| Ipanema bat | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Phyllostomidae |
| Genus: | Pygoderma Peters, 1863 |
| Species: | P. bilabiatum |
| Binomial name | |
| Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843) | |
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The Ipanema bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum) is a bat species of order Chiroptera and family Phyllostomidae. It is found in northern Argentina, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and Paraguay. [1] It is the only species within its genus. [2]
The Ipanema bat is a medium-sized bat which is brown-furred overall, with the exception of its white-furred shoulders. [3] The fur of its back is a darker shade of brown than that of its chest. [3] It has less fur on its shoulders and upper chest than on the rest of its body, particularly in males. [3] [4] Its rostrum is shorter and more square-shaped than other species of its subfamily, Stenodermatinae [3] [5] It has a large nose and no tail, with roundish ears having a small, 4–5 mm (0.16-0.2 in) tragus. [3]
Size varies based on sex and geographical location. Females tend to be larger than males. [5] [6] [4] The skulls of Ipanema bats from Argentina and Bolivia are bigger than those of their counterparts in Paraguay and Brazil. [6] P. bilabiatum typically has two molars. [3] [7] However, some females have a third molar (usually in the mandibular jaw) not seen in males. [3] [7] This may be correlated with the larger jaw size of females. [7]
While both males and females have glands below the jaw and surrounding the eyes, the glands in males are generally larger. [4] Males also have forelimb swellings, which are not seen in females. [5] The size and presence of such swellings varies geographically. [5] Additionally, forelimb swellings appear to be correlated with development of the males' eye glands. [5] Due to the dimorphism of forelimb swellings, It is thought that they could be correlated with mating behaviors. [5]
The Ipanema bat resides in northern Argentina, southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. [8] [6] Their preferred habitats are tropical forests, subtropical forests, and secondary forests. [9] Although atypical, they are sometimes found in the coastal shrublands of Brazil. [9] This suggests that perhaps P. bilabiatum can expand its habitat into dryer, more sparsely vegetated areas. [9]
P. bilabiatum is frugivorous, specializing in fruit that is easily digested. [4] These fruits are usually very ripe and fleshy, with few seeds. [4] The fruit choices of the Ipanema bat are diverse, including the fruits of Lucuma caimito, Miconia brasiliensis, and trees of the genus Celtis , as well as Maclura tinctoria , Solanum granuloso-leprosum , and Ficus enormis. [3] [4] [10] [11] Some may also feed on nectar. [4]
P. bilabiatum usually reproduces in either the fall or the winter. [4] It is thought that they give birth during the later end of the dry period and wean their young at the beginning of the wet period. [11] This strategy coordinates birth with the highest amount of fruit attainability. [11] Females only carry one fetus at a time. [4]
Migration patterns may be influenced by rainfall amount and/or temperature. P. biliabatum appears to prefer regions with a minimum annual rainfall of 1500 mm (59 in) and moderate temperatures of 16-23 °C (61-73 °F) [8] Food availability and foraging capabilities seem to be an important factor in the timing and distance traveled during migration [8] Females and males migrate differently. [8] Males tend to linger in lower elevations, while females reside at intermediate and high elevations. [8]
The New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are found from southern North America to South America, specifically from the Southwest United States to northern Argentina. They are ecologically the most varied and diverse family within the order Chiroptera. Most species are insectivorous, but the phyllostomid bats include within their number true predatory species and frugivores. For example, the spectral bat, the largest bat in the Americas, eats vertebrate prey, including small, dove-sized birds. Members of this family have evolved to use food groups such as fruit, nectar, pollen, insects, frogs, other bats, and small vertebrates, and in the case of the vampire bats, even blood.
The Jamaican, common or Mexican fruit bat is a fruit-eating bat native to Mexico, through Central America to northwestern South America, as well as the Greater and many of the Lesser Antilles. It is also an uncommon resident of the Southern Bahamas. Populations east of the Andes in South America are now usually regarded a separate species, the flat-faced fruit-eating bat. The distinctive features of the Jamaican fruit bat include the absence of an external tail and a minimal, U-shaped interfemoral membrane.
The big-eared woolly bat or (Peters's) woolly false vampire bat is a species of bat, belonging to the family Phyllostomidae.
Geoffroy's tailless bat is a species of phyllostomid bat from the American tropics.
Seba's short-tailed bat is a common and widespread bat species in the family Phyllostomidae. They are found in Central America, the northern parts of South America, and in the Antilles islands.
The silver fruit-eating bat is a South American bat species of the family Phyllostomidae.
The gnome fruit-eating bat is a bat species]] found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. This species was originally determined to be different from the other known species of fruit bats, but later, in 1994 was mistakenly grouped under Artibeus cinereus as a synonym. However, this has since been corrected by more closely studying their physical differences and by biomolecular analysis.
Dekeyser's nectar bat is a bat species found in Brazil and Bolivia.
The white-throated round-eared bat is a bat species found from Honduras to Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil. It creates roosts inside the nests of the termite, Nasutitermes corniger. It thrives on a mainly insect-based diet, focusing on the surfaces of foliage to hunt, and also eats fruit and pollen. It has a very wide range and is a common species over much of that range, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
The little big-eared bat is a bat species in the order Chiroptera and family Phyllostomidae. It is from South and Central America particularly Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Suriname and Trinidad. Though its exact population is unknown, it is considered widespread and occurs in protected areas, although deforestation may be a minor threat, it is classified as Least Concern. It is found in multistratal evergreen forests and dry thorn forests and forages near streams and is found hollow trees, logs, caverns, or houses with groups up to twelve. The head and body length measures at 44 millimetres (1.7 in) for males and 45 millimetres (1.8 in) for females. Males usually weigh about 5 grams (0.18 oz) while females weigh 5.7 grams (0.20 oz).
The greater spear-nosed bat is a bat species of the family Phyllostomidae from South and Central America. It is one of the larger bats of this region and is omnivorous.
The greater round-eared bat is a bat species found in northeastern and southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia. The species feeds on fruit as well as hunting small birds. Once caught, birds are taken to a shelter and consumed.
The bidentate yellow-eared bat is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae, native to South America. Formerly classified in the Vampyressa genus, phylogenetic analyses support its inclusion in Vampyriscus.
The great stripe-faced bat or stripe-faced vampire bat is a bat species found from southern Mexico to Bolivia and northwestern Brazil, as well as on Trinidad. The great stripe-faced bat is a frugivore. It is one of two species within the genus Vampyrodes the other being Vampyrodes major.
The Jamaican fig-eating bat is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is the only living species in the genus Ariteus. The scientific name translates as "yellowish and warlike". There are no recognised subspecies.
The fraternal fruit-eating bat is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae that is found in drier habitats in Ecuador and Peru. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the Jamaican fruit bat, but was raised to species level in 1978. The smallest species in the group of large Artibeus, it has a forearm length of 52–59 mm (2.0–2.3 in), a total length of 64–76 mm (2.5–3.0 in), and a weight of 30–55 g (1.1–1.9 oz).
Stenodermatinae is a large subfamily of bats in the family Phyllostomidae.
Rosenberg's fruit-eating bat is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in humid tropical forests in the El Chocó region on the coast of western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador at altitudes below 500 m. Until recently it was included within D. glauca, a canopy frugivore that also eats insects. It was elevated to full species status in 2009. The specific name is in honor of collector W. F. H. Rosenberg. The species is regarded as common, but is likely threatened by the deforestation of its habitat.
Benkeith's short-tailed bat is a leaf-nosed bat species found in Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. It very closely resembles the chestnut short-tailed bat, and the two species are likely often confused.
Anoura peruana is a species of bat from Colombia and Peru. It was elevated to a species in 2010, after previously being considered a subspecies of Geoffroy's tailless bat. The females are larger than the males.
