Judith Giuliani

Last updated
Judi Giuliani
Judith Giuliani (46807151484).jpg
Giuliani in 2003
Born
Judi Ann Stish

(1954-12-16) December 16, 1954 (age 69)
Alma mater Pennsylvania State University
New York University
Occupation(s) Registered nurse
Sales representative
Fundraiser
Known forEx-wife of former Mayor of New York Rudy Giuliani
Political party Republican
Spouses
Jeffrey Ross
(m. 1974;div. 1979)
Bruce Nathan
(m. 1979;div. 1992)
(m. 2003;div. 2019)
Children1

Judi Ann Stish Ross Nathan Giuliani [1] [2] (born December 16, 1954) [3] is an American registered nurse, former medical sales executive, charity fundraiser, and ex-wife of former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani. She was a managing director of philanthropic consulting firm Changing Our World and a founding board member of the Twin Towers Fund. [4] [5]

Contents

Early life and education

Judi Ann Stish [6] was born and raised in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, a town known for its coal mining history. [7] [8] Her family is Roman Catholic [4] of Italian descent on her father's side and Polish descent on her mother's side. The surname Stish was previously modified from Sticia. [7] [9] Her father, Donald Stish Sr., was a circulation manager for The Philadelphia Inquirer , and her mother, Joan Ann (Ososki), is a homemaker. [4] [10] [11] She had an older brother, Donald Jr., who died in 2004, and has a younger sister, Cyndy. [1] [4] As of 2007, her parents still resided in the same home where she grew up in Hazleton. [10]

Stish graduated from Hazleton High School in 1972, [8] where she participated in the Future Nurses Association, the Literary Society, the tennis and ski clubs, and the Diggers Club, a volunteer service organization. [4] [12] Interested in both the human and scientific aspects of the field, [13] she attended a two-year nursing program, affiliated with Pennsylvania State University, at St. Luke's Hospital in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and graduated with a registered nurse diploma on September 1, 1974. [8] [14] She credits her decision to become a registered nurse as "one of the most practical, wonderful ones I ever made…because, aside from the science, you learn crisis management, decision making, prioritizing…" [5]

First marriages, medical sales career, motherhood

After graduation, Stish worked for a few months [8] as a nurse [13] [15] at Sacred Heart Hospital in Allentown, Pennsylvania. [7] On December 8, 1974, she and Jeffrey Ross, a medical supply salesman, eloped to Las Vegas and were married at the Chapel of the Bells. [8] [15] The couple soon relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina, where they both [8] took jobs with U.S. Surgical Corporation [16] in 1975 [7] selling medical supplies in the Southeast; [15] Judi Ross specialized in showing doctors in operating rooms a new surgical stapling method. [7] [17] She and Ross separated amicably [18] after four years, and their marriage ended in divorce [19] which was finalized on November 14, 1979. [14] The couple had no children. [17]

On November 19, 1979, Judi Stish Ross married wallpaper salesman Bruce Nathan, whom she had met during her separation from her first husband. [1] Judi Nathan stopped working around that time; the couple lived in Charlotte for two years, [1] then moved to Atlanta, Georgia. [16] [10] The Nathans adopted a daughter, Whitney, in March 1985. [4] [16] [20] The family moved to Manhattan in 1987 and Pacific Palisades in Los Angeles in 1991. [4] [16] During these years, she briefly worked for DynaMed Surgical in California. [1] She also converted from Roman Catholicism to Presbyterianism. [4]

The Nathans' marriage fell apart during the early 1990s and led to a contested divorce case and custody battle, which included accusations of abuse from both parties. [1] [4] [8] [10] The Nathans' divorce was finalized in 1992 and she won primary custody of their child. [16] [21] Nathan, who came to prefer the name "Judith" around this time, [1] moved back to New York in March 1992. [4] Now a single mother, she worked part-time in a dentist's office [1] [4] and attended New York University computer and business classes at night and on weekends. [13] [22] Nathan received a New York nursing license [16] and began working in 1993 [8] as a pharmaceutical sales representative with the hospital sales division of Bristol-Myers Squibb, [14] [22] selling surgical supplies, anti-depressants, and antibiotics in the tough Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn; [8] [10] one of her specialties was infectious diseases. [23] Around this time Judith became romantically involved with Woodhull Hospital clinical psychologist Manos Zacharioudakis; [24] she and her daughter lived with him for four years, until early 1999. [24] By 1997, she became one of Bristol-Myers' top sales managers, [10] [25] managing a 12-person sales team. [8]

Relationship with and marriage to Giuliani

Judith Nathan met Mayor Giuliani in May 1999 at Club Macanudo, an Upper East Side cigar bar; [22] they have said they were introduced by a doctor who is a mutual friend. [22] Giuliani took the initiative in forming an ongoing relationship. [22] The mayor was still married to and living with his second wife, Donna Hanover, although they had been publicly distant since 1996, [26] and Nathan was still living with Zacharioudakis although the couple had separated a few months earlier. [1] [24] For most of a year, the relationship was kept secret, [8] and in early 2000 Giuliani arranged for New York Police Department security and chauffeuring for her. [27] By March 2000, Giuliani and Nathan were appearing together at public events; [28] in May 2000, Giuliani publicly acknowledged her as his "very good friend" [28] and, amidst a flurry of press scrutiny about Nathan, announced he was separating from Hanover. [29] Nathan endeared herself to the mayor's powerful inner circle of friends and advisers. [10] Later in 2000, Giuliani credited Nathan's nursing background in helping him through his treatment for prostate cancer. [25] Nathan aggressively researched treatment options and Giuliani was quoted as saying, "I felt so fortunate to have not only someone who loved me and cared about me, but also someone who was an expert with an enormous amount of knowledge of medicine and science — she was the single biggest support that I had." [30]

Judith and Rudy Giuliani became engaged in Paris in November 2002 [31] and married on May 24, 2003. [32] The wedding was held at Gracie Mansion and was one of only two performed by Mayor Michael Bloomberg. The reception for 400 guests included figures from the political, entertainment, and fashion worlds. [22] [32] The couple had a $5 million apartment off Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side in Manhattan [1] [8] and a $4 million summer home in The Hamptons. [8]

Rudy Giuliani frequently cited his wife as his "closest adviser", [4] saying in 2007 that she remained "an expert we rely on" at his company, Giuliani Partners, where he has served as chairman and chief executive officer. "She gives us a lot of advice and a lot of help in areas where she's got a lot of expertise – biological and chemical. Since we do security work, that's an area of great concern – you know, another anthrax attack, a smallpox attack, chemical agents. She knows all of that." [4] From shortly before their marriage until his presidential campaign began, Rudy Giuliani paid her an average of $125,000 per year for her professional value as a speechwriter. [33] [34]

Role in Giuliani presidential campaign

A New York Air National Guard major poses with Rudy and Judith Giuliani at the new Yankee Stadium in April 2009 New York Air National Guard Major with Giulianis.jpg
A New York Air National Guard major poses with Rudy and Judith Giuliani at the new Yankee Stadium in April 2009

As Rudy Giuliani's presidential campaign began in earnest in 2007, Judith Giuliani served as an advisor and fundraiser, but also came in for a new round of intense and often unflattering media attention. [35] Her first marriage to Jeffrey Ross was revealed in the press for the first time, [14] her educational background was clarified, [14] and she appeared in a Barbara Walters interview on 20/20 . [13] During the interview, the Giulianis stated that she would sit in on Cabinet meetings were he elected, [13] a plan that attracted criticism and that they later backed away from. [22] [36] There was controversy about her travel requirements and conflicts with Rudy Giuliani's aides. [1] Media outlets portrayed her as someone aspiring to social status and given to extravagant shopping. [37] An attempt by the campaign over summer 2007 to rehabilitate her image fell victim to internal tensions, [35] and instead her public appearances were scaled back. [37] Rudy Giuliani said that Judith Giuliani proved a capable fund-raiser who provided meaningful input on his policies, particularly those pertaining to health care, since she holds a two-year nursing degree and once sold pharmaceuticals. [22]

On April 4, 2018, it was announced that Judith Giuliani had filed for divorce from her husband, Rudy Giuliani. The divorce was settled on December 10, 2019. On August 2, 2022, it was announced that Judith Giuliani had hired attorney Dror Bikel and filed a lawsuit against former husband for non compliance regarding the divorce settlement. [38]


Fundraising and charitable work

At a ceremony at Pearl Harbor in 2004 US Navy 040320-N-5640H-021 Side Boys assigned to Naval Station Pearl Harbor, Hawaii render honors after Adm. Walter F. Dorn, Commander Pacific Fleet, and his wife hosted a barge cruise in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Rudy Giuliani.jpg
At a ceremony at Pearl Harbor in 2004

In March 2001, desiring less travel and reduced public visibility, Nathan left Bristol-Myers and became a fund-raiser and later the managing director of Changing Our World, [10] an international fundraising and philanthropic services company headquartered in New York that helps not-for-profit groups raise money for causes such as juvenile blindness and HIV/AIDS in Africa. [8] She left the organization in 2006 and continues to serve as a pro bono adviser. [8]

After the September 11 attacks, Giuliani credited Nathan with coordinating the efforts of the Family Assistance Center at Pier 94, a claim disputed by the first director of New York City's Office of Emergency Management, Jerry Hauer, [4] but supported by others who say she played a valuable role there that lasted for four months. [1] Rudy Giuliani wrote of this period in his 2002 book, Leadership , explaining that she capably served as a solid mayoral adviser after September 11 because she "had been a nurse for many years, and afterward a pharmaceutical executive; she had managed a team of people and had many organizational skills. Further, she had wide-ranging scientific knowledge and research expertise." [4] In addition, he said that he "put her to work helping me organize the hospitals" to assist those injured in the attacks. [4]

She became a founding board member of the Twin Towers Fund, appointed by Giuliani, [4] which raised and distributed $216 million to over 1,150 families and individuals. [5] Contributions to the fund also created the TTF Scholarship Fund and America’s Camp for victims' children.

Judith Giuliani also acted as the national spokesperson for Women's Heart Advantage, which seeks to raise awareness among women and their doctors about preventing heart-related health conditions. [39] As a spokesperson for Women's Heart Advantage, she promoted the organization as the first hospital-based program focusing on women and heart disease. [39] In the preface to the book Mapping the New World of American Philanthropy (Wiley, 2007), Judith wrote of the opportunity the Baby-Boomer generation has to define its legacy through lasting philanthropy. [40]

Additionally, Judith Giuliani has raised funds for Southampton Hospital, [41] Finding a Cure for Epilepsy and Seizures (FACES), Christian Blind Mission International (CBMI), Hurricane Katrina relief in New Orleans, [23] St. Vincent's Hospital Level 1 Trauma Unit, [23] [42] Cabrini High School and Cabrini Medical Center, [5] [23] and the McCarton School for autistic children. [4]

For her service, Judith has received the Community Award from the New York Junior League, [42] the Spirit of Cabrini Service Award from the Cabrini Mission Foundation, [43] and in May 2006 she received the New York University Humanitarian Award. Giuliani was recognized for her role as a nurse for humanitarian and charitable endeavors, as well as for serving as a prominent voice in promoting the nursing profession. [44]

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Judy Bachrach, "Giuliani's Princess Bride", Vanity Fair , September 2007. Accessed August 15, 2007.
  2. As her father, Donald Stish, told Vanity Fair, "Judi is what she was born. I don't think we called her Judith ever."[ citation needed ]
  3. Jodi Kantor, "Judi, Jeri and the Rest", in "Hurtling Toward a Nomination, 2008", The New York Times , 2007-09-02.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Lloyd Grove, "The Thunderbolt", New York , May 13, 2007. Accessed May 16, 2007.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Nancy Collins, "Rudy’s First Lady" Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine , Harper’s Bazaar , February 28, 2007.
  6. She is listed in her high school yearbook as "Judi Ann Stish", according to Kent Jackson's article "Notable Natives: Giuliani, Maddon in Same Class", The Standard-Speaker, 12 August 2007 (standardspeaker.com, registration required)
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Jim Fanelli, Susan Edelman, "Judi'S Ex No. 1 A Huffy Hubby" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine , The New York Post , April 1, 2007. Accessed April 3, 2007.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Heidi Evans, " Eager Judi left coal town in dust" Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine , New York Daily News , April 29, 2007. Accessed May 6, 2007.
  9. Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani, Basic Books, 2000, ISBN   0-7567-6114-X, pp. 430-434.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sarah Kershaw, "One Woman's Year In the Spotlight's Heat; Friends Call Judith Nathan Stunned By the Media Circus of New York", The New York Times , June 16, 2001, page B8. Accessed February 14, 2007.
  11. Administrator, System. "Couple notes 60th anniversary today".
  12. Kris Wernowsky, "Giuliani’s wife tabbed liability" Archived 2007-02-16 at the Wayback Machine , Times Leader , January 9, 2007. Accessed February 15, 2007.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 20/20 interview with Barbara Walters, March 30, 2007.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 David Saltonstall, Heidi Evans, "How 20-year-old Judith tied the knot in Chapel of the Bells, Las Vegas", New York Daily News , March 23, 2007. Accessed March 24, 2007.
  15. 1 2 3 David Saltonstall, Heidi Evans, "How 20-year-old Judith married in Las Vegas' Chapel of The Bells", New York Daily News, March 22, 2007. Accessed March 23, 2007.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wayne Barrett, Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani, Basic Books, 2000, ISBN   0-7567-6114-X, pp. 430-434.
  17. 1 2 David Saltonstall, "Silence struck ex as odd", New York Daily News , March 23, 2007. Accessed March 24, 2007.
  18. Chris Echegarray, " Judith gets a First Lady thumbs up from her ex", New York Daily News, April 2, 2007. Accessed April 3, 2007.
  19. Andrea Peyser, Maggie Haberman, "Judi Giuliani's Secret Husband Revealed" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine , The New York Post , March 22, 2007. Accessed March 23, 2007.
  20. "The Women In Giuliani's Life", CBS News, May 11, 2000. Accessed February 14, 2007.
  21. Craig Gordon, "Giuliani's wife reveals she, too, is twice divorced", Newsday , March 23, 2007. Accessed April 4, 2007.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Eric Konigsberg, "Drawing Fire, Judith Giuliani Gives Her Side", The New York Times, August 5, 2007. Accessed August 14, 2007.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "First Lady of the Hamptons Judith Giuliani", Hampton Style , July 4, 2006. Accessed February 14, 2007.
  24. 1 2 3 Heidi Evans, "Old flame's just wild about Judi", New York Daily News, April 16, 2007. Accessed April 19, 2007. Archived on December 10, 2018.
  25. 1 2 Eric Pooley, "Person of the Year 2001 Rudy Giuliani", Time , December 24, 2001. Accessed February 14, 2007
  26. Margaret Carlson, "In Rudy's Playground", Time , July 11, 1999. Accessed February 15, 2007.
  27. Michael Saul; Heidi Evans; David Saltonstall (December 7, 2007). "Mayor's Gal Got Security Earlier than We Knew". New York Daily News . Archived from the original on 2007-12-08. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  28. 1 2 Elisabeth Bumiller (2000-05-04). "Mayor Acknowledges 'Very Good Friend'". The New York Times . Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  29. Elisabeth Bumiller (2000-05-11). "Giuliani and His Wife of 16 Years Are Separating". The New York Times . Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  30. Price, Diana. "Judith Giuliani: A Caregiver's Perspective", Women and Cancer , Winter 2006, pp. 69–72.
  31. "Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan Marriage Profile" Archived 2016-10-04 at the Wayback Machine , About.com. Accessed April 19, 2007.
  32. 1 2 Ruth La Ferla, "Vows: Judith Nathan and Rudolph W. Giuliani", The New York Times , May 25, 2003. Accessed April 19, 2007.
  33. David Saltonstall, "Earning $125,000 a year", New York Daily News, May 18, 2007. Accessed May 21, 2007.
  34. Sarah Wheaton, "Spouses and Race", The New York Times, May 18, 2007. Accessed March 22, 2011.
  35. 1 2 Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. pp.  289–290. ISBN   978-0-06-173363-5.
  36. "Judith Giuliani Sets Record Straight on Attending Cabinet Meetings". Fox News. 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
  37. 1 2 Darlene Superville (2007-10-02). "Some Women Who Could Be First Lady". USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  38. "Report: Giuliani settles long divorce from his third wife". AP News. 26 April 2021.
  39. 1 2 Rhoades, Liz. "NYHQ HeartAdvantage Warns Women About Cardiac Risks", Queens Chronicle , February 19, 2004, p. 3.
  40. Raymond, Susan U.; Martin, Mary Beth (2007). Mapping the New World of American Philanthropy: Causes and Consequences of the Transfer of Wealth. New York: Wiley. ISBN   978-0-470-08038-2.
  41. Paul Bedard, "She's No Charity Case: Rudy's Judi Dives In," CBS News, August 21, 2007.
  42. 1 2 Richard Perez-Pena, "St. Vincent's to Expand Trauma Unit for New Age," The New York Times, September 1, 2004
  43. "7th Annual Foundation Gala Celebrates Legacy and Hope" Archived 2007-10-07 at the Wayback Machine , Cabrini Mission Foundation, 2005.
  44. "NYU College of Nursing Holds Its 1st Commencement Exercises, May 8, 2006", New York University press release, May 1, 2006.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudy Giuliani</span> American attorney and politician (born 1944)

Rudolph William Louis Giuliani is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 107th mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1983 and the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1983 to 1989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Green (New York politician)</span> American lawyer

Mark Joseph Green is an American author, former public official, public interest lawyer, and Democratic politician from New York City. Green was New York City Consumer Affairs Commissioner from 1990 to 1993 and New York City Public Advocate from 1994 to 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Donna Hanover</span> American journalist

Donna Hanover is an American journalist, radio and television personality, television producer, and actress, who appears on CUNY TV in New York City. From 1994 through 2001 she was First Lady of New York City, as the then-wife of Rudy Giuliani. She and Giuliani were married for 18 years and had two children, Andrew and Caroline.

Judith Regan is an American editor, producer, book publisher, and television and radio talk show host. She is the head of Regan Arts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 United States Senate election in New York</span>

In the United States Senate election held in the State of New York on November 7, 2000, Hillary Rodham Clinton, then First Lady of the United States and the first First Lady to run for political office, defeated U.S. Representative Rick Lazio. The general election coincided with the U.S. presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harlem Hospital Center</span> Hospital in New York, United States

Harlem Hospital Center, branded as NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem, is a 272-bed, public teaching hospital affiliated with Columbia University. It is located at 506 Lenox Avenue in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City and was founded on April 18, 1887.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regina Peruggi</span> American educator

Regina S. Peruggi is an American educator, who was the President of Kingsborough Community College from 2005 to 2014, the first woman to hold that position in the college's 40-year history. Prior to that, she was president of Marymount Manhattan College and led the Central Park Conservancy. For 14 years, she was married to her second cousin, Rudy Giuliani.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudy Giuliani 2008 presidential campaign</span> Unsuccessful presidential campaign

The 2008 presidential campaign of Rudy Giuliani began following the formation of the Draft Giuliani movement in October 2005. The next year, Giuliani opened an exploratory committee and formally announced in February 2007 that he was actively seeking the presidential nomination of the Republican Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Political positions of Rudy Giuliani</span> Remarks and positions of politician Rudy Giuliani

Below are remarks and positions of Rudy Giuliani, former candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States. Mayor Giuliani has described himself as a moderate Republican.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Giuliani</span> Politician and assistant to Donald Trump

Andrew Harold Giuliani is an American political commentator and golfer. He was a special assistant to the President and associate director of the Office of Public Liaison, during the Trump administration. He is the son of former mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani. Giuliani was a contributor for the conservative media channel Newsmax TV.

<i>Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story</i> 2003 American TV series or program

Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story is an American television film produced and broadcast in 2003 on the USA Network. The movie stars James Woods as former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani and depicts the life of Giuliani, focusing primarily on his mayoral career and response to the September 11 attacks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani</span> Period in New York, USA

Rudy Giuliani served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 until December 31, 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks</span> Role played by Mayor Giuliani

As Mayor of New York City on September 11, 2001, Rudy Giuliani played a major role in the response to the terrorist attacks against the World Trade Center towers in the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giuliani Partners</span> Security consulting firms

Giuliani Partners LLC is a management consulting and security consulting business founded by former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani in January 2002. As of 2020, Dun & Bradstreet estimated that the business had 20 employees and revenues of $6.34 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 New York City mayoral election</span> Election

The New York City mayoral election of 1997 occurred on Tuesday November 4, 1997, with incumbent Republican mayor Rudy Giuliani soundly defeating Democratic Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger and several third-party candidates. This was the first time Brooklyn voted for a Republican since 1941.

Kenneth Kurson is an American political consultant, writer, journalist, and former musician, who was editor-in-chief of The New York Observer between 2013 and 2017. In 2020 he was charged by federal prosecutors with cyberstalking and harassment, for which he was pardoned by President Donald Trump in 2021. In February 2022, Kurson pleaded guilty to state misdemeanor criminal charges of attempted eavesdropping and computer trespass related to his divorce.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public image of Rudy Giuliani</span> Former mayor of New York

Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001, and a candidate for President of the United States in 2008, Rudy Giuliani was both glorified and criticized in the public sphere for his past actions. Many credited him with reducing crime and improving the city's economy and lauded his leadership during the September 11, 2001 attacks and his coordination of the emergency response in the immediate aftermath. Others disapproved of his policies and political positions as Mayor and candidate and criticized the perceived glorification of his role in the aftermath of 9/11 during the 2008 campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queens Hospital Center</span> Hospital in New York, United States

Queens Hospital Center (QHC), also known as NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens and originally called Queens General Hospital, is a large public hospital campus in the Jamaica Hills and Hillcrest neighborhoods of Queens in New York City. It is operated by NYC Health + Hospitals, a public benefit corporation of the city.

Caroline Rose Giuliani is an American filmmaker, political activist, and writer. She is the daughter of Rudy Giuliani, the former Mayor of New York City. Giuliani has received national media attention for publicly disagreeing with and criticizing her Republican father's politics and political endorsements.

Dror Bikel is an American attorney recognized for representing Judith Giuliani, the former wife of New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani; Alexis Adams, who was in a relationship with entertainer Flo Rida; and for his media appearances as a legal commentator.