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All 312 seats to the National Assembly 157 seats were needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Turnout | 73.3% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Yugoslavia |
Administrative divisions |
Foreign relations |
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 18 March 1923. [1] The seats were divided up by the political borders which existed before the Kingdom's formation and distributed using the population statistics of 1910.
According to a TIME Magazine article published in the next week of the election, the poll was marred by voter intimidation by the military police, suppression of the opposition and the disenfranchisement of ethnic minorities like the Hungarians and the Turks. [2]
Military police (MP) are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state.
Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history and language. Hungarians belong to the Uralic-speaking peoples. There are an estimated 14.2–14.5 million ethnic Hungarians and their descendants worldwide, of whom 9.6 million live in today's Hungary. About 2.2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, especially Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Austria. Significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Australia, and Argentina. Hungarians can be classified into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székelys, the Csángós, the Palóc, the Matyó and the Jász people, the last being considered an Iranic ethnic group being closely related to the Ossetians.
Turkish people or the Turks, also known as Anatolian Turks, are a Turkic ethnic group and nation living mainly in Turkey and speaking Turkish, the most widely spoken Turkic language. They are the largest ethnic group in Turkey, as well as by far the largest ethnic group among the speakers of Turkic languages. Ethnic Turkish minorities exist in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. In addition, a Turkish diaspora has been established with modern migration, particularly in Western Europe.
After the elections, an opposition Federalist Bloc was formed from the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, Slovenian People's Party and Yugoslav Muslim Organization. [3]
Yugoslav Muslim Organization was a Bosniak political party in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It was founded in Sarajevo on the 16 February 1919 and was led by Mehmed Spaho. The party was a successor of Muslimanska Narodna Organizacija, a conservative Bosniak party founded in 1906 during the Austro-Hungarian era. The Muslim National Organization was itself a successor of the conservative Bosniak "Movement for waqf and educational autonomy" that goes back to 1887. In election campaigns the JMO did mobilize on religious slogans rather than Bosniak nationality, calling failure of Muslims to vote for the party as a sin. The party had considerable influence in Islamic religious institutions, and JMO came to dominate the political life in Bosnia. The party appealed to Muslims throughout Yugoslavia, urging them not to migrate to Turkey.
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
---|---|---|---|---|
People's Radical Party | 562,213 | 25.8 | 108 | +17 |
Croatian Peasant Party | 473,733 | 21.8 | 70 | +20 |
Democratic Party | 400,342 | 18.4 | 51 | –41 |
Agrarian Party | 153,579 | 7.0 | 10 | –29 |
Slovene People's Party–Croatian Popular Party | 126,378 | 5.8 | 21 | – |
Yugoslav Muslim Organization | 112,228 | 5.2 | 18 | –6 |
Džemijet | 71,453 | 3.3 | 14 | +6 |
Socialist Party of Yugoslavia | 48,337 | 2.2 | 2 | –8 |
German Party | 43,415 | 2.0 | 8 | New |
Independent Workers' Party | 24,321 | 1.1 | 0 | New |
Republican Party | 18,941 | 0.9 | 0 | –3 |
Ante Trumbić List | 16,209 | 0.7 | 2 | +1 |
Serbian Party | 15,236 | 0.7 | 1 | New |
Bunjevac-Šokac Party | 12,793 | 0.6 | 3 | – |
Independent Agrarian Party | 11,023 | 0.5 | 1 | New |
Montenegrin Federalist Party | 8,561 | 0.4 | 2 | New |
Party of Rights | 8,089 | 0.4 | 0 | –2 |
Romanian Party | 7,070 | 0.3 | 1 | New |
Croatian Agrarian Party | 5,468 | 0.2 | 0 | –7 |
People's Socialist Party | 4,064 | 0.2 | 0 | –2 |
Liberal Party | 3,384 | 0.2 | 0 | –1 |
Others | 50,014 | 2.3 | 0 | – |
Total | 2,177,051 | 100 | 312 | –107 |
Registered voters/turnout | 2,971,370 | 73.3 | – | – |
Source: Nohlen et al. |
Mihailo Ivanović was a Montenegrin politician in the early 20th century. He was the president of the People's Party from 1907 to 1918. After unification, he was disappointed and had become an important leader of the Montenegrin Federalist Party in the assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and then a World War II Nazi collaborator.
The Montenegrin Federalist Party, sometimes known simply as the Montenegrin Party, was a Montenegrin political party in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia which stood for preservation of Montenegrin autonomy and a decentralized federalised Yugoslavia. It pursued the ideology of the Greens who lost the Christmas Uprising, but in a peaceful and democratic manner. Its best known leader was Sekula Drljević.
Bunjevac-Šokac Party was a political party of Croats the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, part of province of Bačka.
The Croatian Peasant Party is a centrist political party in Croatia founded on December 22, 1904 by Antun and Stjepan Radić as Croatian Peoples' Peasant Party (HPSS). Brothers Radić considered that the realization of Croatian statehood was possible within Austria-Hungary, but that it had to be reformed into a Monarchy divided into three equal parts – Austria, Hungary, Croatia. After the creation of Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918, Party requested for the Croatian part of the Kingdom to be based on self-determination. This brought them great public support which columned in 1920 parliamentary election when HPSS won all 58 seats assigned to Croatia.
The Yugoslav Democratic Party, State Party of Serbian, Croatian and Slovene Democrats and Democratic Party was the name of a series of liberal political parties that existed in succession in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state in Southeast Europe and Central Europe that existed from 1929 until 1941, during the interwar period and beginning of World War II.
Puniša Račić was a Montenegrin Serb leader and People's Radical Party (NRS) politician who assassinated Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) representatives Pavle Radić and Đuro Basariček, and mortally wounded HSS leader Stjepan Radić in a shooting which took place on the floor of the parliament of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 20 June 1928. He was tried and handed a sixty-year sentence, which was immediately reduced to twenty years. He served most of his sentence under house arrest and was killed by the Yugoslav Partisans in October 1944.
Stjepan Radić was a Croatian politician and the founder of the Croatian People's Peasant Party (HPSS). Radić is credited with galvanizing Croatian peasantry into a viable political force. Throughout his entire career, he was opposed to the union and, later, Serb hegemony in Yugoslavia and became an important political figure in that country. He was shot in parliament by the Serbian radical politician Puniša Račić. Radić died several weeks later from a serious stomach wound at the age of 57. This assassination further alienated the Croats and the Serbs.
Svetozar Pribićević was a Croatian Serb politician who was one of the main proponents of Yugoslavism and a federalized South Slavic state which would later turn out to be Yugoslavia. However, he later became a bitter opponent of the same policy and of the dictatorship of king Aleksandar Karađorđević.
The Croatian Bloc or the Croatian National Representation was the name held by the wide coalition of Croatian political parties in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes from 1921 to 1929's 6th of January Dictatorship and within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1935 to 1941.
The Greens were a group of Montenegrin nationalists which originated from the membership of True People's Party, most notable for instigating the Christmas Uprising of 1919 in an attempt to prevent the annexation of Montenegro into the unitary Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Greens were supporters of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty, which was dethroned after the World War I, and fought for the establishment of Montenegro as either an independent state, or a federal unit within the Yugoslav federation. Following the defeat in Christmas uprising, Greens continued with guerrilla warfare until 1929. The motto of the movement, as inscribed on their flag, was "For the Right, Honour and Freedom of Montenegro".
The People's Radical Party was a political party in the Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) formed on 8 January 1881. The party was abolished after the establishment of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in 1945.
The Croatian Bunjevac-Šokac Party is a minority political party in the Serbian province of Vojvodina, formed in 2004. The aim of the party is to represent Croats from Bunjevac and Šokac communities.
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 28 November 1920. The Democratic Party emerged as the largest faction, winning 92 of the 419 seats.
Parliamentary elections were held in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 8 February 1925. The People's Radical Party remained the largest faction in Parliament, winning 123 of the 315 seats.
Parliamentary elections were held in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 11 September 1927. The People's Radical Party remained the largest faction in Parliament, winning 112 of the 315 seats. As it turned out, they were the last relatively free elections ever held in the 1918-1992 incarnation of Yugoslavia.
Parliamentary elections were held in Yugoslavia on 1 December 1938. The result was a victory for the governing Yugoslav Radical Union, which won 306 of the 373 seats in Parliament.
Andrija Radović was a Montenegrin and Yugoslav politician and statesmen, former Prime Minister and leader of the People's and then Democratic Party, fighter for parliamentary democracy and chief proponent of Montenegro's unification with Serbia.
Jovan Simonov Plamenac was a Montenegrin politician.
The Vidovdan Constitution was the first constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was approved by the Constitutional Assembly on 28 June 1921 despite the opposition boycotting the vote. The Constitution is named after the feast of St. Vitus (Vidovdan), a Serbian Orthodox holiday. The Constitution required a simple majority to pass. Out of 419 representatives, 223 voted for, 35 voted against and 161 abstained.
Croatian Popular Party was founded in 1919, as political branch of the Croatian Catholic movement, and participated in elections in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until the royal dictatorship 1929.