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Jennifer A. Richeson is an American social psychologist who studies racial identity and interracial interactions. She is currently the Philip R. Allen Professor of Psychology at Yale University where she heads the Social Perception and Communication Lab. Prior to her appointment to the Yale faculty,Richeson was Professor of Psychology and African-American studies at Northwestern University. In 2015,she was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. Richeson was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2022. Since 2021,she has been a member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).
Internalized racism is a form of internalized oppression,defined by sociologist Karen D. Pyke as the "internalization of racial oppression by the racially subordinated." In her study The Psychology of Racism, Robin Nicole Johnson emphasizes that internalized racism involves both "conscious and unconscious acceptance of a racial hierarchy in which a presumed superior race are consistently ranked above other races. These definitions encompass a wide range of instances,including,but not limited to,belief in negative stereotypes,adaptations to cultural standards,and thinking that supports the status quo.
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The term shooting bias,also known as "shooter bias",is a proposed form of implicit racial bias which refers to the apparent tendency among the police to shoot black civilians more often than white civilians,even when they are unarmed. In countries where white people aren't the majority,shooting bias may still apply,with different minority groups facing discrimination.
Intergroup relations refers to interactions between individuals in different social groups,and to interactions taking place between the groups themselves collectively. It has long been a subject of research in social psychology,political psychology,and organizational behavior.
Diversity ideology refers to individual beliefs regarding the nature of intergroup relations and how to improve them in culturally diverse societies. A large amount of scientific literature in social psychology studies diversity ideologies as prejudice reduction strategies,most commonly in the context of racial groups and interracial interactions. In research studies on the effects of diversity ideology,social psychologists have either examined endorsement of a diversity ideology as individual difference or used situational priming designs to activate the mindset of a particular diversity ideology. It is consistently shown that diversity ideologies influence how individuals perceive,judge and treat cultural outgroup members. Different diversity ideologies are associated with distinct effects on intergroup relations,such as stereotyping and prejudice,intergroup equality,and intergroup interactions from the perspectives of both majority and minority group members. Beyond intergroup consequences,diversity ideology also has implications on individual outcomes,such as whether people are open to cultural fusion and foreign ideas,which in turn predict creativity.
Valerie Purdie Greenaway,who has also published under the surnames Purdie-Vaughns and Purdie,is an American social psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Columbia University. Her research interests include diversity,stereotypes and intergroup relations. She is one of the first African Americans to receive tenure in the academic sciences at Columbia University,and is credited with coining the term "intersectional invisibility".
Adultification bias is a form of racial prejudice where children of minority groups,typically Black children,are treated by adults as being more mature than they actually are. Actions committed by these children that would be deemed normal for child development are more likely to be treated as opportunities for discipline and children are more likely to be seen as having malicious intentions. A clear example of this bias in action is when a Black child is assumed to be older than their actual age. These perceptions could in turn perpetuate the maturity of Black children and the assumptions of adults.
References
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- ↑ "Cleveland native Jennifer Eberhardt awarded "genius grant"". 20 September 2014.
- 1 2 Albrecht, Brian (2014-09-20). "Cleveland native Jennifer Eberhardt awarded "genius grant"". cleveland. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
- ↑ Linge, Mary Kay (2019-03-23). "Racial bias is shockingly rife — and surprisingly fixable". New York Post. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
- 1 2 3 4 Markus, Hazel Rose (2008). "Pride, prejudice, and ambivalence: toward a unified theory of race and ethnicity". American Psychologist. 63 (8): 651–670. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.8.651. PMID 19014214.
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- ↑ Zhou, Guifei; Liu, Jiangang; Xiao, Naiqi G; Wu, Si Jia; Hong, Li; Kang, Lee (2018). "The fusiform face area plays a greater role in holistic processing for own-race faces than other-race faces". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 12: 1–16. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00220 . PMC 5992462 . PMID 29910716.
- ↑ Smith, Jessi L; Johnson, Camille S (2006). "A stereotype boost or choking under pressure? positive gender stereotypes and men who are low in domain identification". Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 28 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2801_5. S2CID 145684776.
- 1 2 3 Weisburd, David; Majmundar, Malay K (2018). Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-309-46713-1.
- 1 2 Collerton, Daniel; Perry, Elaine; McKeith, Ian (2005). "Why people see things that are not there: A novel Perception and Attention Deficit model for recurrent complex visual hallucinations". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 28 (6): 737–757. doi:10.1017/S0140525X05000130. PMID 16372931. S2CID 31813489.
- ↑ Vaughns-Purdie, V.; Eibach, P. R. (2008). "Intersectional Invisibility: The Distinctive Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiple Subordinate-Group Identities" (PDF). Sex Roles. 59 (5–6): 377–391. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4. S2CID 35469591.
- 1 2 3 4 Leyens, Jacques-Philippe; Demoulin, Stephanie; Vaes, Jeroen; Guant, Ruth; Paladino, Maria Paola (2007). "Infra-humanization: The Wall of Group Differences". Social Issues and Policy Review. 1 (1): 139–172. doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2007.00006.x.
- ↑ Trawalter, Sophie; Todd, Andrew R; Baird, Abigail A; Richeson, Jennifer A (2008). "Attending to threat: Race-based patterns of selective attention". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 44 (5): 1322–1327. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.006. PMC 2633407 . PMID 19727428.
- ↑ Conrad, Courtenay R; Croco, Sarah E; Gomez, Brad T; Moore, Whill H (2018). "Threat perception and American support for torture". Political Behavior. 40 (4): 989–1009. doi:10.1007/s11109-017-9433-5. S2CID 149107960.
- ↑ Collins, Catherine Fisher, ed. (2015). Black girls and adolescents: facing the challenges. Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 9781440830532. OCLC 881440013.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Blume, Arthur W., ed. (2017). Social issues in living color: challenges and solutions from the perspective of ethnic minority psychology. Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 9781440833366. OCLC 953984780.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Bornstein, Brian H.; Greene, Edie (2017). The jury under fire: myth, controversy, and reform. New York, NY. ISBN 9780190201340. OCLC 957554794.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Hughey, W. M. (2015). "The Five I's of Five-O: Racial Ideologies, Institutions, Interests, Identities, and Interactions of Police Violence" (PDF). Critical Sociology: 1–15.
- ↑ "Launching the Police Data Initiative". whitehouse.gov. 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
- ↑ Torino, G.C.; Rivera, D.P.; Capodilupo, C.M.; Nadal, K.L.; Sue, D.W., eds. (2018). Microaggression Theory: Influence and Implications. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-42004-0 . Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ↑ Andrew J. Elliot; Carol S. Dweck; David S. Yeager. Handbook of Competence and Motivation, Second Edition: Theory and Application.
- ↑ Annamma, Subini Ancy (2017). The Pedagogy of Pathologization: Dis/abled Girls of Color in the School-Prison Nexus. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-315-52303-3. ProQuest 1993190096 . Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ↑ Jason A. Okonofua; Jennifer L. Eberhardt (2015). "Two Strikes: Race and the Disciplining of Young Students". Psychological Science. 26 (5): 617–24. doi:10.1177/0956797615570365. PMID 25854276. S2CID 206587768.
- 1 2 Natasha Warikoo; Stacey Sinclair; Jessica Fei; Drew Jacoby-Senghor (2016). "Examining Racial Bias in Education: A New Approach". Educational Researcher. 45: 508–514. doi:10.3102/0013189X16683408. S2CID 56096350.
- ↑ Christi Bergin (2018-05-29). Designing a Prosocial Classroom: Fostering Collaboration in Students from PreK-12 with the Curriculum You Already Use. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393711998.
- ↑ Okonofua, Jason A.; Walton, Gregory M.; Eberhardt, Jennifer L. (2016). "A Vicious Cycle: A Social–Psychological Account of Extreme Racial Disparities in School Discipline" (PDF). Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science. 11 (3). Perspectives on Psychological Science: 381–98. doi:10.1177/1745691616635592. PMID 27217251. S2CID 22651503.
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- ↑ "Cialdini Prize | SPSP". www.spsp.org. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
