Kannan Krishnan

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ISBN 978-0198862048
  • Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology (2021), Oxford University Press, ISBN   978-0198830269

    • Selected publications

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferromagnetism</span> Mechanism by which materials form into and are attracted to magnets

    Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet. Ferromagnetic materials are noticeably attracted to a magnet, which is a consequence of their substantial magnetic permeability.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Superparamagnetism</span> Form of magnetism

    Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism which appears in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. In sufficiently small nanoparticles, magnetization can randomly flip direction under the influence of temperature. The typical time between two flips is called the Néel relaxation time. In the absence of an external magnetic field, when the time used to measure the magnetization of the nanoparticles is much longer than the Néel relaxation time, their magnetization appears to be in average zero; they are said to be in the superparamagnetic state. In this state, an external magnetic field is able to magnetize the nanoparticles, similarly to a paramagnet. However, their magnetic susceptibility is much larger than that of paramagnets.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Curie temperature</span> Temperature above which magnetic properties change

    In physics and materials science, the Curie temperature (TC), or Curie point, is the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic properties, which can (in most cases) be replaced by induced magnetism. The Curie temperature is named after Pierre Curie, who showed that magnetism was lost at a critical temperature.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Coercivity</span> Resistance of a ferromagnetic material to demagnetization by an external magnetic field

    Coercivity, also called the magnetic coercivity, coercive field or coercive force, is a measure of the ability of a ferromagnetic material to withstand an external magnetic field without becoming demagnetized. Coercivity is usually measured in oersted or ampere/meter units and is denoted HC.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron(II,III) oxide</span> Chemical compound

    Iron(II,III) oxide, or black iron oxide, is the chemical compound with formula Fe3O4. It occurs in nature as the mineral magnetite. It is one of a number of iron oxides, the others being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare, and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) which also occurs naturally as the mineral hematite. It contains both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions and is sometimes formulated as FeO ∙ Fe2O3. This iron oxide is encountered in the laboratory as a black powder. It exhibits permanent magnetism and is ferrimagnetic, but is sometimes incorrectly described as ferromagnetic. Its most extensive use is as a black pigment (see: Mars Black). For this purpose, it is synthesized rather than being extracted from the naturally occurring mineral as the particle size and shape can be varied by the method of production.

    Magnetic semiconductors are semiconductor materials that exhibit both ferromagnetism and useful semiconductor properties. If implemented in devices, these materials could provide a new type of control of conduction. Whereas traditional electronics are based on control of charge carriers, practical magnetic semiconductors would also allow control of quantum spin state. This would theoretically provide near-total spin polarization, which is an important property for spintronics applications, e.g. spin transistors.

    Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging non-invasive tomographic technique that directly detects superparamagnetic nanoparticle tracers. The technology has potential applications in diagnostic imaging and material science. Currently, it is used in medical research to measure the 3-D location and concentration of nanoparticles. Imaging does not use ionizing radiation and can produce a signal at any depth within the body. MPI was first conceived in 2001 by scientists working at the Royal Philips Research lab in Hamburg. The first system was established and reported in 2005. Since then, the technology has been advanced by academic researchers at several universities around the world. The first commercial MPI scanners have recently become available from Magnetic Insight and Bruker Biospin.

    Multiferroics are defined as materials that exhibit more than one of the primary ferroic properties in the same phase:

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanocomposite</span> Solid material with nano-scale structure

    Nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions of less than 100 nanometers (nm) or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material.

    Molecule-based magnets (MBMs) or molecular magnets are a class of materials capable of displaying ferromagnetism and other more complex magnetic phenomena. This class expands the materials properties typically associated with magnets to include low density, transparency, electrical insulation, and low-temperature fabrication, as well as combine magnetic ordering with other properties such as photoresponsiveness. Essentially all of the common magnetic phenomena associated with conventional transition-metal magnets and rare-earth magnets can be found in molecule-based magnets. Prior to 2011, MBMs were seen to exhibit "magnetic ordering with Curie temperature (Tc) exceeding room temperature".

    Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are a class of nanoparticle that can be manipulated using magnetic fields. Such particles commonly consist of two components, a magnetic material, often iron, nickel and cobalt, and a chemical component that has functionality. While nanoparticles are smaller than 1 micrometer in diameter, the larger microbeads are 0.5–500 micrometer in diameter. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters that are composed of a number of individual magnetic nanoparticles are known as magnetic nanobeads with a diameter of 50–200 nanometers. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters are a basis for their further magnetic assembly into magnetic nanochains. The magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess attractive properties which could see potential use in catalysis including nanomaterial-based catalysts, biomedicine and tissue specific targeting, magnetically tunable colloidal photonic crystals, microfluidics, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, data storage, environmental remediation, nanofluids, optical filters, defect sensor, magnetic cooling and cation sensors.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron oxide nanoparticle</span>

    Iron oxide nanoparticles are iron oxide particles with diameters between about 1 and 100 nanometers. The two main forms are composed of magnetite and its oxidized form maghemite. They have attracted extensive interest due to their superparamagnetic properties and their potential applications in many fields including molecular imaging.

    Magnonics is an emerging field of modern magnetism, which can be considered a sub-field of modern solid state physics. Magnonics combines the study of waves and magnetism. Its main aim is to investigate the behaviour of spin waves in nano-structure elements. In essence, spin waves are a propagating re-ordering of the magnetisation in a material and arise from the precession of magnetic moments. Magnetic moments arise from the orbital and spin moments of the electron, most often it is this spin moment that contributes to the net magnetic moment.

    Spin engineering describes the control and manipulation of quantum spin systems to develop devices and materials. This includes the use of the spin degrees of freedom as a probe for spin based phenomena. Because of the basic importance of quantum spin for physical and chemical processes, spin engineering is relevant for a wide range of scientific and technological applications. Current examples range from Bose–Einstein condensation to spin-based data storage and reading in state-of-the-art hard disk drives, as well as from powerful analytical tools like nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to the development of magnetic molecules as qubits and magnetic nanoparticles. In addition, spin engineering exploits the functionality of spin to design materials with novel properties as well as to provide a better understanding and advanced applications of conventional material systems. Many chemical reactions are devised to create bulk materials or single molecules with well defined spin properties, such as a single-molecule magnet. The aim of this article is to provide an outline of fields of research and development where the focus is on the properties and applications of quantum spin.

    Magnetic material synthesis and characterization technology continue to improve, allowing for the production of various shapes, sizes, and compositions of magnetic material to be studied and tuned for improved properties. One of the places which has seen great advancement is in the synthesis of magnetic materials at nanometer length scales. Nanoparticle research has seen a great deal of interest in a number of fields as many phenomena can be explained by what is occurring on the nanoscale, which can be probed more effectively using nanometer sized materials. One unique type of materials which have seen a recent surge in research interest have been known as "nanoflakes" where they resemble flakes or discs of nanometer thickness and micrometer dimensions. Nanomaterials of this shape have seen use in a number of fields including energy storage, as [electrodes] of electrochemical cells, and in cancer therapy to kill cancer cells.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron–platinum nanoparticle</span> Nanomaterial

    Iron–platinum nanoparticles are 3D superlattices composed of an approximately equal atomic ratio of Fe and Pt. Under standard conditions, FePt NPs exist in the face-centered cubic phase but can change to a chemically ordered face-centered tetragonal phase as a result of thermal annealing. Currently there are many synthetic methods such as water-in-oil microemulsion, one-step thermal synthesis with metal precursors, and exchanged-coupled assembly for making FePt NPs. An important property of FePt NPs is their superparamagnetic character below 10 nanometers. The superparamagnetism of FePt NPs has made them attractive candidates to be used as MRI/CT scanning agents and a high-density recording material.

    Yuri Suzuki is a Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford University. She studies novel ground states and magnetic phenomena. She is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and an American Competitiveness and Innovation Fellow of the National Science Foundation.

    Mohindar Singh Seehra is an Indian-American Physicist, academic and researcher. He is Eberly Distinguished Professor Emeritus at West Virginia University (WVU).

    Sara A. Majetich is an American physicist and Professor of Physics at Carnegie Mellon University. Her work considers magnetic nanoparticles and nanostructures for application in spintronic devices. She is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

    Bernard Dieny is a research scientist and an entrepreneur. He is Chief Scientist at SPINTEC, a CEA/CNRS/UGA research laboratory that he co-founded in 2002 in Grenoble, France. He is also co-founder of two startup companies: Crocus Technology on MRAM and magnetic sensors in 2006 and EVADERIS on circuits design in 2014.

    References

    1. ↑ "Bio" (PDF).
    2. 1 2 "South Asia Center".
    3. ↑ "Kannan M. Krishnan". ETHW. 2 February 2016.
    4. ↑ Blomqvist, P.; Krishnan, Kannan M.; Ohldag, H. (18 March 2005). "Direct imaging of asymmetric magnetization reversal in exchange-biased Fe/MnPd bilayers by x-ray photoemission electron microscopy". Physical Review Letters. 94 (10): 107203. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.107203. PMID   15783516 – via PubMed.
    5. 1 2 "NSF Award Search: Award # 0501490 - Diluted Magnetic Dielectrics : New Spintronics Materials and Devices". www.nsf.gov.
    6. 1 2 "Kannan Krishnan | IEEE Magnetics Society". ieeemagnetics.org.
    7. 1 2 Harker, A. H. (3 April 2017). "Fundamentals and applications of magnetic materials, by Kannan M. Krishnan: Scope: textbook. Level: advanced undergraduate, postgraduate, early career researcher". Contemporary Physics. 58 (2): 188–189. doi:10.1080/00107514.2017.1290690 – via CrossRef.
    8. 1 2 Harker, A.H. (2 October 2021). "Principles of materials characterization and metrology: by Kannan M. Krishnan, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2021, 20 + 849 pp., ISBN 978–0–19–883025–2 (hbk), ISBN 978–0–19–883026–9 (pbk). Scope: textbook. Level: undergraduate, early postgraduate". Contemporary Physics. 62 (4): 242–242. doi:10.1080/00107514.2022.2081723 – via CrossRef.
    9. ↑ "Materials Science & Engineering Roberts Hall Spring 2008 Review" (PDF).
    10. 1 2 "IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award". 26 July 2022 – via Wikipedia.
    11. 1 2 "Kannan M". ewh.ieee.org.
    12. 1 2 3 "MSA | Society Awards Recipients By Year". microscopy.org.
    13. ↑ "APS Council Announces 2009 APS Fellows" (PDF).
    14. ↑ "Journal of Materials Science". SpringerLink.
    15. 1 2 3 "Lodespin Labs". CoMotion.
    16. ↑ "Alumni".
    17. ↑ "Kannan M. Krishnan Biosketch". faculty.washington.edu.
    18. ↑ Krishnan, K. M. (1 February 1992). "Ceramic Microstructures and Their Elucidation by Imaging, Diffraction and Spectroscopic Methods" – via escholarship.org.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    19. ↑ "Kannan M. Krishnan - Professor, Washington, USA | eMedEvents". www.emedevents.com.
    20. ↑ "Tuned multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for biomedicine".
    21. ↑ "Coated magnetic nanoparticles".
    22. ↑ "Iron oxide nanoparticles and their synthesis by controlled oxidation".
    23. ↑ "Research". faculty.washington.edu.
    24. ↑ Krishnan, Kannan M. (1 July 2017). "Fundamentals and Applications of Magnetic Materials". MRS Bulletin. 42 (7): 540–540. doi:10.1557/mrs.2017.156 – via Springer Link.
    25. ↑ Puntes, Victor F.; Krishnan, Kannan M.; Alivisatos, A. Paul (16 March 2001). "Colloidal Nanocrystal Shape and Size Control: The Case of Cobalt". Science. 291 (5511): 2115–2117. doi:10.1126/science.1058495 – via CrossRef.
    26. 1 2 Zhang, Wei; Krishnan, Kannan M (31 July 2014). "Epitaxial patterning of thin-films: conventional lithographies and beyond". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 24 (9): 093001. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/24/9/093001.
    27. ↑ "Magnetic reversal of ion beam patterned Co/Pt multilayers - ScienceDirect".
    28. ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 1063489 - Magnetic Behavior of Nanoengineered Lithographic Particles and Arrays in the Single Domain Limit". www.nsf.gov.
    29. ↑ "Misalignment-free signal propagation in nanomagnet arrays and logic gates with 45°-clocking field".
    30. ↑ "A 3-input all magnetic full adder with misalignment-free clocking mechanism".
    31. ↑ "Epitaxial exchange-bias systems: From fundamentals to future spin-orbitronics - ScienceDirect".
    32. ↑ Krishnan, Kannan M. (1 January 1994). "Ferromagnetic thin films" – via www.osti.gov.
    33. ↑ Krishnan, K. M. (1 May 1992). "Ferromagnetic {delta}-Mn{sub1-x}Ga{sub x} Thin Films with Perpendicular Anisotropy". Applied Physics Letters. 61 (19) – via escholarship.org.
    34. ↑ Griffin, K. A.; Pakhomov, A. B.; Wang, C. M.; Heald, S. M.; Krishnan, Kannan M. (22 April 2005). "Intrinsic ferromagnetism in insulating cobalt doped anatase TiO2". Physical Review Letters. 94 (15): 157204. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.157204. PMID   15904182 – via PubMed.
    35. 1 2 "Kannan M. Krishnan – John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation…". www.gf.org.
    36. ↑ "Evidence for ${O}_{2\mathit{p".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)$ Hole-Driven Conductivity in ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}\mathit{x}}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ $(0\ensuremath{\le}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathit{x}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\le}0.7)$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{\mathit{z}}$ Thin Films|first1=H. L.|last1=Ju|first2=H.-C.|last2=Sohn|first3=Kannan M.|last3=Krishnan|date=27 October 1997|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=79|issue=17|pages=3230–3233|via=APS|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.3230}}
    37. ↑ Krishnan, Kannan M. (29 May 2001). Hadjipanayis, George C. (ed.). Magnetic Storage Systems Beyond 2000. Springer Netherlands. pp. 251–270. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0624-8_18 – via Springer Link.
    38. ↑ Krishnan, Kannan M.; Thomas, Gareth (29 October 1984). "A generalization of atom location by channelling enhanced microanalysis". Journal of Microscopy. 136 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1984.tb02549.x – via CrossRef.
    39. ↑ Gao, Youhui; Bao, Yuping; Pakhomov, Alec B.; Shindo, Daisuke; Krishnan, Kannan M. (7 April 2006). "Spiral Spin Order of Self-Assembled Co Nanodisk Arrays". Physical Review Letters. 96 (13): 137205. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.137205 – via APS.
    40. ↑ Takeno, Yumu; Murakami, Yasukazu; Sato, Takeshi; Tanigaki, Toshiaki; Park, Hyun Soon; Shindo, Daisuke; Ferguson, R. Matthew; Krishnan, Kannan M. (3 November 2014). "Morphology and magnetic flux distribution in superparamagnetic, single-crystalline Fe3O4 nanoparticle rings". Applied Physics Letters. 105 (18): 183102. doi:10.1063/1.4901008. PMC   4224681 . PMID   25422526 – via PubMed.
    41. ↑ "Scatter diagram analysis of Cr segregation in Co-Cr based recording media".
    42. ↑ Varela, M.; Grogger, W.; Arias, D.; Sefrioui, Z.; León, C.; Ballesteros, C.; Krishnan, K. M.; Santamaría, J. (28 May 2001). "Direct evidence for block-by-block growth in high-temperature superconductor ultrathin films". Physical Review Letters. 86 (22): 5156–5159. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.5156. PMID   11384445 – via PubMed.
    43. ↑ Santamaria, J.; Gómez, M. E.; Vicent, J. L.; Krishnan, K. M.; Schuller, Ivan K. (4 November 2002). "Scaling of the interface roughness in Fe-Cr superlattices: self-affine versus non-self-affine". Physical Review Letters. 89 (19): 190601. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.190601. PMID   12443108 – via PubMed.
    44. ↑ "Kannan M. Krishnan: Materials Science H-index & Awards - Academic Profile | Research.com".
    45. ↑ "Historians and memoirists, for example, rarely attend the same ..." yumpu.com.
    46. ↑ "FMD Distinguished Scientist/Engineer Award". www.tms.org.
    47. ↑ "Awards and Distinctions". www.forschungsbericht.uni-due.de.
    48. ↑ "Endowments". Materials Engineering IISc.
    49. ↑ "Julia and Johannes Weertman Educator Award". www.tms.org.
    Kannan M. Krishnan
    Occupation(s)Academic, author, entrepreneur, and artist
    Awards Eli Franklin Burton Medal, Microscopy Society of America (1992)
    John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship (2004)
    Elected Member, Washington State Academy of Science (2009)
    Donald G. Fink Prize, IEEE (2012)
    Alexander von Humboldt Career Research Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (2016)
    Academic background
    EducationB. Tech in Mechanical Engineering
    MS in Materials Science & Engineering
    PhD in Material Science & Engineering
    Alma mater Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
    State University of New York, Stony Brook
    University of California, Berkeley
    International
    National
    Academics
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