Jezail

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Jezail Jezail.jpg
Jezail

The jezail [1] [2] [3] (or jezzail), [4] also spelled juzail (or juzzail), [3] is a long-barrelled weapon used in Central Asia, British India, and parts of Middle East. [4] [5] A person operating it is called jazailchi. [6] [2] [7]

Contents

Jezails were used by the elite jazayerchi troops of Safavid and Afsharid Iran, notably during the Naderian Wars. It was the main weapon used by the various ethnic tribesmen of Afghanistan in the 19th-century, [8] who deposed Shah Shuja [9] and fought in the First and Second Anglo-Afghan Wars.

Features

Lithograph dated during the First Anglo-Afghan War of a Tajik warrior (Kohistani) and his jezail. Mir Alam of Kohistan region in Afghanistan (full page in book) cropped.jpg
Lithograph dated during the First Anglo-Afghan War of a Tajik warrior (Kohistani) and his jezail.

Jezails (in Afghanistan) were often handmade weapons. That means, unlike other weapons of the time which were plain and utilitarian, jezails were tended to be well-crafted, personal, and each varied widely in their construction (and decoration). [4]

Jezails have very long barrels, [10] which is uncommon in European counterparts (aside from the Spanish espingarda  [ es ] of the 15th century), but were common in the American rifles, such as the Kentucky rifle. [11] These American rifles were of a smaller caliber (typically .35 to .45 inches (8.9 to 11.4 mm)) as their primary use was hunting, while jezails had a caliber of .50 to .75 inches (13 to 19 mm) and larger, making them suitable for warfare. Having a long length, jezail was heavier (typically 12 to 14 pounds (5.4 to 6.4 kg)) than typical muskets of the time (typically 9 to 10 pounds (4.1 to 4.5 kg)). This allowed the use of larger calibers. The heavy weight of the jezail also reduced recoil. [4] [12] Jezail has a relatively long range of 457 metres (1,499 ft), [13] In comparison, a Brown Bess had an effective range of 150 yards (140 m) and accurate range of 50 yards (46 m). [12] According to some British soldiers, jezail fired a ball three times larger than that of a musket ball, with accurate range of 400 yards (370 m). [12]

The main weakness of jezail was low rate of fire: it fired one shot each two or three minutes, in comparison to two or three shot per minute by a musket. This made it unsuitable during offensive action, while a deadly weapon as a sniper weapon in the mountains, as well as against advancing forces in open battlefield. [12] In an attack, a soldier carried two or three jezails on his horse and after shooting with them, would return to a safe distance to reload, or proceed with hand-to-hand combat. [12] [8]

Although jezails were mostly smoothbore weapons, some had their barrels rifled, which, combined with the barrel's long length, made the weapon very accurate weapon for its time. [4]

The lock and trigger mechanism was either a matchlock or a flintlock. Due to the complexity of the latter and difficulty of manufacture, many jezails used the lock mechanism from captured or broken Brown Bess muskets. [4] [13]

A unique feature of the jezail was the handmade stock, which had a distinctive curve and was intricately decorated. [14] The role of the curve is debated. It may have made the stock lighter while still being able to be fired from the shoulder safely. It also allows firing by grasping the weapon near the trigger, like a pistol, while the curved portion is tucked under the forearm (as opposed to being held to the shoulder), allowing firing with one hand while mounted. In this case the flash pan is dangerously too close to the face and the aiming would also be more difficult, therefore this method was probably used only while mounted. The weapon could otherwise be fired from a forked A-shaped rest (which is common in Central Asia), [15] a horn, or a metal bipod, [4] [13] which further improved accuracy. [16]

Operational history

In Persia

The elite jazayerchi unit shoot from a hill as Nader Shah's forces push the Ottoman army back at the Battle of Yeghevard. Jahangusha-ye Naderi 06.jpg
The elite jazayerchi unit shoot from a hill as Nader Shah's forces push the Ottoman army back at the Battle of Yeghevārd.

The jazayer (Persian : جزایرjazāyer or Persian : جزائرjazā'er) was the primary weapon of the elite military unit jazayerchi (جزایرچیjazāyerchī) introduced by the Safavid Shah Abbas II. Due to its heavy weight, it was fired on a tripod. [17]

The Safavid general Nader Shah, who later founded the Afsharid dynasty, also maintained and trained an elite jazayerchi troops, which he used in his Wars with great effect. [18]

Anglo-Afghan Wars

Afghan foot soldiers in 1841. Afghan foot soldiers in 1841.jpg
Afghan foot soldiers in 1841.
Group of Pashtun Tribesmen (Afridi) fighters in 1878, pictured with their jezails, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Group of Afridi fighters in 1878.jpg
Group of Pashtun Tribesmen (Afridi) fighters in 1878, pictured with their jezails, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War.

During this period, the jezail was the primary weapon used by the Pashtuns and was used with great effect during the First Anglo-Afghan War. [19] The range and accuracy of jezail, combined with the sniping tactics of the Afghans, made it superior to the British Brown Bess smoothbore muskets. [20] The latter was effective at no more than 150 yards, and unable to be consistently accurate beyond 50 yards. Because of their advantage in range, Pashtun marksmen typically used the jezail from the tops of cliffs along valleys and defiles during ambushes. [12] Sir Charles Napier claims that jezail was overall the superior weapon. [8] The jezailchees repeatedly inflicted heavy casualties on the British during their 1842 retreat from Kabul to Jalalabad.

In the First Anglo-Afghan War the British established a cantonment outside of Kabul with dirt walls approximately waist high. Surrounding the cantonment were several abandoned forts which, although out of range of British muskets, were close enough for jezail fire. When ghazi and other Pashtuns forces besieged Kabul and the cantonment, they occupied the forts and used them to snipe at British forces from a safe range.[ citation needed ] The Pashtun marksmen typically fired jezail while entrenched in a pushtah (individual rampart made of rocks). [21]

A description from the British Library dating to the First Anglo-Afghan War:

Afghan snipers were expert marksmen and their juzzails fired roughened bullets, long iron nails or even pebbles over a range of some 250 metres. The Afghans could fling the large rifles across their shoulders as if they were feathers and spring nimbly from rock to rock. [22]

At any rate, the British histories that focus on the claimed superiority of the jezail as weapon do not explain the failures of the jezailchis to halt British offensives in 1842. [16]

In India

Jazail or Jazair in India was a swivel gun falling between a firearm and an artillery, with a length of 7 to 8 feet (2.1 to 2.4 m). [23] The operator of the gun was called jazā'il-andāz or jazā'ilchī in Hindustani language. [24] Related words or spellings are gingall, janjal, ganjal, gazail. [25]

Contemporary use

The jezail was still in use in Afghanistan in 20th century. [26] It was replaced by Martini-Henry and other domestic and foreign rifles. [8] Limited numbers were used by Mujahideen rebels during the Soviet–Afghan War. Jezails can still be found in arms bazaars of Afghanistan. [8]

Derivatives of the jezail, barely recognizable, and usually termed "country-made weapons", are in use in rural India—especially in the state of Uttar Pradesh.[ citation needed ]

In English literature

The jezail is the weapon which wounded Dr. Watson—the fictional biographer of the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes—in the Battle of Maiwand during his military service in Afghanistan. There are discrepancies regarding the location of the wound, though; in A Study in Scarlet , Watson mentions it to be in the shoulder, [27] while in The Sign of the Four , he mentions his leg, [28] and in "The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor" he refers to the Jezail bullet being "in one of my limbs". [4]

The jezail is mentioned repeatedly in some of Wilbur Smith's books, notably Monsoon . It was also mentioned in the George MacDonald Fraser adventure Flashman , whose protagonist describes the slaughter by Afghan jezailchis during the 1842 retreat from Kabul. [29]

The weapon appears in Rudyard Kipling's 1886 poem "Arithmetic on the Frontier", where the low cost of the weapon is contrasted with the relatively expensive training and education of British officers:

A scrimmage in a Border Station
A canter down some dark defile
Two thousand pounds of education
Drops to a ten-rupee jezail.

In Kipling's novel The Man Who Would Be King , the Kohat Jezail is mentioned along with the more advanced British rifles Snider and Martini. [30] [4]

P. G. Wodehouse in Jill the Reckless (1920) describes how the character Uncle Chris, in India during his first hill-campaign, would "walk up and down in front of his men under a desultory shower of jezail-bullets". [31]

The rifle is also mentioned by Brian Jacques in his adventure novel, Voyage of Slaves .

See also

References

Citations
  1. ↑ From Persian : جزائلjazā'il or Pashto : جزائل. The word is ultimately from the Arabic word جزائلjazā'il, a broken plural of جزيلjazīl, meaning "[something] big or thick".
  2. 1 2 Burnell, A. C.; Yule, Henry (24 October 2018). A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases: Hobson-Jobson. Routledge. p. 474. ISBN   978-1-136-60332-7.
  3. 1 2 Cannon, Garland Hampton; Kaye, Alan S. (1994). "jezail". The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 220. ISBN   978-3-447-03491-3.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ramsey, Syed (1 September 2016). "Jezail". Tools of War: History of Weapons in Early Modern Times. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN   978-93-86834-14-0.
  5. ↑ For use in Central Asia, refer to: Munis, Shir Muhammad Mirab; Agahi, Muhammad Riza Mirab (25 October 2021). Firdaws al-iqbāl: History of Khorezm. BRILL. p. 584. ISBN   978-90-04-49198-4.
  6. ↑ Also spelled juzailchee, jezailchee. From جزائلچیjazā'ilchī, also jazaerchi (Persian : جزائرچیjazā'erchī).
  7. ↑ Cannon, Garland Hampton; Kaye, Alan S. (1994). "jezailchee". The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 220. ISBN   978-3-447-03491-3.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Adamec, Ludwig W. (10 November 2011). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. p. 228. ISBN   978-0-8108-7957-7.
  9. 1 2 "'Ko-i-Staun Foot Soldiery in Summer Costume, Actively employed among the Rocks' | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London". collection.nam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
  10. ↑ Stone, George Cameron (13 March 2013). A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times. Courier Corporation. p. 322. ISBN   978-0-486-13129-0. I have seen one, in a private collection, that was about seven feet lonng and of one inch bore.
  11. ↑ The jezail is sometimes called "Afghanistan's Kentucky rifle". Silinsky, Mark (17 April 2014). The Taliban: Afghanistan's Most Lethal Insurgents. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 192. ISBN   978-0-313-39898-8.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jalali, Ali Ahmad (17 March 2017). A Military History of Afghanistan: From the Great Game to the Global War on Terror. University Press of Kansas. p. 99. ISBN   978-0-7006-2407-2.
  13. 1 2 3 Stronge, Charles (5 March 2014). Sniper in Action: History, Equipment, Techniques. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN   978-1-907446-84-9.
  14. ↑ A description from the British Library dating to the First Anglo-Afghan War:
    They loved to decorate their rifles: Rattray writes of finding one adorned with human teeth.

    —  "Ko-i-staun foot soldiery in summer costume (lithograph, British Library)". Archived from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2011-03-18.

  15. ↑ Stone, George Cameron (13 March 2013). A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times. Courier Corporation. p. 323. ISBN   978-0-486-13129-0.
  16. 1 2 Johnson, Robert (12 December 2011). The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 85. ISBN   978-0-19-979856-8.
  17. ↑ Bläsing, Uwe; Arakelova, Victoria; Weinreich, Matthias (14 July 2015). Studies on Iran and The Caucasus: In Honour of Garnik Asatrian. BRILL. p. 82. ISBN   978-90-04-30206-8.
  18. ↑ Axworthy, Michael (24 March 2010). Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-0-85772-416-8.
  19. ↑ "Aga Jan, an officer of the Kohistan rangers; Meer Humzu, trooper of the first regiment, Janbaz cavalry; a serjeant of Affghan infantry; Ahmed Khan, private Kohistan rangers". NYPL Digital Collections. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
  20. ↑ Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (25 November 2016). War, Strategy and the Modern State, 1792–1914. Taylor & Francis. p. 57. ISBN   978-1-315-39137-3.
  21. ↑ Society, Pakistan Historical (2006). Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 83.
  22. ↑ "Ko-i-staun foot soldiery in summer costume (lithograph, British Library)". Archived from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  23. ↑ Ramsey, Syed (1 September 2016). Tools of War: History of Weapons in Medieval Times. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN   978-93-86834-13-3.
  24. ↑ Forbes, Duncan (1861). A Smaller Hindustani and English Dictionary. Sampson, Low. p. 203.
  25. ↑ Butalia, Romesh C. (1998). The Evolution of the Artillery in India: From the Battle of Plassey (1757) to the Revolt of 1857. Allied Publishers. p. 52. ISBN   978-81-7023-872-0.
  26. ↑ Allan, James W.; Gilmour, Brian J. J. (2000). Persian Steel: The Tanavoli Collection. Oxford University Press for the Board of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford and the British Institute of Persian Studies. p. 158. ISBN   978-0-19-728025-6.
  27. ↑ Doyle, Arthur Conan. A Study in Scarlet, 1887
  28. ↑ Doyle, Arthur Conan. The Sign of the Four, 1890
  29. ↑ Fraser, George MacDonald (1969). Flashman : from the Flashman papers, 1839-1842. London. ISBN   0-257-66799-7. OCLC   29733. At first it was well enough, and we were unmolested. It looked as though Akbar had his folk under control, and then suddenly the jezzails began to crack from the ledges, and men began to fall, and the army staggered blindly in the snow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ↑ "The Man Who Would be King". 10 May 2021.
  31. ↑ Wodehouse, P.G. (1920). "XX, part 3". The Little Warrior.
Bibliography
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