Socialism is a political philosophy and movement encompassing a wide range of economic and social systems which are characterised by social ownership of the means of production,as opposed to private ownership. As a term,it describes the economic,political,and social theories and movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can be public,community,collective,cooperative,or employee. While no single definition encapsulates the many types of socialism,social ownership is the one common element,and is considered left-wing. Different types of socialism vary based on the role of markets and planning in resource allocation,on the structure of management in organizations,and from below or from above approaches,with some socialists favouring a party,state,or technocratic-driven approach. Socialists disagree on whether government,particularly existing government,is the correct vehicle for change.
State ownership,also called government ownership and public ownership,is the ownership of an industry,asset,or enterprise by the state or a public body representing a community,as opposed to an individual or private party. Public ownership specifically refers to industries selling goods and services to consumers and differs from public goods and government services financed out of a government's general budget. Public ownership can take place at the national,regional,local,or municipal levels of government;or can refer to non-governmental public ownership vested in autonomous public enterprises. Public ownership is one of the three major forms of property ownership,differentiated from private,collective/cooperative,and common ownership.
The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU) is a pro-Beijing labour and political group established in 1948 in Hong Kong. It is the oldest and largest labour group in Hong Kong with over 420,000 members in 253 affiliates and associated trade unions. Presided by Ng Chau-pei and chaired by Kingsley Wong,it currently holds four seats in the Legislative Council and five seats in the District Councils.
Clause IV is part of the Labour Party Rule Book,which sets out the aims and values of the (UK) Labour Party. The original clause,adopted in 1918,called for common ownership of industry,and proved controversial in later years;Hugh Gaitskell attempted to remove the clause following Labour's loss in the 1959 general election.
The Common Wealth Party (CW) was a socialist political party in the United Kingdom with parliamentary representation from the middle of the Second World War until the year after its end. Thereafter it continued in being,essentially as a pressure group,until 1993.
Nationalization is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization usually refers to private assets or to assets owned by lower levels of government being transferred to the state. Nationalization contrasts with privatization and with demutualization. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage,they are said to have undergone renationalization. Industries often subject to nationalization include the commanding heights of the economy –telecommunications,electric power,fossil fuels,railways,airlines,iron ore,media,postal services,banks,and water –though,in many jurisdictions,many such entities have no history of private ownership.
The Secretary for Education is a principal official in the Hong Kong Government,who heads the Education Bureau (EDB). The current office holder is Christine Choi.
The Fife Socialist League (FSL) was a minor left-wing political party which existed in Fife,Scotland from 1957 until 1964. It was associated politically with the British New Left and the journal New Reasoner,an antecedent of the present-day New Left Review. From 1960-1962,it published a monthly journal called The Socialist.
The Labour Party of Malaya was a political party in Malaya that was active between 1952 and 1969. It was originally formed as a confederation of state based labour parties known as the Pan-Malayan Labour Party (PMLP).
Crawford Murray MacLehose,Baron MacLehose of Beoch,,was a British politician,diplomat and the 25th Governor of Hong Kong,from 1971 to 1982. He was the longest-serving governor of the colony,with four successive terms in office.
The Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party was a democratic socialist political party in Hong Kong was founded by Sun Pao-kang on 8 August 1964.
Socialist Action is a Trotskyist political organisation in Hong Kong. It is affiliated with International Socialist Alternative (ISA) and works closely with the ISA sections in China and Taiwan. It describes itself as being based on the method and analysis of Marxism,to politically re-arm and organise the working class in the fight for a socialist world. They oppose the Chinese Communist Party,which they claim has made China the 'Sweatshop of the World' with one of the most extreme wealth gaps on the planet. They stand for the creation of fighting independent trade unions by Chinese workers to fight against capitalist exploitation and authoritarian rule.
Youth in Hong Kong, according to the University of Hong Kong Statistical Profile,includes citizens of the Chinese territory of Hong Kong aged 15–24 years. As of 2011,youth in Hong Kong ages 15–24 made up 12.4 per cent of Hong Kong's overall population at 875,200 people. Hong Kong is a hybrid culture,influenced by China and Britain,but overall by its international economic ties and neoliberal policies,which plays a role in shaping the lives of the youth in Hong Kong. The youth in Hong Kong is unique in the fact that many are living Transnationalist identities. The demographics are not just ethnically Chinese youth in Hong Kong,but also youth that are ethnically white,Indonesian,Filipino,which can be seen in Demographics of Hong Kong,and that creates a unique society. "Although with a dominant Chinese population,Hong Kong is an international city and is a mix of East and West rich in cultures,history,and religions." The disparity between the rich and poor within Hong Kong has been growing wider.
Liberalism has a long tradition as an economic philosophy since the founding of Hong Kong as an entrepôt which cherishes private property,the free market,and free trade. In recent decades,Hong Kong has earned its international reputation as one of the "freest economies in the world". As a political trend,liberalism has become the driving force of the democratic movement since the 1980s which is mainly represented by the pro-democracy camp which strives for the universal suffrage,human rights and rule of law in Hong Kong.
Socialism in Hong Kong is a political trend taking root from Marxism and Leninism which was imported to Hong Kong in the early 1920s. Socialist trends have taken various forms,including Marxism–Leninism,Maoism,Trotskyism,democratic socialism and liberal socialism,with the Marxist–Leninists being the most dominant faction due to the influence of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) regime in the mainland. The "traditional leftists" became the largest force representing the pro-Beijing camp in the post-war decades,which had an uneasy relationship with the colonial authorities. As the Chinese Communist Party adopted capitalist economic reforms from 1978 onwards and the pro-Beijing faction became increasingly conservative,the socialist agenda has been slowly taken up by the liberal-dominated pro-democratic camp.
George Stacey Kennedy-Skipton was an Irish Hong Kong politician,senior civil servant and teacher. He was accused of collaborating with the Japanese during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong. After the war,he ran for the Urban Council twice in 1952 and 1967 and was the secretary of the Labour Party of Hong Kong,a socialist self-government party.
The Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong was the first political party calling for self-government in Hong Kong established in 1964. it was founded by Ma Man-fai,chairman of the United Nations Association of Hong Kong,lawyer Chang Liu-shih and teacher K. Hopkin-Jenkins.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to socialism,a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
Anarchism in Hong Kong emerged as part of the Chinese anarchist movement,when many anarchists sought refuge from the Qing Empire in the territory. It grew alongside the Chinese revolutionary movement,before the territory again became a safe haven for anarchists,following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. Since then anarchists have formed a part of the Hong Kong opposition movement,first to British colonial rule and then to the rising authoritarianism of the Government of Hong Kong.
