The term is metaphorical, emphasizing that the process, like the physical act of falling, is sudden, uncontrollable and leaves the lover in a vulnerable state, similar to "fall ill" or "fall into a trap".[1]
It may also reflect the importance of the lower brain centers in the process,[2] which can lead the rational, accounting brain to conclude (in John Cleese's words) that "this falling in love routine is very bizarre.... It borders on the occult".[3]
Factors
Mental
"Factors known to contribute strongly to falling in love include proximity, similarity, reciprocity, and physical attractiveness",[4] while at the same time, the process involves a re-activation of old childhood patterns of attachment.[5] Deep-set psychological parallels between two people may also underpin their pairing-bonding,[6] which can thus border on mere narcissistic identification.[7]
Jungians view the process of falling in love as one of projecting the anima or animus onto the other person, with all the potential for misunderstanding that this can involve.[8]
Two chemical reactions associated with falling in love are increases in oxytocin and vasopressin;[9] and Elisabeth Young-Bruehl has suggested that "when we fall in love we are falling into a stream of naturally occurring amphetamines running through the emotional centres of our very own brains".[7] With regard to sociobiology, it is stressed that mate selectioncannot be left to the head alone[10] and must require complex neurochemical support.[11]
Critics of such Neo-Darwinism point out that over-simplistic physical arguments obscure the way sexual passion often leads not to secure attachment but to attachments thwarted, as well as the sheer frightening difficulties of all falling in love.[12]
Many studies indicate a positive linear correlation between romantic popularity and physical attractiveness for women more than men.[13] Some studies indicate that men subconsciously seek slenderness and sexiness whereas women seek status, permanence, and affluence before they seek physical attractiveness.[13] In addition, men tend to show their emotions through actions while women tend to express their feelings with words.[14]
A "readiness" to enter a relationship is identified as an antecedent to falling in love, originally emphasized by the psychoanalystTheodor Reik.[15][16][17] Readiness is also likened to the idea of being "in love with love".[18] The process of falling in love can be seen as an interplay between both this readiness (on the one hand), and a potential partner's appeal (on the other hand). Sometimes readiness can be so intense that a person falls in love with somebody who only has a minimal appeal. With lower readiness, the specific set of partner characteristics becomes more important.[17]
Reik believed that unhappy people tend to be the most vulnerable to love, elaborating on a claim by Sigmund Freud that "happy people never make fantasies, only unsatisfied ones do". Elaine Hatfield concurs, saying "the greater our need, the more grandiose our fantasies".[19]
An experiment by Hatfield found that college women whose self-esteem was lowered by negative feedback liked a man who asked them out on a date more than those women whose self-esteem was raised by positive feedback. The finding has been related as fitting a drive-reduction interpretation of reinforcement, that is, liking was greater for those that needed the ego boost of a potentially positive experience.[20][15] Another important factor to readiness is loneliness.[17][21][22]Phillip Shaver & Cindy Hazan argued that if people have many unmet social needs and are unaware, then a sign somebody is interested in them may become magnified into something quite unrealistic.[21]
Stendhal charted the timing of falling in love in terms of what he called crystallization—a first period of crystallization (of some six weeks)[23] which often involves obsessive brooding and the idealization of the other via a coating of desire;[24] a period of doubt; and then a final crystallization of love.[25]
Empirical studies suggest that men fall in love earlier than women and women are quicker to fall out of love than men.[26]
Studies show when comparing men who have fallen in love, their testosterone level is much higher than those that have been in a long-lasting relationship.[27]
Falling in love is believed to follow mechanics similar to addiction, although not identically.[29][30] One of the major differences is that the trajectories diverge, with the addictive aspects of romantic love tending to disappear over time in an intimate relationship.[30]
By comparison, in a drug addiction, the detrimental aspects magnify with repeated drug use, turning into compulsions, a loss of control and a negative emotional state. It has been speculated that the difference could be related to oxytocin activity—present in romantic love, but not in addiction.[30] Oxytocin seems to ameliorate the effects of drug withdrawal, and it might inhibit the more long-term, excessive effects of addiction.[31] Oxytocin interactions would be more present in reciprocated love, so the comparative lack thereof would also explain some of the more maladaptive features of infatuation (social anxiety, sleep difficulties, etc.) present in cases of fast-arising or unrequited love.[32]
A number of theories have been proposed for how addictions begin and perpetuate.[33] A theory by Wolfram Schultz states that rather than encoding reward per se, dopamine encodes a "reward prediction error" (RPE): the difference between the predicted value of a reward, and the actual value upon receiving it (i.e. whether it was better than, equal to, or worse than expected).[34][35] In this theory, RPE is part of a mechanism for reinforcement learning, which associates rewards with the cues which predicted them. An example of a reward-predicting cue is a lever used in an experiment, which opens a box with food (the reward).[36] Rewards have to be surprising or unexpected for learning to occur, because (in other words) if there is no error then a current behavior can be maintained and will not change.[36][34] An fMRI study found that people in relationships experienced brain activity in reward areas consistent with RPE, in response to having expectations about their partners' appraisal of them either validated or violated.[37]
Drugs of abuse (like cocaine) artificially overstimulating dopamine neurons, thus hijacking the mechanism by mimicking an RPE signal which is much stronger than could be produced naturally.[34]
In the theory of "incentive sensitization" developed by Kent Berridge & Terry Robinson, repeated drug use renders the brain hypersensitive to drugs and drug cues, resulting in pathological levels of "wanting" to use drugs.[38][30] The attribution of incentive salience "wanting" (what is attention-grabbing) follows a Pavlovian learning paradigm (i.e. classical conditioning). While "wanting" can apply innately to some unconditioned stimuli, it can also become attributed to a conditioned stimulus by pairing it with the receipt of a natural (innate) reward, thereby attributing incentive salience by Pavlovian association. When a conditioned stimulus is attributed incentive salience, it becomes a reinforcer too, being attractive and guiding motivated behavior towards reward, once encountered again.[39] This cue-triggered "wanting" (by a conditioned stimulus) can even be so powerful that crack cocaine addicts sometimes "chase ghosts", scrambling for white granules they know aren't cocaine.[39] For a person in love, reminder cues such as letters or photographs can also induce craving.[40]
In the nascent phases of both addiction and attachment, when interactions with the desired object produce rewarding outcomes, dopamine is released in the nucleus accumbens shell which increases the salience of cues predicting the reward. In a "partner addiction" (unlike drugs of abuse), the sensory information being gathered is mostly social, for example, looks, touches, words, scents, body shape and face, or sexual experiences.[29] Salience in response to social stimuli is believed to be modulated by oxytocin, which is projected to reward areas.[41][42]
These different neurochemical systems interact, as a cooperation between dopamine (incentive salience), opioids (positive rewards) and oxytocin (enhancement from social cues). A positive feedback loop is created, where behavior and predictive cues then become positively reinforced, accumulating positive associations over time.[29]
↑Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, Where Do We Fall When We Fall in Love? (2003) p. 5
12Ambwani, Suman; Strauss, Jaine (2007-02-01). "Love Thyself Before Loving Others? A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Gender Differences in Body Image and Romantic Love". Sex Roles. 56 (1–2): 13–21. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9143-7. ISSN0360-0025. S2CID144399618.
1234Verhulst, Johan (1984). "Limerence: Notes on the nature and function of passionate love". Psychoanalysis & Contemporary Thought. 7 (1): 115–138. To clarify semantic difficulties and to avoid using existing terminology loaded with either positive or negative connotations, Tennov coined the term limerence to indicate the state of being in love. [...] Before limerence begins, a person may be in a state of readiness and heightened susceptibility for limerence (Tennov, 1979; Money, 1981). Biological factors, such as the surge in hormone levels during adolescence or the level of general arousal and energy, undoubtedly play a role. However, several authors have emphasized the importance of psychological factors such as preceding loneliness, discontent, and alienation (Reik, 1941; Fromm, 1956; Shor and Sanville, 1979). [...] Sometimes, the sense of readiness and longing can be so intense that a critical threshold seems to be reached and the person falls in love with anybody who meets minimal criteria of acceptability (Tennov, 1979).
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