Junkers Jumo 213

Last updated
Jumo 213
Jumo 213.jpg
Junkers Jumo 213
Type Piston inverted V-12 aero-engine
Manufacturer Junkers
First run1940
Major applications Focke-Wulf Fw 190D
Focke-Wulf Ta 152
Junkers Ju 188
Number built9,000
Developed from Jumo 211

The Junkers Jumo 213 was a World War II-era V-12 liquid-cooled aircraft engine, a development of Junkers Motoren's earlier design, the Jumo 211. The design added two features, a pressurized cooling system that required considerably less cooling fluid which allowed the engine to be built smaller and lighter, and a number of improvements that allowed it to run at higher RPM. These changes boosted power by over 500 hp and made the 213 one of the most sought-after Axis engine designs in the late-war era.

Contents

Design and development

When the Jumo 211 entered production in the late 1930s it used an unpressurized liquid cooling system based on an "open cycle". Water was pumped through the engine to keep it cool, but the system operated at atmospheric pressure, or only slightly higher. Since the boiling point of water decreases with altitude (pressure) this meant that the temperature of the cooling water had to be kept quite low to avoid boiling at high altitudes, which in turn meant that the water removed less heat from the engine before flowing into the radiator to cool it.

By contrast, the 1940 Daimler-Benz DB 601E used a pressurized coolant system that ran at the same pressure regardless of altitude, raising the boiling point to about 110 °C. This allowed it to use considerably less water for the same cooling effect, which remained the same at all altitudes. Although otherwise similar to the Jumo 211 in most respects, the 601 was smaller and lighter than the 211, and could be run at higher power settings at higher altitudes, making it popular in fighter designs. The 211 was relegated to "secondary" roles in bombers and transports.

The Junkers Motorenwerke firm was not happy with this state of affairs, and started its own efforts to produce a pressurized cooling system as early as 1938. Experiments on the 211 proved so successful that it became clear that not only could the engine be built smaller and lighter (by reducing the water requirement), [1] but could be run at higher power settings without overheating. Additional changes to strengthen the crankshaft and add a fully shrouded supercharger for increased boost resulted in the Jumo 211F model, which delivered 1,340 PS (1,322 hp, 986 kW) at 2,600 RPM, up from 1000 PS at 2,200 RPM in the first version 211A.

213A

Jumo 213 fuel injector system components in the Technikmuseum Speyer Jumo 213 fuel injector.JPG
Jumo 213 fuel injector system components in the Technikmuseum Speyer

But this was only the beginning. After redesigning the engine block to a smaller external size to suit the increased cooling power – while keeping the same 150 mm x 165 mm bore/stroke figures, maintaining the 35 litre displacement of the Jumo 211 series – and then further increasing boost settings on the supercharger, the resulting 213A model was able to deliver 1,750 PS (metric hp) at 3,250 RPM. This made it considerably more powerful than the corresponding DB 601E which provided 1,350 PS, and about the same power as the much larger DB 603 of 44.52 litre displacement. Junkers decided to go after the 603's market, and placed the 213's mounting points and fluid connections in the same locations as the 603, allowing it to be "dropped in" as a replacement, with the exception of the Jumo's standard starboard-side supercharger intake (Daimler-Benz inverted V12 engines always had the supercharger intakes on the port side).

The 213A (the main production series, with single-stage two-speed supercharging) [2] first ran in 1940, but experienced lengthy delays before finally being declared "production quality" in 1943. Production was extremely slow to ramp up, in order to avoid delays in the existing Jumo 211 production. By the time the engines were available in any sort of number in 1944, Allied bombing repeatedly destroyed the production lines. Production of the A model was limited to about 400–500 a month for most of 1944/45.

Advanced versions

A range of advanced versions were also developed during the lengthy teething period. The 213B was designed to run on 100 octane "C3" fuel, allowing the boost pressure to be increased and the take-off power improved to 2,000 PS. The 213C was essentially an A model with re-arranged secondary equipment (supercharger, oil pump, etc.) to allow a Motorkanone cannon to fire through the propeller shaft. The 213D added a new three-speed supercharger for smoother power curves and improved altitude performance, but it was not produced.

Junkers Jumo 213E-1 at Flugmuseum Aviaticum in Wiener Neustadt, Austria JUMO 213 E1.JPG
Junkers Jumo 213E-1 at Flugmuseum Aviaticum in Wiener Neustadt, Austria

The next major production versions were the 213E and the similar 213F. These engines were equipped with a new two-speed, two-stage supercharger that dramatically improved altitude performance. The only difference between the two models was that the E included an intercooler [2] for additional high-altitude performance, while the F model lacked this and was optimized for slightly lower altitudes. The E and F models were in high demand for many late-war aircraft, including the Junkers Ju 188, Junkers Ju 388, the Langnasen-Dora models of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190D and the Focke-Wulf Ta 152H. All of these aircraft used annular radiators characteristic of the earlier Jumo 211 engine installations on twin-engined aircraft, often standardized as Kraftei (power-egg), completely unitized power plant "modules" for any twin or multi-engined aircraft, much as the Jumo 211 had evolved for earlier aircraft designs – but with the annular radiators noticeably reconfigured for better cooling of the more powerful Jumo 213 engine.

A further substantial upgrade was projected as the 213J, which replaced the earlier model's three valves with a new four-valve-per-cylinder design for increased volumetric efficiency. It was also to have had a two-stage three-speed supercharger, producing 2,350 hp (1,750 kW; 2,380 PS) at 3700 rpm for take-off. It would have weighed 1,055 kg (2,326 lb). [2] There was no time to work this change into the production line before the war ended. Other experimental models included the 213S for low-altitude use, and the turbocharged 213T.

Further development of the Jumo 213 was carried out at Arsenal de l'Aéronautique in France after the Second World War.

Variants

A Jumo 213-powered Ju 188, with reconfigured annular radiators Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-496-3500-15, Flugzeug Junkers Ju 188.jpg
A Jumo 213-powered Ju 188, with reconfigured annular radiators
213A
First version, 1,750 PS (2,100 PS with MW50 boost) take-off power, major production version.
213B
Project, a 213A with C3 fuel (100 octane) and up to 2,000 PS take-off power.
213C
As 213A but equipped for mounting of a cannon firing through the propeller axis (Motorkanone), limited production.
213D
213C with a new three-speed supercharger, did not enter production.
213E
High altitude version of 213A, equipped with a three-speed two-stage intercooled supercharger and delivering 1,750 PS take-off power (2,050 PS with MW 50 boost).
213F
Similar to the 213E, but without the intercooler.
213J
Project, redesigned with four valves per-cylinder and a two-stage three-speed supercharger, delivering 2,380 PS at takeoff.
J13T
Proposed turbocharged variant.
Arsenal 12H
Post-war development of the Junkers Jumo 213 which had been in production for the Germans at the Arsenal de l'Aéronautique factories.
Arsenal 12H-Tandem
2x 12H engines in tandem driving co-axial propellers.
Arsenal 12K
Further development of the 12H.
Arsenal 24H
A 24-cylinder H-24 engine utilizing 12H cylinder blocks, crankshafts and pistons mounted on a new crankcase driving a single propeller. [3] Rated at 3,600 hp (2,700 kW) take-off power and 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) at rated height. [4]
Arsenal 24H-Tandem
2x 24H engines in tandem driving co-axial propellers. [3] Example exhibited at 1946 Paris Air Show had take-off power of 7,200 hp (5,400 kW). Proposed for Sud-Est SE.1200 trans-Atlantic flying boat project, which would have used four 24H Tandem installations, each rated at 8,000 hp (6,000 kW). [5]
SFECMAS 12H
The Arsenal 12H after SFECMAS absorbed Arsenal.
SFECMAS 12K
The Arsenal 12K after SFECMAS absorbed Arsenal.

Applications

Specifications (Jumo 213E)

General characteristics

Components

Performance

See also

Comparable engines

Related lists

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Focke-Wulf Ta 154 Moskito</span> German night fighter aircraft during late World War II

The Focke-Wulf Ta 154 Moskito was a fast twin-engined German night fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf during late World War II. Only a few were produced, proving to have less impressive performance than the prototypes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Junkers Ju 388</span> Type of aircraft

The Junkers Ju 388Störtebeker is a World War II German Luftwaffe multi-role aircraft based on the Ju 88 airframe by way of the Ju 188. It differed from its predecessors in being intended for high altitude operation, with design features such as a pressurized cockpit for its crew. The Ju 388 was introduced very late in the war, and production problems along with the deteriorating war conditions meant that few were built.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BMW 801</span> German aircraft engine developed by BMW during World War II

The BMW 801 was a powerful German 41.8-litre (2,550 cu in) air-cooled 14-cylinder-radial aircraft engine built by BMW and used in a number of German Luftwaffe aircraft of World War II. Production versions of the twin-row engine generated between 1,560 and 2,000 PS. It was the most produced radial engine of Germany in World War II with more than 61,000 built.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Junkers Ju 188</span> Type of aircraft

The Junkers Ju 188 "Rächer" (avenger) was a German Luftwaffe high-performance medium bomber built during World War II, the planned follow-up to the Ju 88 with better performance and payload. It was produced only in limited numbers, due both to the presence of improved versions of the Ju 88, as well as the increasingly effective Allied strategic bombing campaign against German industry and the resulting focus on fighter production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Focke-Wulf Ta 152</span> German fighter aircraft of late World War II

The Focke-Wulf Ta 152 is a World War II German high-altitude fighter-interceptor designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Junkers Jumo 222</span> German piston aircraft engine

The Jumo 222 was a German high-power multiple-bank in-line piston aircraft engine from Junkers, designed under the management of Ferdinand Brandner of the Junkers Motorenwerke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Junkers Jumo 211</span> German inverted V-12 aircraft engine

The Jumo 211 was a German inverted V-12 aircraft engine, Junkers Motoren's primary aircraft engine of World War II. It was the direct competitor to the Daimler-Benz DB 601 and closely paralleled its development. While the Daimler-Benz engine was mostly used in single-engined and twin-engined fighters, the Jumo engine was primarily used in bombers such as Junkers' own Ju 87 and Ju 88, and Heinkel's H-series examples of the Heinkel He 111 medium bomber. It was the most-produced German aero engine of the war, with almost 70,000 examples completed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daimler-Benz DB 601</span> German aircraft engine

The Daimler-Benz DB 601 was a German aircraft engine built during World War II. It was a liquid-cooled inverted V12, and powered the Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Bf 110, and many others. Approximately 19,000 601's were produced before it was replaced by the improved Daimler-Benz DB 605 in 1942.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Focke-Wulf Fw 191</span> Prototype bomber

The Focke-Wulf Fw 191 was a prototype German bomber of World War II, as the Focke-Wulf firm's entry for the Bomber B advanced medium bomber design competition. Two versions were intended to be produced, a twin-engine version using the Junkers Jumo 222 engine and a four-engine variant which was to have used the smaller Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine. The project was eventually abandoned due to technical difficulties with the engines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messerschmitt Me 209 (1943)</span> German fighter prototype

The Me 209 of 1943 was an attempt to create an enhanced version of the Bf 109, which served as the Luftwaffe's primary fighter aircraft throughout World War II. The Me 209, despite its designation, bore no relationship to the earlier Me 209.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bramo 323</span>

The Bramo 323 Fafnir is a nine-cylinder radial aircraft engine of the World War II era. Based heavily on Siemens/Bramo's earlier experience producing the Bristol Jupiter under licence, the Bramo 323 saw limited use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Junkers Jumo 210</span> V-12 piston aircraft engine family by Junkers

The Jumo 210 was Junkers Motoren's first production inverted V12 gasoline aircraft engine, first produced in the early 1930s. Depending on the version it produced between 610 and 730 PS and can be considered a counterpart of the Rolls-Royce Kestrel in many ways. Although originally intended to be used in almost all pre-war designs, rapid progress in aircraft design quickly relegated it to the small end of the power scale by the late 1930s. Almost all aircraft designs switched to the much larger Daimler-Benz DB 600, so the 210 was produced only for a short time before Junkers responded with a larger engine of their own, the Junkers Jumo 211.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BMW 132</span>

The BMW 132 was a nine-cylinder radial aircraft engine produced by BMW starting in 1933.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daimler-Benz DB 600</span> 1930s German piston aircraft engine

The Daimler-Benz DB 600 was a German aircraft engine designed and built before World War II as part of a new generation of German engine technology. It was a liquid-cooled inverted V12 engine, and powered the Messerschmitt Bf 110 and Heinkel He 111 among others.

The Focke-Wulf Ta 153 (GH+KV) was a prototype German fighter aircraft built during World War II. It was a development of the Fw 190C, a Fw 190A with a DB 603A engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daimler-Benz DB 603</span> German aircraft engine

The Daimler-Benz DB 603 was a German aircraft engine used during World War II. It was a liquid-cooled 12-cylinder inverted V12 enlargement of the 33.9 Liter DB 601, which was in itself a development of the DB 600. Production of the DB 603 commenced in May 1942, and with a 44.5 liter displacement figure, was the largest displacement inverted V12 aviation engine to be produced and used in front line aircraft of the Third Reich during World War II.

Arsenal de l'Aéronautique was a national military aircraft manufacturer established by the French Government in 1936 at Villacoublay. In the years before World War II, it developed a range of technically advanced fighter aircraft, but none of these were manufactured in sufficient quantities to be of any use against the German invasion. Following the war, Arsenal was relocated to Châtillon-sous-Bagneux, where it was privatised as SFECMAS in 1952. In 1955 SFECMAS joined SNCAN to create Nord Aviation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argus As 410</span> 1930s German piston aircraft engine

The Argus As 410 was a German air-cooled inverted V-12 light aircraft engine that was first produced by Argus Motoren in 1938.

The Focke-Wulf Ta 254 was a proposed German development of the Ta 154 fighter, to have been produced by Focke-Wulf.

References

Notes

  1. Christopher, p. 78
  2. 1 2 3 Christopher, p. 79
  3. 1 2 Pearce, William (2016-02-26). "Arsenal 24H and 24H Tandem Aircraft Engines". oldmachinepress.com. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  4. Bridgman 1948, p. 48d
  5. Bridgman 1948, pp. 47d–48d

Bibliography