Iris spuria subsp. maritima

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Iris spuria subsp. maritima
Iris spuria maritima smdl 01.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species:
I. spuria
Subspecies:
I. s. subsp. maritima
Trinomial name
Iris spuria subsp. maritima
Synonyms   [1]
  • Chamaeiris reichenbachiana var. hispanica(Bernátsky) M.B.Crespo
  • Iris maritimaLam. ( nom. illeg. )
  • Iris spathulata f. hispanicaBernátsky
  • Iris spuria var. hispanicaDykes
  • Iris spuria var. maritimaDykes
  • Xyridion maritimum(Dykes) Rodion.

Iris spuria subsp. maritima is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria , a beardless, rhizomatous perennial plant, from coastal regions Europe and north Africa with deep blue-violet flowers.

Contents

It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

It has a rhizome, [2] which is undescribed.

It has basal leaves, that can be described as evergreen (staying on the plant even during very cold winters). [2] [3] They are between 6 mm to 2 cm wide. [4] [5] They can grow as tall as the flowering stem at blooming time, but they then can grow taller after blooming period is over. [6] [7]

It has a stem that grows between 20–70 cm (8–28 in) tall. [8] [9] [10]

The stem has several green, [4] [11] narrow and tapering spathes (leaves of the flower bud). [12] They entirely cover the stem. [12] The leaves are generally up to 8 cm long, [4] and longer than the internodes. [5]

The stems hold 2–4 terminal (top of stem) flowers, [6] [4] [12] between Spring and Summer, [4] [2] [3] or between April and July. [7] [13]

It has scented, [4] flowers that come in shades of blue-violet, [14] [15] [10] purple, [7] [4] violet, [6] or deep blue. [2] [3]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. [16] The falls have a deflexed, rounded blade, 3–8 cm (1–3 in) long, [4] [11] with a yellow, cream or white centre that is heavily veined with purple or blue-violet. [2] [3] [10] Behind the blade, it has a longer law (part of the petal closest to the stem) with a greenish stripe. [11] [4] [7]

Unlike other spuria plants from Slovakia, the flowers have conspicuous distinctive veining on the blade, the enlarged end portions of the falls. [14] The standards are erect, lanceolate, narrowly obovate and 3–6 cm (1–2 in) long. [4]

It has a violet stigmata, that has 2 acute and erect lobes, [7] and it also has an ovary with narrow peak. [4]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [16] It has a chromosome count: 2n=38. [15] [8]

Taxonomy

It is written as 海岸アイリスin Japanese script. [17]

The Latin specific epithet maritima refers to "maritimus" meaning that grows at the edge of the sea. [18]

It has many common names such as; seashore Iris, [17] [19] [20] maritime Iris, [21] [22] or marine Iris. [18]

It is known in Catalan as coltell mari. [13]

It was originally published as Iris maritima by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in Flore Françoise, ou Descriptions Succinctes de Toutes les Plantes qui Croissent Naturellement en France in Paris (Fl. Franç.) Vol 3. page497 in 1779. [23]

It was also published in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Volumes 27–28 in 1808. [24] Then in Tabl. Encycl. Vol.3 on page 497 in 1823, also by Lamarck. [25]

This was later declared as an illegal (or illegitimate) name due to a clash with Iris maritima Mill. (originally published in Gard. Dict. edition 8 page 11, in 1768 [26] ). Although, this was later declared a synonym of Iris sibirica L. [27]

Specimens were collected by Huet and Jacquin in 1861. Then grown by William Rickatson Dykes in 1911. Dykes then worked out some of the relationships of the Spuria Irises series, published in his book The Iris in 1913. [28]

It was then published as Iris spuria subsp. maritima by Paul Victor Fournier, in Quatre Fl. in France Vol.190 in 1935. [29] [30] [5]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003, and updated on 3 December 2004. [30]

Distribution and habitat

Iris spuria subsp. maritima growing in France Iris spuria maritima smdl 02.JPG
Iris spuria subsp. maritima growing in France

It is native to temperate regions of North Africa and Europe. [30]

Range

It is found within Africa, in Algeria. [30] [31] It is found within Europe, [11] [23] [14] in France, [23] [14] [20] and Spain. [30] [8] [10]

It is found along the coasts of Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean, [9] [4] [31] (of southern Europe and Iberian Peninsula). [3] [2]

It may also be found in Corsica, [6] and in the Balkans. [3] [2]

It has specifically found in several Departments of France including, Charente-Maritime, [21] (near Ciré-d'Aunis and Rochefort [22] ) Hérault, [12] Vendée, [21] [12] (near Saint-Denis-du-Payré, [21] ) Pyrénées-Orientales (near Argelès-sur-Mer, [32] ) and Var, [33] (near Hyères. [12] [28] )

Also within Spain, near Madrid, [12] Aragon and Navarra. [34]

Habitat

It is found growing in wet meadows, [13] [2] [9] and marshes, [9] [12] [22] near the sea. [15]

At altitudes of up to 300m above sea level. [2] [3]

Conservation

It is a rare or endangered plant species, similar to Adder's-tongue Spearwort. [19]

It is grown in various protected places in Europe. [22] [19] [32]

Within Bardenas Reales (in Spain), the iris grows alongside an orchid ( Ophrys scolopax ). [34]

Although in 2014, it has been lost from the Var department. [28]

Cultivation

It is hardy to USDA zones 4–9, [31] or (Europe) Zone 7 (−17.7 to −12.3 °C). [3] Also can survive temperatures as low as −34 °C. [2]

It can be grown in most garden soils, [2] including clay soils. [3] Although it prefers not excessively poor nutrient soils. [3] It can tolerate pH levels of between Neutral and Acid. [2] [9] [3]

It prefers positions in full sun. [2] [3] [9]

It has low to medium water requirements. [2] [3]

It can be used within the garden in a mixed-border, in a gravel garden, used as a cut flower. [2] It can be used as a ground cover plant in some places, [3] or in landscaping projects. [4]

Specimens can be found in various herbariums, including; Kew Gardens, Vienna Hofmuseum, University of Cambridge, British Museum (in the Natural History Department of South Kensington, London) and the herbarium of the Botanical Garden of Berlin. [28]

Hybrids and cultivars

Known cultivars include Belise (Simonett 1964) – which is 36" tall, blue-lavender self from a cross of two species, Iris spuria subsp. maritima crossed with Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae. [35]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris spuria</i> Species of plant

Iris spuria, or blue flag, is a species of the genus Iris, part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Europe, Asia and Africa. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila, Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha . It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Spuriae</i> Group of flowering plants

Iris series Spuriae are a series of the genus Iris, in Iris subg. Limniris. They are sometimes commonly known as butterfly irises.

<i>Iris ruthenica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris ruthenica, sometimes called ever blooming iris, Russian iris, pilgrim iris and Hungarian iris, is a species in the genus Iris- subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution, ranging from eastern Europe to Central Asia. It has grass-like leaves, thick stem and violet or bluish lavender flowers which are marked with violet veining.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

Iris halophila var. sogdiana is a species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae. It is a variety of Iris halophila. It was once a species in its own right as Iris sogdiana, before being re-classified as a synonym of Iris halophila, but it has been re-classed again as a variant of Iris halophila. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with blue-violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris notha</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris notha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial with deep blue or violet flowers from the Caucasus region. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was once Iris spuria subsp. notha, and can often be found under that name. It has the common name of fake iris or mimic iris in Russia.

<i>Iris pontica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris pontica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a dwarf rhizomatous perennial plant from eastern Europe, the Causcasus region and Russia, with a short stem and violet-blue and white flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae, with tall thin stems, violet-blue flowers and long grass-like leaves. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from grass meadows parts of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris brandzae is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, originally from Romania with violet and white flowers. It was once thought to be a subspecies of Iris sintenisii, but now classified as a separate species. It is also called Iris Brandzy or Prodan Iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> carthaliniae</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, it is a tall iris with sky blue or white flowers. It was originally described by Fomin, as a separate species before Brian Mathew in 1981, added it to Iris spuria as one of its many subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris spuria subsp. demetrii is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, with blue-violet flowers. It is commonly known as Dimitry iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus known as Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria and is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey in Asia with flowers in various shades of blue, but there are rare white forms. They have a yellow centre and darker veining. It has the common name of 'Muslim iris'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris dolichosiphon is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions

Iris sikkimensis is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Sikkim. It has pale green or light green thin leaves, slender stem, 2 or 3 lilac or purple flowers, with a white beard with orange tips. It is thought to be a hybrid of Iris hookeriana and Iris kumaonensis.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> cengialti</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. cengialti is a subspecies in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Italy and Slovenia. It has yellowish-green, glaucous, lanceolate or ensiform leaves, tall stem, green flushed with purple spathes, 2 short branches, 2–3 scented flowers, in shades of violet, blue-violet, deep purple, blue-purple, deep blue-purple, pale purple, deep blue, to mid-blue. It has a yellow or orange tipped beard. It was originally published as Iris cengialti but then re-classified as a subspecies of Iris pallida, and known as Iris pallida subsp. cengialti, but it is often still called Iris cengialti. It is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris subbiflora</i> Species of plant

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring,, with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens, and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Elburz Mountains in Iran. It was originally thought to be a separate species before going through various changes before being classed as a subspecies of Iris barnumiae. It has erect, grey-green (grass-like) leaves and two large flowers, which come in shades from claret-red, burgundy, violet-blue, to dark purple, with a white or cream beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to the environmental conditions it prefers.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus Mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

References

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  19. 1 2 3 "NATURAL HABITATS". maraisderochefort.lpo.fr. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
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  27. ↑ "Iris maritima Mill. is a synonym of Iris sibirica L." theplantlist.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
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  29. ↑ "Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris spuria subsp. maritima". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 27 February 2015.
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