 |
| Author | Tetsuden Kashima |
|---|---|
| Publisher | University of Washington Press |
Publication date | 2003 |
Judgment Without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment During World War II is a 2003 book by Tetsuden Kashima, published by the University of Washington Press. It discusses the internment of Japanese Americans in World War II.
The author and his family had been interned in World War II. Kashima, born in 1940, later served in the U.S. Army, and took a professorial post in the University of Washington, focusing on ethnicity in the United States. [1] Nona Coates Smith of Bryn Mawr College wrote that "one understands the often passionate presentation of the topic", though she added that "Some bias does creep into" the work as a result. [2]
The author had conducted interviews with people who were incarcerated in the camps. [2]
The book has ten chapters. In addition, it has a bibliography, flow charts of government processes, a map, a notes section, and tables. [3] Nona Coates Smith criticized the lack of dates attached to notes and believed that the text should have contained internal notes instead of having the notes relegated to a dedicated section; she added that "Some of those notes add a unique perspective to the narrative on which they are expounding". [2]
The author argues that the internment used various government agencies, so he felt it was counterproductive to limit focus to any particular agency or group of ethnic Japanese persons. [4] He described the collective internment efforts from various government agencies as, in the words of Wendy Ng of San Jose State University, "a loosely structured meta-organization". [5]
Kashima also used documents to support the assertion that American government officials had engaged in prior planning for war with Japan and possible measures against Japanese Americans. He added that anti-Japanese sentiment was an element. The chapter at the end summarizes the author's assertions in a manner described by Nona Coates Smith as "even-handed". [2]
Richard H. Minear in The Review of Politics concluded that the book is an "important contribution" with "meticulous" sourcing and a "judicious and "cool" tone. [1] However, Minnear believes that if Kashima had formal backgrounds in the legal realm, the style of sections discussing legal processes would have been more convincing. [1]
Kevin Allen Leonard of Western Washington University said that it was a "thoughtful interpretation of the imprisonment". [4] He praised "painstaking research and his ambitious effort to describe the imprisonment in all its dimensions." [4]
Both Minear and Leonard had some concerns with the book's organization. Minear argued that the index does not cover all of the topics and concepts seen in the notes section, [6] and he believes some of the supplementary content was confusing. [3] Leonard argued that the flow charts did not adequately inform the reader, and that due to the specialized vocabulary and nomenclature, "The ambitious scope of the book may make it difficult for non-experts to read." [4]
Ng wrote that "Without a doubt, Kashima's study extends and deepens the understanding" of the subject. [7]
Nona Coates Smith wrote that "Kashima's book will be of value to others who work in this and associated fields." [2]
Geoffrey S. Smith of Queen's University wrote that the book had "good ground-level research", but criticized the editing, believing it needed to be "tougher", and he also felt there was only "suggestive circumstantial evidence" of the federal government making deliberate plans. [8]
During World War II, the United States forcibly relocated and incarcerated about 120,000 people of Japanese descent in ten concentration camps operated by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), mostly in the western interior of the country. Approximately two-thirds of the detainees were United States citizens. These actions were initiated by Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, following Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam, the Philippines, and Wake Island in December 1941. Before the war, about 127,000 Japanese Americans lived in the continental United States, of which about 112,000 lived on the West Coast. About 80,000 were Nisei and Sansei. The rest were Issei immigrants born in Japan, who were ineligible for citizenship. In Hawaii, where more than 150,000 Japanese Americans comprised more than one-third of the territory's population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were incarcerated.
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Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans from the West Coast Military Area during World War II. The decision has been widely criticized, with some scholars describing it as "an odious and discredited artifact of popular bigotry", and as "a stain on American jurisprudence". The case is often cited as one of the worst Supreme Court decisions of all time. Chief Justice John Roberts repudiated the Korematsu decision in his majority opinion in the 2018 case of Trump v. Hawaii.
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), also known as the Tokyo Trial and the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, was a military trial convened on 29 April 1946 to try leaders of the Empire of Japan for their crimes against peace, conventional war crimes, and crimes against humanity, leading up to and during the Second World War. The IMTFE was modeled after the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg, Germany, which prosecuted the leaders of Nazi Germany for their war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity.
In Defense of Internment: The Case for 'Racial Profiling' in World War II and the War on Terror (ISBN 0-89526-051-4) is a 2004 book written by conservative American political commentator Michelle Malkin. Malkin defends the internment of Japanese Americans in the United States during World War II and racial profiling of Arabs during the post-2001 War on Terror. The book's message has been condemned by Japanese American groups and civil rights advocates. Its point of view has received both support, and criticism by academics.
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Richard H. Minear is a retired Professor of History at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He taught a survey course of Japanese history and a Hiroshima seminar. Minear got his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1968. He is best known for his book about the Tokyo War Crimes Trials, Victors' Justice, He has lived in Japan for many years and translated Japanese works into English.
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Wayne Mortimer Collins was a civil rights attorney who worked on cases related to the Japanese American evacuation and internment.
Honouliuli National Historic Site is near Waipahu on the island of Oahu, in the U.S. state of Hawaii. This is the site of the Honouliuli Internment Camp which was Hawaiʻi's largest and longest-operating internment camp, opened in 1943 and closed in 1946. It was designated a National monument on February 24, 2015, by President Barack Obama. The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, signed March 12, 2019, redesignated it as Honouliui National Historic Site. The internment camp held 320 internees and also became the largest prisoner of war camp in Hawaiʻi with nearly 4,000 individuals being held. Of the seventeen sites that were associated with the history of internment in Hawaiʻi during World War II, the camp was the only one built specifically for prolonged detention. As of 2015, the new national monument is without formal services and programs.
The Santa Fe riot was a confrontation at a Japanese internment camp near Santa Fe, New Mexico, during World War II. On March 12, 1945, approximately 275 internees assembled in Camp Santa Fe to watch and protest the removal of three men to another camp. During which, a scuffle broke out between the internees and the Border Patrol agents who were guarding the facility, resulting in the use of tear gas grenades, batons, and the serious injury of four internees.
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From China to Canada: A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada is a 1982 book edited by Edgar Wickberg and published by McClelland & Stewart. It was collectively produced by five authors: Wickberg, Harry Con, Ronald J. Con, Graham Johnson, and William E. Willmott. The publisher produced the book in association with the Government Publishing Centre of Supply and Services Canada and the Multiculturalism Directorate of the Canadian Department of the Secretary of State. The book discusses Chinese immigration to Canada, and it covers the years 1858 to 1980. It includes comparisons of Chinese communities in urban and rural areas and across different provinces. Sucheng Chan of the University of California, Santa Cruz wrote that From China to Canada "deals systematically with developments during the "dark ages" in the history of the Chinese in North America". Tetsuden Kashima of the University of Washington wrote that the book "is a straightforward history." Peter Kong-ming New of the University of South Florida described the book as having a "sociohistorical view" of the history.
Daisho Tana was a Buddhist missionary, leader of the Palo Alto Buddhist Temple and is best known for his detailed diaries kept during his internment in both California and New Mexico. Husband to Tomoe Tana, a well renowned tanka poet, the couple had four children, Yasuto,Shibun Tana,Chinin, and Akira Yasuto Tana, and Akira Tana.
Dalton Wells Isolation Center was a camp located in Moab, Utah. The Dalton Wells camp was in use from 1935 to 1943. The camp played a role in two significant events during the twentieth century. During the New Deal programs under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the camp was built as a CCC camp to provide jobs for young men. Starting in 1942 after the attack on Pearl Harbor and the beginning of World War II, the camp was used as a relocation and isolation center for Japanese Americans. The camp never housed large numbers of Japanese Americans since the camp's function was only to house internees deemed "troublemakers" from other relocation camps after problematic events such as the Manzanar riot. Some consider the camp illegal because it was not authorized by Executive Order 9066.