Liberty 5-3000 is a character in Anthem, a 1938 dystopian novella by Ayn Rand that is set in a rigidly collectivistic future society that assigns formulaic names to all inhabitants. A farmer in the Home of the Peasants, Liberty 5-3000 is a "born radical"[1] who values individuality. When she meets the narrator and main protagonist, Equality 7-2521, Liberty 5-3000 and he fall in love at first sight. When Equality 7-2521 leaves their society, Liberty 5-3000 follows him; traveling together, the two eventually move into an abandoned home from the "Unmentionable Times" before the collectivist regime came to power and relearn the word "I". The novella ends with Liberty 5-3000 renamed "Gaea" and pregnant by Equality 7-2521 (renamed "Prometheus").
In the course of revising the manuscript for publication in 1938 (and later, the 1938 edition for republication in 1946), Rand edited scenes and dialogue involving Liberty 5-3000. Compared to the manuscript, Liberty 5-3000 in the 1938 edition is less nervous. Liberty 5-3000's adoration of Equality 7-2521 in the 1938 edition is toned down in the 1946 edition.
In scholarly analyses, Liberty 5-3000 has been considered both a "spiritually unconquered"[2] character who is on par with Equality 7-2521 and a submissive trophy wife who is ultimately passive. Liberty 5-3000's sexual intercourse with Equality 7-2521 subverts the control of the collectivist regime, and her monogamous reproductivity is distinctive in Rand's usually love triangle–laden corpus.
Liberty 5-3000 also appears in some adaptations of Anthem, including a 2011 graphic novel. In a 2013 theatrical adaptation developed by Jeff Britting, actress Sofia Lauwers portrayed Liberty 5-3000.
Background
In the twentieth century, Ayn Rand was a Russian-born American author who wrote the dystopian novella Anthem, first published in the United Kingdom in 1938.[3] Rand sets the story in a future where a collectivistic society, led by the World Council, rules earth.[4] This collectivistic regime came to power in an event called the "Great Rebirth"; all preceding history is glossed as the "Unmentionable Times", and the state bans discussion of such.[5] Technology and knowledge have devolved to premodern levels, and human life expectancy is around forty years.[6] The government regulates sexuality such that women and men live separately from each other, and sexual intercourse takes place only for the sake of reproduction as part of an annual forced public activity called the "Time of Mating".[7] Language has been changed to eliminate the first-person singular, inhibiting the ability to conceive of individuality independent of the social collective.[8] All inhabitants are assigned names that follow a rigid formula: a single-word political slogan, a single-digit integer, a hyphen, and a four digit integer.[9]
Set in an unnamed city,[10]Anthem is narrated in the first person by a character named Equality 7-2521. He is a male inhabitant of this society who tries to conform despite having an individualist streak.[11] The Council of Vocations assigns him to be a street sweeper.[12]
Fictional biography
Liberty 5-3000 is a seventeen-year-old agricultural laborer.[13] She works in farming fields on the outskirts of the city and lives with other women assigned to farming in the Home of the Peasants.[14] The heroine of the novella,[15] Liberty 5-3000 is a "born radical", in the words of literary scholar Thomas Horan, and by the time Equality 7-2521 meets her, she already understands the value of individuality.[1] Literary critic Mimi Reisel Gladstein states that Liberty 5-3000 "knows no guilt" and "project[s] a hard, glowing, and fearless quality".[16]
The first appearance of Liberty 5-3000 is when Equality 7-2521, while sweeping a street, happens to see her sowing in the fields.[17] Gradually, they discreetly trade silent looks,[18] and the two of them fall in love at first sight, recognizing confidence in each other.[19] After meeting Liberty 5-3000, Equality 7-2521 wants to save her from being forced to participate in the Time of Mating.[20]
In their next encounter with each other, Equality 7-2521 and Liberty 5-3000 tell each other that in their minds, they think about each other with invented personal names (a practice their society forbids): Liberty 5-3000 mentally calls Equality 7-2521 "the Unconquered", and he thinks of her as "the Golden One".[21] Before leaving, Liberty 5-3000 silently cups water from a moat and gives it to Equality 7-2521 by hand.[22]
"We love you."
But then they [Liberty 5-3000] frowned and shook their head and looked at us helplessly.
"No," they whispered. "That is not what we wished to say."
They were silent, then they spoke slowly, and their words were halting, like the words of a child learning to speak for the first time:
"We are one ... alone ... and only ... and we love you who are one ... alone ... and only."
When Equality 7-2521 departs from the city, fleeing to the Uncharted Forest,[a] Liberty 5-3000 follows him there.[25] They have sexual intercourse with each other.[26] While the two navigate the Uncharted Forest together, Liberty 5-3000 attempts to tell Equality 7-2521 that she loves him (saying "We love you") only to become dissatisfied with her declaration of love because she cannot express herself using first-person singular pronouns.[27] Lacking natural language to communicate love as and for an individual, she must exert deliberate mental effort to express such.[28] According to Amy Peikoff, Liberty 5-3000 "comes closest to re-forming the forbidden concept of one's own person when she attempts to express her love".[29]
Traveling together, Liberty 5-3000 and Equality 7-2521 discover an abandoned house leftover from the Unmentionable Times.[30] When Liberty 5-3000 finds a mirror inside the house, her reflection mesmerizes her, and she spends a long time admiring herself.[31] By reading the texts in the house's library, Equality 7-2521 learns the word "I" and teaches it to Liberty 5-3000.[32] She replies, "I love you".[33] Equality 7-2521 names himself after the Greek mythological hero Prometheus, which Liberty 5-3000 affirms, and then he names her "Gaea", after the Greek goddess, because he says she is "to be the mother of a new kind of gods", and she accepts the name for herself.[34]Anthem ends with Gaea pregnant by Prometheus while he makes plans to "raze the cities of the enslaved", in his words, and liberate independent thinkers like him from the collectivist regime.[35]
Textual history
First edition cover of Anthem, the novella Liberty 5-3000 appears in
Ayn Rand included Liberty 5-3000 in her early one-page outline of the novella, planning to introduce her in chapter two.[36] After writing the manuscript of Anthem in the summer of 1937,[37] Ayn Rand edited the text, making changes between her draft and the text as it was published in 1938.[38] Rand similarly introduced changes to the 1946 American edition by handwriting edits on a copy of the 1938 edition.[39]
In the manuscript, Liberty 5-3000's eyes are described as being "as a storm cloud"; in the 1938 edition, they are "dark and hard and glowing".[40] When Equality 7-2521 calls Liberty 5-3000 "our dearest one", in the manuscript Rand had Liberty 5-3000 react by laughing and becoming nervous. Rand changed this for the published 1938 edition to Liberty 5-3000's silent response instead.[41]
In the 1938 edition, when Equality 7-2521 meets Liberty 5-3000, he narrates that she has "no shame" in her eyes; Rand changed this for the 1946 edition to instead read "no guilt".[42] Rand also changed dialogue between Liberty 5-3000 and Equality 7-2521 to tone down the reverence the 1938 edition portrayed her having for him.[43] In the 1938 edition, Liberty 5-3000 calls Equality 7-2521 "master" thrice, and each is removed in the 1946 edition.[44] When Liberty 5-3000 professes her love to Equality 7-2521 in the final chapter, the 1938 edition has Liberty 5-3000 say "I love thee"; Rand changed this to "I love you" in the 1946 edition.[45]
For the 1946 edition, Rand cut a scene from the 1938 edition describing Liberty 5-3000 and Equality 7-2521 fashioning clothing from the skins of animals that they hunted and killed.[46] Rand trimmed a scene in which Liberty 5-3000 and Equality 7-2521 found a casket of jewels in the abandoned house from the Unmentionable Times; philosopher Robert Mayhew hypothesizes that Rand did so in order to make the scene more focused on Liberty 5-3000 enjoying her reflection in the mirror.[47]
Interpretations
Literary critic Shoshana Milgram Knapp argues that out of all the assigned names in Anthem, Liberty 5-3000's "stands out in a society that has no liberty", suiting the character as a heroine who later escapes this society.[15] Philosophy lecturer Andrew Bernstein considers Liberty 5-3000 "as spiritually unconquered as" Equality 7-2521.[2] Cultural analyst Lisa Duggan summarizes that Liberty 5-3000 "is described as an ideal Randian imperial subject".[48]
A review in the Jackson Sun criticizes the way Liberty 5-3000 acts, writing that Liberty 5-3000 "[m]eekly ... agrees to every suggestion made by her lord and master" and asking if Anthem implies individuality is "for men only?"[49] According to literary scholar Thomas Horan, the ending of Anthem "reduced the once-steely Liberty 5-3000 to a frivolous trophy wife" and that at Anthem's conclusion, "her identity is equated with adornment and superficial materiality", and she is projected to "live a life of obedience to her husband".[50] Anthropologist Susan Love Brown argues that Anthem "equates the discovery of self and reason with masculinity" and connects femininity with "passivity, and motherhood", as evident when Liberty 5-3000 "does not even pick her own name—Prometheus picks it for her".[51]
Horan argues that Liberty 5-3000's physical description in Anthem—thin, sharp, and hard—recalls the novella's description of the masculine build of the narrator, Equality 7-2521.[1] Liberty 5-3000's masculine beauty evokes a "queer undertone", Horan avers, such that "[a]t the heart of the novel’s philosophy of self-reliance is a masochistic love for masculinity".[52] According to Knapp, Liberty 5-3000 is reminiscent of Kira Argounova, the protagonist of Rand's 1934 novel We the Living.[40] Both are "strong and defiant" women with eyes described as dark or stormy who evoke "intensity and barely-controlled passion" and both leave behind their societies and lives to submissively follow the story's male protagonist.[53]
By making sexual intimacy a forced, public activity, the World Council demeans the activity and its associated feelings.[7] Liberty 5-3000 and Equality 7-2521 coupling in the Uncharted Forest becomes "a subversive self-expression", Younes Poorghorban and Bakhtiar Sadjadi argue, that frees them from the collectivist society's physical and mental control.[54] The story ends monogamously, with Liberty 5-3000's pregnancy marking the beginnings of a nuclear family with Equality 7-2521 and Rand locating the eventual demise of Anthem's collectivist society in "faith in the traditional family model", Horan writes.[55] Duggan argues that Liberty 5-3000's "monogamous and reproductive ... romance-to-maternity plotline stands alone in Rand’s original fiction", as her subsequent writings feature childless love triangles.[48]
In adaptations
Liberty 5-3000 appears in the 2011 Anthem: The Graphic Novel (scripted by Charles Santino and illustrated by Joe Staton) as Equality-2521's lover.[56] He nicknames her the "Golden One".[57] Reviewer Greg Baladino criticized the graphic novel's "stock characterizations" and averred that Liberty 5-3000 "has no real characteristic beyond being pretty and waiting for Equality 7-2521 to give her a direction in life".[58]
Liberty 5-3000 (left, Sofia Lauwers) cupping water for Equality 7-2521 (right, Matthew Lief Christian)
In the 2013 theatrical adaptation of Anthem developed by Jeff Britting and directed by Ann Ciccolella, Sofia Lauwers plays the role of Liberty 5-3000.[59] She is a "courageous subversive", in the words of New York Times reviewer Ken Jaworoski, and she falls in love with Equality 7-2521 (played by Matthew Lief Christian).[60] Theater critic Matthew Murray complimented Lauwers's performance as Liberty 5-3000, calling her "intensely committed" and "supple of both speech and manner" and lamenting that no other member of the cast "quite matches her".[61] Jaworoski and reviewer Glenn Quentin complimented the romance performed between Lauwer and Christian.[62] According to Jaworoski, the script constrained the performance, giving Lauwer "few chances for subtlety".[63] Theater professor Samuel L. Leiter ribbed that Liberty 5-3000's "perfectly cut hair" and apparent "use of makeup belie her society's emphasis on denying all individuality" and criticized the acting, saying that although the actors are talented, they were "directed to behave in a… dehumanized way".[64]
In The Anthem, a 2014 spoof musical inspired by the novella, a rebel group is known as "the Golden Ones".[65]
Notes
↑ "Uncharted Forest" is what characters call the unmapped woods that lie outside the unnamed city.[24]
Alice O'Connor, better known by her pen name Ayn Rand, was a Russian-born American author and philosopher. She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful and two Broadway plays, Rand achieved fame with her 1943 novel The Fountainhead. In 1957, she published her best-selling work, the novel Atlas Shrugged. Afterward, until her death in 1982, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays.
The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by Russian-American author Ayn Rand, her first major literary success. The novel's protagonist, Howard Roark, is an intransigent young architect who battles against conventional standards and refuses to compromise with an architectural establishment unwilling to accept innovation. Roark embodies what Rand believed to be the ideal man, and his struggle reflects Rand's belief that individualism is superior to collectivism.
Anthem is a dystopian fiction novella by Russian–American writer Ayn Rand, written in 1937 and first published in 1938 in the United Kingdom. The story takes place at an unspecified future date when mankind has entered another Dark Age. Technological advancement is now carefully planned and the concept of individuality has been eliminated. A young man known as Equality 7-2521 rebels by doing secret scientific research. When his activity is discovered, he flees into the wilderness and is followed by Liberty 5-3000, a woman he loves. Together they plan to establish a new society based on rediscovered individualism.
We the Living is the debut novel of the Russian American novelist Ayn Rand. It is a story of life in post-revolutionary Russia and was Rand's first statement against communism. Rand observes in the foreword that We the Living was the closest she would ever come to writing an autobiography. Rand finished writing the novel in 1934, but it was rejected by several publishers before being released by Macmillan Publishing in 1936. It has since sold more than three million copies.
This is a bibliography for Ayn Rand and Objectivism. Objectivism is a philosophical system initially developed in the 20th century by Rand.
Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand is a 1991 book by the philosopher Leonard Peikoff, in which the author discusses the ideas of his mentor, Ayn Rand. Peikoff describes it as "the first comprehensive statement" of Rand's philosophy, Objectivism. The book is based on a series of lecture courses that Peikoff first gave in 1976 and that Rand publicly endorsed. Peikoff states that only Rand was qualified to write the definitive statement of her philosophic system, and that the book should be seen as an interpretation "by her best student and chosen heir." The book is volume six of the "Ayn Rand Library" series edited by Peikoff.
Chris Matthew Sciabarra is an American political theorist born and based in Brooklyn, New York. He is the author of three scholarly books—Marx, Hayek, and Utopia; Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical; and Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism—as well as several shorter works. He is also the co-editor, with Mimi Reisel Gladstein, of Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand and co-editor with Roger E. Bissell and Edward W. Younkins of The Dialectics of Liberty: Exploring the Context of Human Freedom. His work has focused on topics including Objectivism, libertarianism, and dialectics.
The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy of Literature is a collection of essays regarding the nature of art by the philosopher Ayn Rand. It was first published in 1969, with a second, revised edition published in 1975. Most of the essays are reprinted from Rand's magazine The Objectivist.
The Objectivist movement is a movement of individuals who seek to study and advance Objectivism, the philosophy expounded by novelist-philosopher Ayn Rand. The movement began informally in the 1950s and consisted of students who were brought together by their mutual interest in Rand's novel, The Fountainhead. The group, ironically named "The Collective" due to their actual advocacy of individualism, in part consisted of Leonard Peikoff, Nathaniel Branden, Barbara Branden, Alan Greenspan, and Allan Blumenthal. Nathaniel Branden, a young Canadian student who had been greatly inspired by The Fountainhead, became a close confidant and encouraged Rand to expand her philosophy into a formal movement. From this informal beginning in Rand's living room, the movement expanded into a collection of think tanks, academic organizations, and periodicals.
The Randian hero is a ubiquitous figure in the fiction of 20th-century novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand, most famously in the figures of The Fountainhead's Howard Roark and Atlas Shrugged's John Galt. Rand's self-declared purpose in writing fiction was to project an "ideal man"—a man who perseveres to achieve his values, and only his values.
For the New Intellectual: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand is a 1961 work by the philosopher Ayn Rand. It is her first long non-fiction book. Much of the material consists of excerpts from Rand's novels, supplemented by a long title essay that focuses on the history of philosophy.
John Galt is a character in Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged (1957). Although he is not identified by name until the last third of the novel, he is the object of its often-repeated question "Who is John Galt?" and of the quest to discover the answer. Also, in the later part it becomes clear that Galt had been present in the book's plot all along, playing several important roles though not identified by name.
Atlas Shrugged is a 1957 novel by Ayn Rand. It is her longest novel, the fourth and final one published during her lifetime, and the one she considered her magnum opus in the realm of fiction writing. She described the theme of Atlas Shrugged as "the role of man's mind in existence" and it includes elements of science fiction, mystery and romance. The book explores a number of philosophical themes from which Rand would subsequently develop Objectivism, including reason, property rights, individualism, libertarianism, and capitalism, and depicts what Rand saw as the failures of governmental coercion. Of Rand's works of fiction, it contains her most extensive statement of her philosophical system.
Mimi Reisel Gladstein is a professor of English and Theatre Arts at the University of Texas at El Paso. Her specialties include authors such as Ayn Rand and John Steinbeck, as well as women's studies, theatre arts and 18th-century British literature. In 2011 she was named to the El Paso Historical Hall of Honor.
Journals of Ayn Rand is a book derived from the private journals of the novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand. Edited by David Harriman with the approval of Rand's estate, it was published in 1997, 15 years after her death. Some reviewers considered it an interesting source of information for readers with an interest in Rand, but several scholars criticized Harriman's editing as being too heavy-handed and insufficiently acknowledged in the published text.
Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand is a 1989 memoir by psychologist Nathaniel Branden that focuses on his relationship with his former mentor and lover, Ayn Rand. Branden released a revised version, retitled as My Years with Ayn Rand, in 1999.
Letters of Ayn Rand is a book derived from the letters of the novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand. It was published in 1995, 13 years after Rand's death. It was edited by Michael Berliner with the approval of Rand's estate.
The Ayn Rand Cult is a book by journalist Jeff Walker, published by Open Court Publishing Company in 1999. Walker discusses the history of the Objectivist movement started by novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand, which he describes as a cult.
Charles Francis "Frank" O'Connor was an American actor, painter, and rancher and the husband of novelist Ayn Rand. Frank O'Connor performed in several films, typically as an extra, during the silent and early sound eras. While working on the set of the 1927 film The King of Kings, O'Connor met Rand, and they eventually dated each other steadily. They married in 1929. When O'Connor and Rand moved to California so Rand could work on the movie adaptation of her novel The Fountainhead, O'Connor purchased and managed a ranch in the San Fernando Valley for several years. In addition to raising numerous flora and fauna on the ranch, he there developed the Lipstick and Halloween hybrids of Delphinium and Gladiolus.
References
A.F. (February 13, 1947). "Ayn Rand Warns of Many Perils of Collectivism". Columbia Missourian. p.4.
A.G.B. (September 20, 1953). "Evils of Creeping Socialism Is Theme of Ayn Rand Novel". Books in the News. The Jackson Sun. p.3.
Boeckmann, Tore (2005). "Anthem as a Psychological Fantasy". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. Lexington Books. pp.83–118. ISBN0-7391-1030-6.
Brown, Susan Love (1999). "Ayn Rand: The Woman Who Would Not Be President". In Gladstein, Mimi Reisel; Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (eds.). Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand. Re-reading the Canon. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp.275–298. ISBN0-271-01831-3.
Di Minico, Elisabetta (2016). "The Dystopian Geography". In Vander Wall, Erin (ed.). Edgelands: A Collection of Monstrous Geographies. Inter-disciplinary Press. pp.97–105. doi:10.1163/9781848884816_011. ISBN978-1-84888-481-6.
Etaoin, Sr. (July 2, 1954). "Anthem. By Ayn Rand". …and that's "30". Santa Maria Times. p.6.
Ghate, Onkar (2005). "Breaking the Metaphysical Chains of Dictatorship: Free Will and Determinism in Anthem". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. Lexington Books. pp.225–254. ISBN0-7391-1030-6.
Jaworoski, Ken (October 9, 2013). "The Me Generation Would Struggle Here". The New York Times. p.C6.
Leiter, Samuel L. (October 12, 2013). "Review of Anthem". Theatre's Leiter Side.
Mayhew, Robert (2005). "Anthem '38 & '46". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. Lexington Books. pp.28–55. ISBN0-7391-1030-6.
Milgram, Shoshana (2005). "Anthem in Manuscript: Finding the Words". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. Lexington Books. pp.3–23. ISBN0-7391-1030-6.
Milgram, Shoshana (2005a). "Anthem in the Context of Related Literary Works: 'We Are Not Like Our Brothers'". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. Lexington Books. pp.119–171. ISBN0-7391-1030-6.
Peikoff, Amy (2005). "Freedom of Disassociation in Anthem". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. Lexington Books. pp.285–298. ISBN0-7391-1030-6.
Quentin, Glenn (October 14, 2013). "Review: Anthem". StageBuddy: The Insider's Guide to Theater.
Salmieri, Gregory (2005). "Prometheus' Discovery: Individualism and the Meaning of the Concept of 'I' in Anthem". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. Lexington Books. pp.255–284. ISBN0-7391-1030-6.
Webster, Andy (May 30, 2014). "Songs, Jokes and Twirls? Just Don't Tell Ayn Rand". The New York Times. p.C3.
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