (January 15, 2020). "Trump supporter and Giuliani associate discussed surveilling Yovanovitch". CNN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  24. ↑ Swan, Will Sommer|Betsy (January 15, 2020). "Meet the Trump Donor Who Allegedly Stalked America's Ambassador in Ukraine". Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Rudy Giuliani's relationship with arrested men is subject of criminal investigation: Sources". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  26. ↑ Schmidt, Michael S.; Protess, Ben; Vogel, Kenneth P.; Rashbaum, William K. (October 11, 2019). "Giuliani Is Said to Be Under Investigation for Ukraine Work". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  27. ↑ "Lev Parnas offers impeachment investigators "hard evidence" of wrongdoing after flipping on Trump". Salon. November 22, 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  28. ↑ Bump, Philip. "Analysis | It's not just Giuliani: The intertwining team focused on Trump and Ukraine". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  29. ↑ "Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Mazzetti, Mark; Sullivan, Eileen; Goldman, Adam; Rashbaum, William K. (October 10, 2019). "2 Giuliani Associates Arrested With One-Way Tickets at U.S. Airport". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  31. ↑ Tau, Aruna Viswanatha, Rebecca Ballhaus, Sadie Gurman and Byron (October 10, 2019). "Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ "United States of America v. Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman, David Correia, and Andrey Kukushkin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  33. 1 2 "Profit, not politics: Trump allies sought Ukraine gas deal". AP NEWS. October 7, 2019. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  34. ↑ Orden, Erica (September 10, 2021). "Giuliani associate Igor Fruman pleads guilty to solicitation of a contribution by a foreign national". CNN. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  35. ↑ Cohen, Luc (January 21, 2022). "Ex-Giuliani associate Fruman sentenced to one year in prison in campaign finance case". Reuters.
  36. ↑ "How A Complicated Web Connects 2 Soviet-Born Businessmen With The Impeachment Inquiry". NPR.org. Archived from the original on January 19, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.