Joshua Landis

Last updated

Joshua M. Landis (born May 14, 1957) is an American academic who specializes in the Middle East and is an expert on Syria. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] He is the head of the Center for Middle East Studies at the University of Oklahoma, [7] and since 2004, he has published the blog Syria Comment. [8] He is married to Manar Kachour and has two sons, Kendall and Jonah Landis.

Contents

Background

Landis was born on May 14, 1957, in Manhattan, New York City, New York. When he was one year old, his family moved to Saudi Arabia, where his father was sent by Citibank to open the first branch of an American bank in the country. After staying in Saudi Arabia for three years, Landis' family moved to Beirut, Lebanon, due to his father being transferred there to work as Citibank's vice-president for the Middle East. When Landis was ten years old, his family moved back to the United States.

Landis earned a BA from Swarthmore College, majoring in European History and French Literature. He spent his college sophomore year in France. After graduating, Landis then returned to Beirut in the midst of the Lebanese Civil War to teach at the International College, Beirut. According to Landis, his experience of living in Beirut during the civil war shaped his interpretation of the Syrian Civil War later on. In 1981, Landis went to Damascus University on a Fulbright Grant. During the following year, whilst Landis was still living in Damascus, the Hama uprising of 1982 took place. Landis visited Hama a week after the uprising. [9] Later he earned an MA from Harvard University, and his PhD from Princeton University.

Fluent in Arabic and French, he has studied Turkish, Italian, and Ottoman Turkish. He has received three Fulbright grants and a Social Science Research Council award.

Academia

He taught at Sarah Lawrence College, Wake Forest University, and Princeton University before moving to the University of Oklahoma. Since May 2004, Landis has published the Syrian Comment blog, which focuses on Syrian politics, history, and religion. Landis regularly travels to Washington, D.C., to consult with government agencies.[ citation needed ]

Landis is a frequent analyst on TV and radio, such as PBS News Hour , Charlie Rose Show , [10] CNN and Fox News. [11] He comments frequently for NPR and BBC radio. He has spoken at the Brookings Institution, USIP, Middle East Institute, and Council on Foreign Relations.[ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hafez al-Assad</span> President of Syria from 1971 to 2000

Hafez al-Assad was a Syrian statesman, military officer and revolutionary who served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death. He previously served as prime minister of Syria from 1970 to 1971, as well as regional secretary of the regional command of the Syrian regional branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and secretary general of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party from 1970 to 2000. Hafez al-Assad was a key participant in the 1963 Syrian coup d'état which brought the Syrian regional branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bashar al-Assad</span> President of Syria since 2000

Bashar al-Assad is a Syrian politician who is the current and 19th president of Syria since 17 July 2000. In addition, he is the commander-in-chief of the Syrian Armed Forces and the secretary-general of the Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, which nominally espouses a neo-Ba'athist ideology. His father and predecessor was General Hafez al-Assad, whose presidency between 1971 and 2000 marked the transfiguration of Syria from a republican state into a dynastic dictatorship tightly controlled by an Alawite-dominated elite composed of the armed forces and the Mukhabarat, who are loyal to the al-Assad family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alawites</span> Islamic sect centred in Syria

The Alawites, also known as Nusayrites, are an Arab ethnoreligious group that live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a sect of Islam that originated from Shia Islam. The Alawites venerate Ali ibn Abi Talib, revered as the first Imam in the Twelver school, as the physical manifestation of God. The group is believed to have been founded by Ibn Nusayr during the 9th century. Ibn Nusayr was a disciple of the tenth Twelver Imam, Ali al-Hadi and of the eleventh Twelver Imam, Hasan al-Askari. For this reason, Alawites are also called Nusayris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1982 Hama massacre</span> Anti-Sunni massacre against the inhabitants of Hama city in 1982

The Hama massacre occurred in February 1982 when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under orders of president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against the Ba'athist government. The campaign that had begun in 1976 by Sunni Muslim groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, was brutally crushed in an anti-Sunni massacre at Hama, carried out by the Syrian Arab Army and Alawite militias under commanding General Rifaat al-Assad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</span> A branch of the Sunni Islamist Muslim Brotherhood

The Muslim Brotherhood of Syria is a Syrian branch of the Sunni Islamist Muslim Brotherhood organization. Its objective is the transformation of Syria into an Islamic state governed by Sharia law through a gradual legal and political process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rifaat al-Assad</span> Syrian major general (born 1937)

Rifaat Ali al-Assad is the younger brother of the late President of Syria, Hafez al-Assad, and Jamil al-Assad, and the uncle of the incumbent President Bashar al-Assad. He was the commanding officer of the ground operations of the 1982 Hama massacre ordered by Hafez al-Assad. Later declassified material backs his claims that his brother Hafez al-Assad was responsible, as do a number of commentators. Despite accusations, Rifaat has always denied culpability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestine Liberation Army</span> Military branch of Palestine Liberation Organization

The Palestine Liberation Army is ostensibly the military wing of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), set up at the 1964 Arab League summit held in Alexandria, Egypt, with the mission of fighting Israel. However, it has never been under effective PLO control, but rather it has been controlled by its various host governments, usually Syria. Even though it initially operated in several countries, the present-day PLA is only active in Syria and recruits male Palestinian refugees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Syrian Revolt</span> 1925–27 uprising against French rule in Mandatory Syria and Lebanon

The Great Syrian Revolt or Revolt of 1925 was a general uprising across the State of Syria and Greater Lebanon during the period of 1925 to 1927. The leading rebel forces initially comprised fighters of the Jabal Druze State in southern Syria, and were later joined by Sunni, Druze, Alawite, Shiite and Christian factions all over Syria. The common goal was to end perceived French occupation in the newly mandated regions, which passed from Turkish to French administration following World War I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</span> 1976–2005 military occupation

The Syrian occupation of Lebanon began in 1976, during the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War, and ended on April 30, 2005, after the Cedar Revolution and several demonstrations in which most of the Lebanese people participated, The withdrawal agreement was signed by President Bashar al-Assad and Saad Hariri, son of Rafic Hariri. All of these changes were a result of the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Assad family</span> Syrian political family

The al-Assad family, also known as the Assad dynasty, is a Syrian political family that has ruled Syria since General Hafez al-Assad became president of Syria in 1971 under the Ba'ath Party. After his death, in June 2000, he was succeeded by his son Bashar al-Assad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamist uprising in Syria</span> Armed resistance against Syrian Baathist rule from 1976 to 1982

The Islamist uprising in Syria comprised a series of protests and armed revolts led by Sunni Islamists, mainly members of the Muslim Brotherhood, from 1976 until 1982. The uprising aimed to establish an Islamic Republic in Syria by overthrowing the Ba'athist government, in what has been described by Ba'ath party as a "long campaign of terror".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war</span>

The Syrian Civil War is an intensely sectarian war. After the early years of cross-sectarian opposition to the rule of Bashar al-Assad, the civil war has largely transformed into a conflict between ruling minority Alawite government and allied Shi'a governments such as Iran; pitted against the country's Sunni Muslim majority who are aligned with the Syrian opposition and its Turkish and Persian Gulf state backers. Sunni Muslims make up the majority of the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and many hold high administrative positions, while Alawites and members of almost every minority have also been active on the rebel side.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al Mayadeen</span> Lebanese satellite television channel

Al Mayadeen is a pan-Arabist satellite news television channel launched on 11 June 2012 in Beirut, Lebanon. Its programming is predominantly news. It has news reporters in most Arab countries. In the pan-Arab TV news market, it competes against Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya, and also against Sky News Arabia and BBC Arabic Television. At its founding in 2012, many of Al Mayadeen's senior staff were former correspondents and editors of Al Jazeera. Al Mayadeen is viewed as pro-Hezbollah and pro-Syrian government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mansur al-Atrash</span> Syrian politician

Mansur al-Atrash was a Syrian politician and journalist. Together with fellow university students, Atrash became a founding member of the Ba'ath Party and its Syrian regional branch in 1947. During the presidency of Adib Shishakli (1951–54), he became an anti-government activist and was imprisoned twice, only to be released in an unsuccessful attempt by Shishakli to gain the support of Atrash's father, Sultan. In the year Shishakli was overthrown, Atrash was elected to parliament and turned down an offer to serve in Said al-Ghazzi's government. During the period of the United Arab Republic (1958–61), Atrash became a strong supporter of Egyptian president and pan-Arab leader Gamal Abdel Nasser. He opposed Syria's secession from the UAR and turned down offers to serve in successive separatist governments in protest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sa'id al-As</span> Syrian nationalist and commander of rebel forces (1889–1936)

Sa'id al-'As was a Syrian nationalist, a former officer in the Ottoman army and a high-ranking commander of rebel forces during the Great Syrian Revolt against French rule in Syria and the 1936 revolt against British rule in Palestine. He was killed in action near Jerusalem during the latter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Syria</span>

The history of Syria covers events which occurred on the territory of the present Syrian Arab Republic and events which occurred in the region of Syria. Throughout ancient times the territory of present Syrian Arab Republic was occupied and ruled by several empires, including the Sumerians, Mitanni, Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Hittites, Canaanites, Phoenicians, Arameans, Amorites, Persians, Greeks and Romans. Syria is considered to have emerged as an independent country for the first time on 24 October 1945, upon the signing of the United Nations Charter by the Syrian government, effectively ending France's mandate by the League of Nations to "render administrative advice and assistance to the population" of Syria, which came in effect in April 1946.

Suheil Salman al-Hassan, nicknamed The Tiger, is a major general in the Syrian Army, currently serving as commander of its elite Tiger Forces. He graduated from the Syrian Arab Air Force academy in 1991, and served in many units of the Syrian Arab Air Forces and Air Defence Command, completing several training courses. After serving in the Syrian Arab Air Force and Syrian Arab Air Defence units, he joined the Air Force Intelligence service, where he was responsible for the training of the elements of the Special Operations Section. During the Syrian civil war, Suheil al-Hassan has served and commanded his troops during several major engagements, including Operation Canopus Star and the battle for the Shaer gas field. He is part of the new generation of field Syrian army commanders who emerged during the civil war. French newspaper Le Monde has claimed he could be a rival to Assad as leader of Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zahran Alloush</span>

Zahran Alloush was a Syrian Islamist leader active in the Syrian Civil War. He was the commander of Jaysh al-Islam, a major component of the Islamic Front, of which he was the military chief, and was described as one of the most powerful persons in rebel-held Syria. He was killed in a Russian/Syrian airstrike on 25 December 2015 and Essam al-Buwaydhani was named his successor as head of Jaysh al-Islam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestine–Syria relations</span> Bilateral relations

Syrian–Palestinian relations refers to the official relations between Syria and Palestine. Palestine has an embassy in Damascus, but Syria has no official representative office in Palestine.

References

  1. Hirsch, Michael (September 29, 2015). "Obama's New Best Friend in Syria: Vladimir Putin". Politico . Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  2. Dilanian, Ken (October 10, 2015). "CIA-backed rebels in Syria face Russian bombardment". PBS Newshour. Associated Press . Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  3. Timm, Trevor (October 13, 2015). "Presidential candidates must answer uncomfortable questions about Syria". The Guardian . Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  4. "Support For Syrian Regime Critical In Fight Against ISIS, Putin Says At U.N." All Things Considered . NPR. September 28, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  5. "Should the United States Work With Russia in Syria?". Foreign Affairs . Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  6. Hussein, Sara, Lapenkova, Marina (September 16, 2015). "Russia moves into Syria to boost Assad, send signal to West". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse . Retrieved October 14, 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. Bulos, Nabih (October 12, 2015). "A 'kaleidoscopic' mix of rebel alliances on Syria's battlefield". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  8. "Professor's blog keeps OU in the news, world informed on Mideast nation". OUDaily.com. 2008-11-06. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  9. "Global Dispatches Podcast: Episode 141: Joshua Landis (Interview with Joshua Landis, from 26:00)". Global Dispatches Podcast. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  10. "Crisis in Syria". Charlie Rose Show . February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  11. See here via his homepage Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine , retrieved 1 September 2014.

Articles written by Joshua Landis: