Iron-56

Iron-56

General
Symbol	56Fe
Names	iron-56
Protons (Z)	26
Neutrons (N)	30
Nuclide data
Natural abundance	91.754% [1]
Isotope mass	55.9349355 [2] Da
Spin	0+
Excess energy	−60601.003±1.354 keV
Binding energy	492253.892±1.356 keV
Isotopes of iron Complete table of nuclides

Nuclear binding energy per nucleon of common isotopes; iron-56 labelled at the curve's crest. The rarer isotopes nickel-62 and iron-58, which both have higher binding energies, are not shown.

Iron-56 (⁵⁶Fe) is one of four stable isotopes of [[iron], and the most common, comprising about 91.754% of the iron on Earth.

Of all nuclides, iron-56 has the lowest mass per nucleon. With a [[binding energy[[ of 8.79  MeV per nucleon, iron-56 is one of the most tightly bound nuclei. ^[3]

The high nuclear binding energy for ⁵⁶Fe represents the point where further nuclear reactions become energetically unfavorable. Because of this, it is among the heaviest elements formed in stellar nucleosynthesis reactions in massive stars. These reactions fuse lighter elements like magnesium, silicon, and sulfur to form heavier elements. Among the heavier elements formed is ⁵⁶Ni, which subsequently decays to ⁵⁶Co and then ⁵⁶Fe.

Relationship to nickel-62

Nickel-62, a relatively rare isotope of nickel, has a higher nuclear binding energy per nucleon; this is consistent with having a higher mass-per-nucleon because nickel-62 has a greater proportion of neutrons, which are slightly more massive than protons. (See the nickel-62 article for more). Light elements undergoing nuclear fusion and heavy elements undergoing nuclear fission release energy as their nucleons bind more tightly, so ⁶²Ni might be expected to be common. However, during stellar nucleosynthesis the competition between photodisintegration and alpha capturing causes more ⁵⁶Ni to be produced than ⁶²Ni (⁵⁶Fe is produced later in the star's ejection shell as ⁵⁶Ni decays).

Although nickel-62 has a higher binding energy per nucleon, the conversion of 28 atoms of nickel-62 into 31 atoms of iron-56 releases energy: 5.7 keV per nucleon. As the universe ages, matter will slowly convert to ever more tightly bound nuclei, approaching ⁵⁶Fe, ultimately leading to the formation of iron stars in, roughly,  10¹⁵⁰⁰ years, assuming an expanding universe without proton decay. ^[4]

See also

• Isotopes of iron
• Iron star

References

1. "Standard Atomic Weights: Iron". CIAAW. 2000.
2. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
3. "Nuclear Binding Energy". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
4. Dyson, Freeman J. (1979). "Time without end: Physics and biology in an open universe". Reviews of Modern Physics . 51 (3): 447–460. Bibcode:1979RvMP...51..447D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447.

Lighter: iron-55	Iron-56 is an isotope of iron	Heavier: iron-57
Decay product of: manganese-56 cobalt-56	Decay chain of iron-56	Decays to: Stable