Laminaria nigripes

Last updated

Laminaria nigripes
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Gyrista
Subphylum: Ochrophytina
Class: Phaeophyceae
Order: Laminariales
Family: Laminariaceae
Genus: Laminaria
Species:
L. nigripes
Binomial name
Laminaria nigripes
J.Agardh, 1868
Laminaria nigripes is commonly confused with L. digitata, pictured above, in the Northwest Atlantic. Laminaria digitata free.JPG
Laminaria nigripes is commonly confused with L. digitata, pictured above, in the Northwest Atlantic.
Laminaria nigripes is commonly confused with L. hyperborea, pictured above, in Europe. Laminaria hyperborea - Kohler-s Medizinal-Pflanzen-214.jpg
Laminaria nigripes is commonly confused with L. hyperborea, pictured above, in Europe.

Laminaria nigripes is a species of kelp found in the North Atlantic and North Pacific within Arctic and subarctic waters including Vancouver Island, Haida Gawaii, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Downeast Maine, and the Bay of Fundy. The species may be found exclusively in the Arctic, but frequent misidentification of samples has led to speculation and debate over whether the actual range is subarctic or Arctic. The species is commonly confused with L. digitata and L. hyperborea and is at risk from climate change.

Contents

Phylogony

Laminaria nigripes is a species within the genus Laminaria. The genus Laminaria is in the family Laminariaceae [2] which is one of eight families in the order of Laminariales. [1] The class of Phaeophyceae includes the order of Laminariales. [3] Phaeophyceae are brown algae commonly referred to as kelp. [4] L. nigripes was first described in 1868 under the name Saccharina nigripes by Jacob Agardh in Spitsbergen, Norway. [5]

Saccharina

Recent molecular genetic insight has led some researchers to suggest that the genetic species known as L. nigripes ought to be a part of the genus Saccharina. [2] Specifically, the genus Saccharina Stackhouse from 1809 is proposed for revival. The revived Saccharina Stackhouse would include the genera Hedophyllum and Kjellmaniella, the species Cymathaere japonica, and certain species from Laminaria. [2] With the re-establishment of Saccharina Stackhouse, L. nigripes would be renamed Saccharina nigripes. [2]

Hedophyllum

Additional phylogenetic and molecular genetic research has added the possibility that the genus Saccharina is actually a clade containing the genera Anthrothamnus, Hedophyllum, Kjellmaniella, and Saccharina. [6] Under this phylogenetic model, L. nigripes would fall under the reinstated genus Hedophyllum 1901 Setchell as Hedophyllum nigripes . [6] Part of the reasoning behind the proposed switch is bringing L. nigripes and its closest known relative, Saccharina subsessilis , together on the phylogenetic tree. [6] Saccharina subessilis would become Hedophyllum subsessilis and be the lectotype species for L. nigripes. [6] In addition to H. nigripes and H. subsessilis, the genus Hedophyllum would contain the species H. bongardiana , H. dentigera , H. druehlii , and H. sessilis . [6] The species within the Hedophyllum genus have flexible stipes and lack tissue cavitation, true branching, and split branching. [6]

Misidentification

Because the digitate blade of L. nigripes is similar to the blade of L. digitata, [5] L. nigripes samples are commonly misidentified as L. digitata in the Maritime Provinces of Canada [1] and the Northwest Atlantic which has contributed to fewer reportings of L. nigripes in that region. [5] Additionally, L. nigripes is often confused with L. hyperborea in Europe. [1] In addition to the similar blade morphology, the difficulty of correctly identifying a sample via mucilage ducts has added further confusion. [1] Because there is confusion around the identification of L. nigripes and similar species, [2] the genetic species of L. nigripes has been referred to by multiple names [7] including Saccharina nigripes, [1] Hedophyllum nigripes, [6] Saccharina groelandica, [5] and L. bongardiana. [5]

Morphology

Blades

Laminaria nigripes has two main phenotypes, one with a simple blade and one with a digitate blade. [5] Both of these phenotypes are the same genetic species. [5] The digitate bladed phenotypes is more common [5] and can appear morphologically similar to L. digitata while the simple bladed phenotype, which is much rarer, appears morphologically similar to Saccharina latissima. [5] The presence of these phenotypes varies between the Northeast Pacific and Northwest Atlantic with a higher prevalence of the simple bladed phenotype in the Pacific than in the Atlantic. [1] Because of the presence of multiple phenotypes, L. nigripes is known to have phenotypic plasticity. [5] When young, L. nigripes has a stipe and bullated blades. [6] As an individual matures, the stipe can be lost but may remain, and the blades often become smooth and cordate with lacerations. [6] Because the blades of L. nigripes are prone to being torn by environmental factors, the blades can be split into multiple segments, but the blades do not experience split branching or trues branching. [6]

Mucilage ducts

The presence of mucilage ducts varies between kelp species and has been used in the identification process, but pseudo mucilage ducts can be formed from infections and obscure the identification process. [1] L. nigripes can have mucilage ducts on the stipe or blades, and the presence of mucilage ducts in the cortex of the stipe for a cross section of a sample can be used to identify L. nigripes individuals under a microscope. [1] However, the mucilage ducts of L. nigripes can become infected and appear as pseudo mucilage ducts, and mucilage ducts are less likely to be present in individuals from more northern, colder waters. [1]

Habitat and distribution

Laminaria nigripes is distributed in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, [4] within Arctic, subarctic, [8] and cold temperate [1] waters. The range of L. nigripes varies latitudinally between the Pacifica and Atlantic with records of the species in the waters around the southern end of British Columbia and a more northern distribution in the Atlantic. [1] In the Northwest Atlantic, L. nigripes is absent in Atlantic Nova Scotia, the Northumberland Strait of New Brunswick, Southern Maine, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. [1] Additionally, some researches have claimed that L. nigripes has distribution in subarctic but not Arctic waters. [4] L. nigripes is recorded in Europe [4] in addition to the Northwest Atlantic. There is some evidence that L. nigripes plays an important ecological role in the Bay of Fundy, but researchers caution that more research needs to be done before the distribution of L. nigripes in Atlantic Canada is clear. [5] L. nigripes is also found off of Greenland along with Saccharina latissima , L. solidungula , Alaria esculenta , Agarum clathratum , Saccharina dermatodea , and Saccharina logicruris . [8] In the Kara Sea, L. nigripes is observed with Saccharina latissima, L. solidungula , Alaria elliptica , and Alaria oblonga . [8]

The North Pacific has more endemic species of kelp than the North Atlantic [4] and is believed to be where kelps as a whole began. [3] The Saccharina clade likely began in the Northwest Pacific before moving into the Northeast Pacific and later into the Atlantic via passage through the Arctic. [3] During the Cretaceous through Pleistocene eras, tectonic plate movements and glacial periods continually changed the seaways into and out of the Arctic. [4] This resulted in a succession of different biotic exchanges between the Arctic and other ocean basins which resulted in the spreading of species across ocean basins and the creation of new species. [4]

Within its range, L. nigripes is most often found in areas of rocky, intertidal zone with moderate to high wave action. [5] L. nigripes has to cope with and adjust to sea ice cover, low temperatures, and unique light conditions. [8] Abrasion, low light, low salinity, and low temperatures are common in areas like these which can have ice cover for part or all of the year. [4] Ice cover is not static and creates abrasions in kelps as it moves. [8] Ice cover also limits the light available for organisms beneath it by reflecting light, and the low availability of light affects photosynthetic activity. [8] With the ice cover and high latitude of these areas, there is a wide range in the amount of light available at certain times for photosynthetic organisms, and there is a rapid increase of light available as the ice cover breaks up. [8] This results in a limited season for L. nigripes to grow. [8] L. nigripes may utilize the cold water of these areas to reproduce by spreading spores and to support early development. [5] Because L. nigripes prefers areas with moderate to high wave action, it shares that space with L. digitata in the Bay of Fundy. [5]

Distribution changes in response to climate change

Changes in sea temperature, salinity, ecosystem composition and sea ice cover are forecast to globally impact the distribution of kelp species. [8] At a study site, the presence of L. nigripes decreased at the same time as sea surface temperatures in the area increased, and the decrease could not be attributed to heavy storms, increased competition, or salinity changes. [5] When the sea surface temperatures returned to a more typical level, L. nigripes did not recover. [5] Kelps in general are affect by increased water temperatures because it disrupts their reproduction and development which may be why L. nigripes decreased during a period of increase in sea surface temperatures. [5] During certain life stages, L. nigripes has an upper tolerance limit for temperature similar to that of Arctic species of kelp, and L. nigripes could struggle if it is temperature sensitive and if temperatures contain to rise . [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kelp</span> Large brown seaweeds in the order Laminariales

Kelps are large brown algae or seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera. Despite its appearance, kelp is not a plant but a stramenopile, a group containing many protists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown algae</span> Large group of multicellular algae, comprising the class Phaeophyceae

Brown algae are a large group of multicellular algae comprising the class Phaeophyceae. They include many seaweeds located in colder waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Brown algae are the major seaweeds of the temperate and polar regions. Many brown algae, such as members of the order Fucales, commonly grow along rocky seashores. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential habitat. For instance, Macrocystis, a kelp of the order Laminariales, may reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and forms prominent underwater kelp forests that contain a high level of biodiversity. Another example is Sargassum, which creates unique floating mats of seaweed in the tropical waters of the Sargasso Sea that serve as the habitats for many species. Some members of the class, such as kelps, are used by humans as food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kombu</span> Edible kelp

Konbu is edible kelp mostly from the family Laminariaceae and is widely eaten in East Asia. It may also be referred to as dasima or haidai.

<i>Alaria esculenta</i> Edible seaweed

Alaria esculenta is an edible seaweed, also known as dabberlocks or badderlocks, or winged kelp, and occasionally as Atlantic Wakame. It is a traditional food along the coasts of the far north Atlantic Ocean. It may be eaten fresh or cooked in Greenland, Iceland, Scotland and Ireland. It is the only one of twelve species of Alaria to occur in both Ireland and in Great Britain.

<i>Laminaria</i> Genus of algae

Laminaria is a genus of brown seaweed in the order Laminariales (kelp), comprising 31 species native to the north Atlantic and northern Pacific Oceans. This economically important genus is characterized by long, leathery laminae and relatively large size. Some species are called Devil's apron, due to their shape, or sea colander, due to the perforations present on the lamina. Others are referred to as tangle. Laminaria form a habitat for many fish and invertebrates.

<i>Macrocystis</i> Genus of large brown algae

Macrocystis is a monospecific genus of kelp with all species now synonymous with Macrocystis pyrifera. It is commonly known as giant kelp or bladder kelp. This genus contains the largest of all the Phaeophyceae or brown algae. Macrocystis has pneumatocysts at the base of its blades. Sporophytes are perennial and the individual may live for up to three years; stipes/fronds within a whole individual undergo senescence, where each frond may persist for approximately 100 days. The genus is found widely in subtropical, temperate, and sub-Antarctic oceans of the Southern Hemisphere and in the northeast Pacific from Baja California to Sitka, Alaska. Macrocystis is often a major component of temperate kelp forests.

<i>Saccharina</i> Genus of seaweeds

Saccharina is a genus of 24 species of Phaeophyceae. It is found in the north Atlantic Ocean and the northern Pacific Ocean at depths from 8 m to 30 m.

<i>Alaria</i> (alga) Genus of algae

Alaria is a genus of brown alga (Phaeophyceae) comprising approximately 17 species. Members of the genus are dried and eaten as a food in Western Europe, China, Korea, Japan, and South America. Distribution of the genus is a marker for climate change, as it relates to oceanic temperatures.

<i>Egregia</i> Species of alga

Egregia menziesii is a species of kelp known commonly as feather boa kelp. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Egregia. It is native to the coastline of western North America from Alaska to Baja California, where it is a common kelp of the intertidal zone.

<i>Laminaria digitata</i> Species of alga

Laminaria digitata is a large brown alga in the family Laminariaceae, also known by the common name oarweed. It is found in the sublittoral zone of the northern Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Saccharina latissima</i> Species of Phaeophyceae, type of kelp

Saccharina latissima is a brown alga, of the family Laminariaceae. It is known by the common names sugar kelp, sea belt, and Devil's apron, and is one of the species known to Japanese cuisine as kombu. It is found in the north Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean and north Pacific Ocean. It is common along the coast of Northern Europe as far south as Galicia Spain. In North America, it is found on the East Coast down to Long Island, although historically extended down to New Jersey and on the West Coast down to the state of Washington. On the coast of Asia, it is found south to Korea and Japan.

Phycomelaina is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Phycomelaina laminariae.

<i>Pterygophora californica</i> Species of kelp

Pterygophora californica is a large species of kelp, commonly known as stalked kelp. It is the only species in its genus Pterygophora. It grows in shallow water on the Pacific coast of North America where it forms part of a biodiverse community in a "kelp forest". It is sometimes also referred to as woody-stemmed kelp, walking kelp, or winged kelp.

<i>Laminaria hyperborea</i> Species of alga

Laminaria hyperborea is a species of large brown alga, a kelp in the family Laminariaceae, also known by the common names of tangle and cuvie. It is found in the sublittoral zone of the northern Atlantic Ocean. A variety, Laminaria hyperborea f. cucullata is known from more wave sheltered areas in Scandinavia.

<i>Distomus variolosus</i> Species of sea squirt

Distomus variolosus is a species of tunicate or sea squirt in the family Styelidae. It is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean where it lives on the seabed, typically on the stems and fronds of kelp.

<i>Laminaria ochroleuca</i> Species of alga

Laminaria ochroleuca is a large kelp, an alga in the order Laminariales. They are commonly known as golden kelp, due to their blade colouration, distinguishing them from Laminaria hyperborea

Saccharina dentigera is a species of brown algae, in the family Laminariaceae. It is native to shallow water in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California.

<i>Laminaria sinclairii</i> Species of seaweed

Laminaria sinclairii is a species of brown algae, in the family Laminariaceae. It is native to the lower intertidal zone of the northeastern Pacific Ocean from British Columbia southwards to California.

Pleurophycus gardneri is a species of brown alga. It is a deciduous kelp, primarily found in lower, rocky inter-tidal and shallow, rocky sub-tidal locations and is one of the most abundant kelps found within the Pleurophycus Zone. It is not commonly present deeper in the ocean than 30m and is considered a stipitate kelp. P. gardneri forms aggregates of densities up to 10m−2. These kelp beds reside below giant kelp forests, and were therefore often overlooked by researchers for many years. This kelp has a range from Central California to British Columbia, Canada, with a lifespan of only 3 – 6 years.

Laminaria abyssalis is a species of brown kelp, notable for its connection to rhodolith beds in the Brazilian coastline.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Longtin, Caroline M.; Saunders, Gary W. (2015-09-01). "On the utility of mucilage ducts as a taxonomic character in Laminaria and Saccharina (Phaeophyceae) – the conundrum of S. groenlandica". Phycologia. 54 (5): 440–450. doi:10.2216/15-19.1. ISSN   0031-8884. S2CID   83751723.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Lane, Christopher E.; Mayes, Charlene; Druehl, Louis D.; Saunders, Gary W. (2006). "A Multi-Gene Molecular Investigation of the Kelp (laminariales, Phaeophyceae) Supports Substantial Taxonomic Re-Organization1". Journal of Phycology. 42 (2): 493–512. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00204.x. ISSN   1529-8817. S2CID   53329947.
  3. 1 2 3 Mathieson, Arthur C. (2019-01-18). "A Comparison of Marine and Estuarine Algal Populations from Downeast Maine and Eight Contiguous Northwest Atlantic Areas". Rhodora. 120 (984): 310. doi:10.3119/17-21. ISSN   0035-4902. S2CID   92047668.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wilce, Robert T. (1990). "Role of the Arctic Ocean as a Bridge between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Fact and Hypothesis". In Garbary, David J.; South, G. Robin (eds.). Evolutionary Biogeography of the Marine Algae of the North Atlantic. NATO ASI Series. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 323–347. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75115-8_16. ISBN   978-3-642-75115-8.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Longtin, CM; Saunders, GW (2016-02-03). "The relative contribution of Saccharina nigripes (Phaeophyceae) to the Bay of Fundy Laminariaceae: spatial and temporal variability". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 543: 153–162. Bibcode:2016MEPS..543..153L. doi:10.3354/meps11566. ISSN   0171-8630.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Starko, Samuel; Soto Gomez, Marybel; Darby, Hayley; Demes, Kyle W.; Kawai, Hiroshi; Yotsukura, Norishige; Lindstrom, Sandra C.; Keeling, Patrick J.; Graham, Sean W.; Martone, Patrick T. (2019-07-01). "A comprehensive kelp phylogeny sheds light on the evolution of an ecosystem". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 136: 138–150. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.012. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   30980936. S2CID   113407808.
  7. ↑ "Hedophyllum nigripes (J.Agardh) Starko, S.C.Lindstrom & Martone 2019 :: Algaebase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Filbee-Dexter, Karen; Wernberg, Thomas; Fredriksen, Stein; Norderhaug, Kjell Magnus; Pedersen, Morten Foldager (2019-01-01). "Arctic kelp forests: Diversity, resilience and future". Global and Planetary Change. 172: 1–14. Bibcode:2019GPC...172....1F. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.09.005. hdl: 10852/75433 . ISSN   0921-8181. S2CID   133769448.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.