List of Chinese princesses

The following is a list of people holding the title of princess throughout the history of China by dynasty.

Shang dynasty (商朝; c. 1600–1046/c. 1570—1045 BCE)

Princesses of the Shang dynasty

Name	Life	Parents		Spouse(s)/Children	Notes	Ref
		Mother	Father
Unknown	??? - ???	Fu Hao	Wu Ding	Unknown	She was the full sister of Zu Ji .	[1] [2]
Unknown	???-???			Unknown		[3]
Xiao Chen Tao (小臣妥)	???- 1100s BCE	Fu Tuo		Unknown	She was a minister

Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE)

Princesses of the Zhou dynasty

Name	Life	Parents		Spouse(s)	Children	Notes	Ref
		Mother	Father
Daji (大姬)	???-???	Unkown	King Wu of Zhou	Duke Hu of Chen	Duke Shen of Chen Chen Xianggong	She was the eldest duaghter of King Wu of Zhou	[4] [5] [ failed verification ]

Han Dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)

Princesses of Western Han Dynasty

Name	Life	Parents		Spouse(s)	Children	Notes	Ref
		Mother	Father
Princess Yuan of Lu (魯元公主)	c.217 BC - May 187 BC	Empress Lü	Emperor Gaozu	Zhang Ao	Empress Xiaohui Zhang Yan, Marquis of Nangong	She was the mother-in-law of Emperor Hui through her daughter’s marriage.	[6]
Piao,Eldest Princess Guantao (館陶長公主)	189 - 116 BCE	Empress Xiaowen	Emperor Wen	Chen Wu Marquis Tangyi	Two sons Empress Chen	She was the mother-in-law of Emperor Wu through her daughter’s marriage.	[7] [ page needed ] [8]
Princess Changping (昌平公主)	???-???	Unknown		Zhou Shengzhi	Unkown	Records of the Grand Historian refers to her only as “the princess,” while the Yuan dynasty’s Comprehensive Examination of Literature identifies her as Princess Changping.	[9] [10]
Princess Pingyang (平陽公主)	2nd century BC - After 111 BC	Empress Xiaojing	Emperor Jing	Cao Shi, Marquess of Pingyang Xiahou Po, Marquess of Ruyin Wei Qing, Marquess Lie of Changping	Cao Xiang	Although her formal title was Grand Princess Yangxin (陽信長公主), she came to be commonly known as Princess Pingyang following the enfeoffment of her first husband, Cao Shi as Marquess of Pingyang.	[11] [ page needed ] [12] [ page needed ]
Princess Nangong (南宮公主)	???-???			Zhang Zuo, Marquis Nangong Zhang Hou Yeshen	Unknown	She divorced her second husband due to him disrespecting her.	[13]
Princess Longlü (隆慮公主)	???-???			Chen Jiao, Marquis Longlü	Zhaoping Jun	Emperor Wu of Han executed Zhao Ping jun.	[14]
Grand Princess Wei (衛長公主)	138 BC - ???	Empress Xiaowusi	Emperor Wu	Cao Xiang, Marquis of Pingyang Luan Da, Marquis of Letong	Cao Zong	She was also known as Princess Dangli	[15]
Princess Zhuyi (諸邑公主)	???- 91 BC			Unknown	Unknown	She was executed for wicthcraft.	[16]
Princess Shiyi (石邑公主)	???-???			Unknown	Unknown	Princesses Shiyi maybe the same as Princess Yangshi but it is uncertain.	[16]
Princess Eyi (鄂邑公主)	???-80 BCE	Unknown		Unknown	Wen Xin	Upon the accession of her younger brother, Emperor Zhao, at the age of eight, she took custody of the imperial seals and was granted the title of Grand Princess.	[17] [ failed verification ]
Princess Yi'an (夷安公主)	???-???	Unknown		Zhaoping Jun	Unknown	She married her aunt Princess Longlü 's son, Zhaoping Jun.	[18]
Princess Yangshi (阳石公主)	???- 91 BC	Unknown		Unkown	Unknown	She was executed for wicthcraft.	[16]
Liu Shi ,Princess Guantao (館陶公主)	71 BC-???	Jieyu, of the Hua clan	Emperor Xuan	Yu Yong, Marquis Xiping	Unknown	She was the adopted daughter of Huo Chengjun.	[19] [ failed verification ]
Princess Jingwu (敬武公主)	???-3	Unknown	Emperor Xuan	Zhang Lin, Marquis Fuping Zhao Qin, Marquis Linping Xue Xuan, Marquis Gaoyang	Zhang Fang	Princess Jingwu was poisoned by Wang Mang.	[20]
Princess Pingdu (平都公主)	???-???	Consort Fu	Emperor Yuan	Unknown	Unknown	She was the aunt of Emperor Ai of Han.	[21]
Princess Pingyang (平陽公主)	???-???			Unknown	Unknown		[22]
Princess Yingyi (潁邑公主)	???-???	Unknown		Du Ye (杜業)	None		[23]

Princesses Of Xin Dynasty

Name	Life	Parents		Spouse(s)	Children	Notes	Ref
		Mother	Father
Empress Xiaoping (孝平王皇后)	9 BC - 23 AD	Empress Wang	Wang Mang	Emperor Ping of Han	None	She committed sucide by immolation.	[24]
Wang Ye (王晔) Mu Xiuren (睦脩任)	?-?	Zengzhi		Unknown	Unknown		[25] [ failed verification ] [26]
Wang Jie (王捷) Muzu Ren (睦逮任)	?-?	Kaiming		Unknown	UnKnown		[25] [ failed verification ] [26]

Princesses Of Eastern Han Dynasty

Name	Life	Parents		Spouse(s)	Children	Notes	Ref
		Mother	Father
Liu Huang (刘黄) Princess Huyang (湖阳公主)	???-???	Fan Xiandu	Liu Qin	Unknown	Unknown		[27]

Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE)

Princesses Of Tang Dynasty

Name	Life	Parents		Spouse(s)	Children	Notes	Ref
		Mother	Father
Princess Taiping (太平公主)	After 662 - 2 August 713	Wu Zetian	Emperor Gaozong of Tang	Xue Shao Wu Youji, Prince Zhongjian of Ding	Xue Chongxun Xue Chongjian Lady Wanquan Wu Chongmin Wu Chongxing Lady Wu Lady Yonghe (possibly)	She was prominent political figure during Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty and the Tang dynasty during the reigns of Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong,especially during Emperor Ruizong's second reign, when for three years until her death, she was the real power behind the throne.	[28]
Princess Si of Anding (安定思公主)	654 - 654			None	None	She is suspected to be murdered either by Empress Wang or Wu Zetian	[29]

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960 CE)

Name/Title	Birthdate	Mother	Father	Spouse(s)	Children	Death date	Ref
Empress Li		Lady Cao	Li Siyuan	Shi Jingtang		October 7, 950	[30]
Liu Hua	896		Liu Yin			May 31, 930	[30]

Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE)

Name/Title	Birthdate	Mother	Father	Spouse(s)	Children	Death date	Ref
Princess Xiansu		Empress Xiaohui	Emperor Taizu of Song	Wang Chengyan		1008
Princess Xianjing				Shi Baoji		1009
Princess Xianhui				Wei Xianxin		999
Princess Anhui
Princess Xianhui
Princess Xuanhui

Liao Dynasty (907–1125 CE)

Name/Title	Birthdate	Mother	Father	Spouse(s)	Children	Death date	Ref.
Yelü Zhigu		Empress Chunqin	Abaoji	Xiao Shilu		911	[31] [32]
Lübugu,Princess of Yan				Xiao Siwen	Empress Ruizhi 2 daughters		[32]
Yelü Chaogui				Xiao Hailuo	Xiao Tuyu	951	[32]
Yelu Abuli		Empress Dowager Xiao (Shizong)		Xiao Han		949	[32]

Western Xia (1038–1227 CE)

Further information: Western Xia

Name/Title	Birthdate	Mother	Father	Spouse(s)	Children	Death date	Ref.
Princess Li			Emperor Jingzong

Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 CE)

Further information: Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

Name/Title	Birthdate	Mother	Father	Spouse(s)	Children	Death date	Ref.
Princess of Bi			Emperor Taizu	Wugulun Elun (烏古論訛論)	one son
Princess Wanyan			Emperor Taizu	Pucha Shijianu (蒲察石家奴

Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 CE)

Further information: Yuan dynasty

Name/Title	Birthdate	Mother	Father	Spouse(s)	Children	Death date	Ref.
Yuelie, Grand Princess of Zhao		Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng	Kublai Khan	Ay Buqa, Prince of Zhao	four sons
Princess Ulujin, Grand Princess of Chang State		Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng	Kublai Khan	Buqa from the Ikires cla
Chalun, Grand Princess of Chang State		Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng	Kublai Khan	Teliqian from the Ikires clan
Öljei, Grand Princess of Lu		Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng	Kublai Khan	Ulujin Küregen of the Bosquur clan of Khongirad	A daughter
Nangiajin, Grand Princess of Lu		Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng	Kublai Khan	Ulujin Küregen from the Khongirad clan
Qutugh Kelmysh, Queen Jangmok of Goryeo		Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng	Kublai Khan	Wang Ko, Chungnyeol of Goryeo	two sons and one daughter
Princess Chang			Temür Khan
Princess Zhao			Temür Khan
Princess Lu			Temür Khan
Kökelün, Grand Princess of Lü State			Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan	Duoluben Küregen
Princess of Zheng State		Empress Consort Empress Munashiri	Toghon Temür	Bohon Müsütw, Prince Zhendong of Wucheng
Princess of Chu State		Empress Consort Empress Munashiri		Seping Chimän Sitü, Prince of Liao (色坪持滿思特 遼王) of the Hongjila clan
Princess of Yan State		Empress Consort Empress Munashiri		Prince Nan of Zhongcheng (南忠成王) of the Hongjila clan
Princess of Wan State		Empress Consort Empress Munashiri		Empress Consort Empress Munashiri, of the Hongjila clan
Princess of Shu State		Empress Consort Empress Munashiri		Bätöng Gemän, Prince of Anping (安平王)

Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 CE)

Name/Title	Birthdate	Mother	Father	Spouse(s)	Children	Death date	Ref.
Zhu Jingjing,Princess Lin'an	1360	Noble Consort Chengmu	Hongwu Emperor	Li Qi (李祺; d. 1402), a son of Li Shanchang	Two Sons	17 August 1421	[33] [34]
Zhu Changning,Princess Ningguo	1364	Empress Xiaocigao		Mei Yin, the nephew of Runan Hou Meisizu	two sons (maybe three)	7 September 1434	[34]
Princess Chongning		Unknown		Niu Cheng (牛城)			[34]
Princess Anqing		Empress Xiaocigao		Ouyang Lun (歐陽倫; d. 23 July 1397)			[35]
Princess Runing		Consort Ning					[34]
Princess Huaiqing	1366	Noble Consort Chengmu		Wang Ning, Marquis of Yongchun	two sons	15 July 1425	[33]
Princess Daming	1368	Consort Ning				30 March 1426	[34]
Princess Fuqing	1370	Consort An				28 February 1417	[34]
Princess Shouchun	1370	Unknown		Fu Zhong, the son of Fu Youde, Duke of Ying			[34]
Zhu Yuhua ,Princess Nankang	1373	Lin		Hu Guan, the son of Hu Hai, the Marquis of Dongchuan	Hu Zhong	November 15, 1438	[34]
Princess Zhenyi of Yongjia	1455	Consort Guo		Guo Zhen, the eldest son of Guo Ying, the Marquis of Wuding			[34]
Princess Hanshan	1381	"Han woman sent as tribute."		Yin Qing	Yoon Hoon, Yoon Ok	October 18, 1462	[34]
Princess Ruyang		Consort Guo		Xie Da, the son of Xie Yan, a founding hero			[34]
Princess Baoqing	1395	Unknown		Zhao Hui			[34]
Zhu Yuying,Princess Yong'an	20 July 1377	Empress Renxiaowen	Yongle Emperor	Yuan Rong, Marquis of Guangping	Yuan Zhen Yuan Ningning Yuan Yaoying Yuan Shou'en	26 January 1417
Yuegui,Princess Yongping			Yongle Emperor			22 April 1444
Princess Ancheng			Yongle Emperor
Princess Xianning			Yongle Emperor
Princess Changning			Yongle Emperor
Princess Jiaxing	1409	Empress Chengxiaozhao	Hongxi Emperor	Jing Yuan		March 9, 1439	[36]
Zhu Yuantong,Princess Qingdu	September 1, 1409	Consort Zhao	Hongxi Emperor	Jiao Jing		1440	[37]
Princess Qinghe			Hongxi Emperor
Princess De'an			Hongxi Emperor
Princess Yanping			Hongxi Emperor
Princess Deqing			Hongxi Emperor
Princess Zhending			Hongxi Emperor
Princess Shunde	1420	Empress Hu	Xuande Emperor	Shi Jing		1443	[38]
Princess Yongqing			Xuande Emperor			1433
Princess Changde	1424	Empress Sun	Xuande Emperor	Xue Huan		1470	[39]
Princess Chongqing			Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Jiashan			Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Chun'an			Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Guangde			Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Longqing			Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Yixing			Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Jiaxiang			Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Gu'an			Jingtai Emperor
Princess Renhe			Chenghua Emperor
Princess Yongkang			Chenghua Emperor
Princess Deqing			Chenghua Emperor
Princess Changtai			Chenghua Emperor
Princess Xianyou			Chenghua Emperor
Princess Taikang			Hongzhi Emperor
Princess Chang'an			Jiajing Emperor
Princess Sirou			Jiajing Emperor
Princess Ning'an			Jiajing Emperor	Li He
Princess Guishan			Jiajing Emperor
Princess Jiashan			Jiajing Emperor	Xu Congcheng
Princess Penglai			Wanli Emperor
Princess Taihe			Wanli Emperor
Yao’e,Princess Shouyang			Wanli Emperor	Hou Gongchen
Yaoying,Princess Yongning			Wanli Emperor	Liang Bangrui
Yaoyuan ,Princess Rui'an			Wanli Emperor	Wan Wei
Yaoji ,Princess Yanqing			Wanli Emperor
Princess Qixia			Wanli Emperor
Princess Daoyi			Taichang Emperor
Huijian,Princess Huaishu			Taichang Emperor
Huixian,Princess Daoshun			Taichang Emperor
Huijing,Princess Suiping			Taichang Emperor	Qi Zanyuan
Huiti ,Princess Le'an			Taichang Emperor
Huiyan,Liu Youfu			Taichang Emperor
Huizheng,Princess Daowen			Taichang Emperor
Shu'e ,Princess Yongning			Tianqi Emperor
Shumo ,Princess Huaining			Tianqi Emperor
Princess Kunyi			Chongzhen Emperor
Princess Changping	2 May 1630	Empress Zhou	Chongzhen Emperor	Zhou Xian	Unborn Child	26 September 1647	[40]
Princess Zhaoren	1639	Empress Zhou	Chongzhen Emperor			24 April 1644	[41]

Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE)

Further information: Qing dynasty

In the Qing dynasty, An emperor's daughter was not automatically granted the title of princess at birth. Instead, the formal title was conferred usually when she reached the age of marriage—often following a specific ceremony. This practice meant that many daughters, despite being born to the emperor, did not receive the official title are thus excluded from this list that focuses solely on formally titled princesses.

Ranks of Qing Princesses

• 固倫公主 (Gùlún Gōngzhǔ) / ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ ᡤᡠᠩᠵᡠ (Gurun-i Gungju): Translated as "State Princess" or "Princess of the First Rank." This was the highest rank and was typically bestowed upon daughters born to the Empress (皇后, Huánghòu). Gurun means "all under Heaven" in Manchu, signifying the high status of these princesses. Their husbands were titled 固倫額駙 (Gùlún Éfù).
• 和碩公主 (Héshuò Gōngzhǔ) / ᡥᠣᡧᠣᡳ ᡤᡠᠩᠵᡠ (Hošo-i Gungju): Translated as "Heshuo Princess" or "Princess of the Second Rank." This rank was usually granted to daughters born to Imperial Consorts (妃, Fēi) or other high-ranking concubines. Hošo means "four corners, four sides" in Manchu. Their husbands were titled 和碩額駙 (Héshuò Éfù).
• 郡主 (Jùnzhǔ) / ᡥᠣᡧᠣᡳ ᡤᡝᡤᡝ (Hošo-i Gege): Translated as "Princess of a Commandery" or "Princess of the Third Rank." This title was typically given to the daughters of Princes of the First Rank (親王, Qīnwáng). They were also sometimes referred to as 和碩格格 (Héshuò Gége) or 親王格格 (Qīnwáng Gége), literally "lady of a prince of the blood." In special circumstances, daughters of lower-ranking princes or even adopted daughters of the Emperor could be elevated to this rank or even higher. Their husbands were titled 郡額駙 (Jùn Éfù).
• 縣主 (Xiànzhǔ) / ᡩᠣᡵᠣ ᡳ ᡤᡝᡤᡝ (Doro-i Gege): Translated as "Princess of a County" or "Princess of the Fourth Rank." This rank was usually granted to the daughters of Princes of the Second Rank (郡王, Jùnwáng) or Heirs Apparent of Princes of the First Rank (世子, Shìzǐ). They were also called 多羅格格 (Duōluō Gége) or 郡王格格 (Jùnwáng Gége), meaning "lady of a prince of a commandery." They could be promoted to Junzhu under special circumstances. Their husbands were titled 縣額駙 (Xiàn Éfù).

List of princesses of the Qing Dynasty

Name/Title	Life Span		Parents		Spouse(s)	Children	Ref.
	Birthdate	Death date	Mother	Father
Princess Aohan of the First Rank (敖漢固倫公主)	3 April 1621	February/March 1654	Consort Ji	Hong Taiji	Bandi (班第; ? – 1647) of the Mongol Aohan Borjigin clan	four sons and one daughter	[42] [43]
Makata, Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank (固倫溫莊公主)	10 September 1625	April/May 1663	Empress Xiaoduanwen		Ejei (額哲; ? – 1641) of the Chahar Borjigin clan Abunai (阿布奈; 1635–1675) of the Chahar Borjigin clan	Two sons	[44]
Princess Jingduan of the First Rank (固倫靖端公主)	2 August 1628	June/July 1686	Empress Xiaoduanwen		Kitad (奇塔特; ? – 1653) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan	Erdeni, Prince of Khorchindoro	[45]
Yatu, Princess Yongmu of the First Rank (固倫雍穆公主)	31 January 1629	February/March 1678	Empress Xiaozhuangwen		Birtakhar (弼爾塔哈爾; ? – 1667) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan		[45]
Atu, Princess Shuhui of the First Rank (固倫淑慧公主)	2 March 1632	28 February 1700	Empress Xiaozhuangwen		Suo'erha (索爾哈) of the Khalkha Borjigin clan Sabdan (色布騰; ? – 1667) of the Barin Borjigin clan		[45]
Princess of the First Rank (固倫公主)	15 December 1633	April/May 1649	Unknown		Kuazha (誇札; ? – 1649) of the Manchu Irgen-Gioro clan		[45]
Princess Shuzhe Duanxian of the First Rank (固倫淑哲端獻公主)	15 December 1633	April/May 1649	Empress Xiaozhuangwen		Lamasi (喇瑪思) of the Jarud Borjigin		[45]
Princess Yong'an Duanzhen of the First Rank (固倫永安端貞公主)	7 October 1634	February/March 1692	Empress Xiaoduanwen		Bayasihulang (巴雅斯護朗) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan		[45]
Ninth Daughter	5 November 1635	April/May 1652			Hashang (哈尚; ? – 1651) of the Mongol Borjigin clan		[45]
Princess of the Second Rank	30 November 1635	August/September 1661			Huisai (輝塞; ? – 1651) of the Manchu Gūwalgiya clan		[45]
Princess Duanshun of the First Rank (固倫端順公主)	30 April 1636	July/August 1650			Garma Sodnam (噶爾瑪索諾木; ? – 1663) of the Mongol Abaga Borjigin clan		[45]
Princess of the Third Rank (鄉君)	9 April 1637	November/December 1678			Bandi (班迪; ? – 1700) of the Mongol Borjigin clan		[45]
Princess Kechun of the Second Rank (和碩恪純公主)	7 January 1642 – December 1704	December 1704 or January 1705			Wu Yingxiong (吳應熊; 1634 – 18 May 1674)	Three sons and one daughter.	[45]
Princess Gongque of the Second Rank	19 January 1654	26 November 1685		Shunzhi Emperor	Na'erdu of the Manchu Gūwalgiya clan
Princess Rongxian of the First Rank	20 June 1673	29 May 1728	Consort Rong	Kangxi Emperor	Urgun of the Mongolian Balin tribe		[46]
Princess Duanjing of the Second Rank			Bu Guiren Zhaojia		Galzang of Kharachin tribe of Mongolia		[46]
Princess Kejing of the First Rank							[46]
Princess Wenxian of the First Rank	10 November 1683	August/September 1702	Empress Xiaogongren		Shun'anyan (舜安顏; ? – 1724) of the Manchu Tunggiya clan		[46]
Princess Chunque of the First Rank							[46]
Princess Wenke of the Second Rank	31 December 1687	27 July 1709	Imperial Noble Consort Jingmin Zhangjia		Cangjin, the Prince of Duleng of the Mongolian Ongniud tribe	twin daughters	[46]
Princess Quejing of the Second Rank							[46]
Princess Dunke of the Second Rank	3 February 1691	2 January 1710	Imperial Noble Consort Jingmin Zhangjia				[46]
Princess Huaike of the Second Rank	15 August 1695	April/May 1717	Consort Qi	Yongzheng Emperor	Xingde of the Manchu Nara clan
Princess Hejing of the First Rank	31 July 1731	30 September 1792	Empress Xiaoxianchun	Qianlong Emperor	Septeng Baljur	Eleke Temur Babai Four daughters
Princess Hejia of the Second Rank	24 December 1745	29 October 1767	Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui		Fulong'an	Fengshenjilun Fengshenguolemin	[47]
Princess Hejing of the First Rank	10 August 1756	9 February 1775	Empress Xiaoyichun		Lhawang Dorji		[48]
Princess Heke of the Second Rank	17 August 1758	14 December 1780	Empress Xiaoyichun		Jalantai (扎兰泰) of the Uya clan	1 daughter
Princess Hexiao of the First Rank	2 February 1775	13 October 1823	Consort Dun		Fengšeninde
Princess Zhuangjing of the Second Rank	30 January 1782	4 April 1811	Imperial Noble Consort Heyu	Jiaqing Emperor	Sodnamdorji (索特納木多布濟; ? – 1825) of the Mongol Khorchin Borjigin
Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank	20 October 1784	27 June 1811	Empress Xiaoshurui	Jiaqing Emperor	Manibadala (瑪尼巴達喇; ? – 1832) of the Mongol Tumed Borjigin clan
Princess Hui'an of the Second Rank	31 December 1786	June/July 1795	Concubine Xun	Jiaqing Emperor
Princess Huimin of the First Rank	18 February 1811	28 June 1815	Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun	Jiaqing Emperor
Princess Duanmin of the First Rank	29 July 1813	7 December 1819	Empress Xiaoshencheng	Daoguang Emperor
Princess Duanshun of the First Rank	8 April 1825	27 December 1835	Empress Xiaoquancheng
Princess Shou'an of the First Rank (固伦寿安公主)	12 May 1826	24 March 1860	Empress Xiaoquancheng		Demchüghjab (德穆楚克扎布; ? – 1865) of the Mongol Naiman Borjigin clan		[49] [50]
Princess Shouzang of the Second Rank (和硕寿臧公主)	15 November 1829	9 August 1856	Consort Xiang		Enchong (恩崇; ? – 1864) of the Manchu Namdulu clan
Princess Shou'en of the First Rank (固伦寿恩公主)	20 January 1831	15 May 1859	Empress Xiaojingcheng		Jingshou (景壽; 1829–1889) of the Manchu Fuca clan
Princess Shouxi of the Second Rank (和硕寿禧公主)	7 January 1842	10 September 1866	Noble Consort Tong		Jalafungga (扎拉豐阿; ? – 1898) of the Manchu Niohuru clan
Princess Shouzhuang of the First Rank (固伦寿庄)	24 March 1842	11 March 1884	Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun		Dehui (德徽) of the Manchu Bolod clan		[51]
Princess Rong'an of the First Rank (固伦荣安公主)	20 June 1855	5 February 1875	Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing	Xianfeng Emperor	Fuzhen (符珍; ? – 1909) of the Manchu Gūwalgiya clan	A miscarriage	[52] [49]

References

1. "Fu Hao: an exceptional woman in early China – Cultural Keys". www.culturalkeys.cn. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
2. Cook, Constance A.; Luo, Xinhui (2017-10-26). Birth in Ancient China: A Study of Metaphor and Cultural Identity in Pre-Imperial China. State University of New York Press. p. 55. ISBN   978-1-4384-6712-2.
3. Yao, Ping (2021-12-30). Women, Gender, and Sexuality in China: A Brief History. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-317-23750-1.
4. The Chinese Classics. The author. 1872. p. 512.
5. Volume 81: Biography of Kuang, Zhang, Kong, and Ma, No. 51
6. 网易 (2024-07-03). "鲁元公主悲剧一生，十岁时险些被抛弃，二十多岁当祖母，结局如何". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
7. Loewe, Michael (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC - AD 24). Asian Studies - Book Archive 2000-2006. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN   978-90-04-10364-1.
8. "汉武帝的"丈母娘"-馆陶长公主刘嫖" [Emperor Wu of Han's "Mother-in-Law" - Princess Guantao Liu Piao]. Sohu . Retrieved 2025-07-29.
9. Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 57: The Hereditary House of Marquis of Jiang, Zhou Bo (Biographies No. 27)
10. " Wenxian Tongkao ·Volume 258·Emperor's Genealogy Examination 9"
11. Ming, Hung Hing (2020). The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. New York: Algora Publishing. pp. 131–132. ISBN   978-1-62894-418-1.
12. Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2015). Han material culture: an archaeological analysis and vessel typology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-107-06922-0.
13. "《汉武大帝》中的南宫公主真的远嫁匈奴了吗_南宫侯". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.^{[ dead link ]}
14. "隆虑公主：作为汉武帝的亲姐姐，嫁给陈阿娇的亲弟弟_陈蟜_儿子_馆陶公主". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.^{[ dead link ]}
15. 网易 (2024-04-25). "卫长公主，明明是汉武帝最疼爱的女儿，为何在婚姻上却一生凄惨？". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
16. "全知识". m2.allhistory.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
17. San, Tan Koon (2014-08-15). Dynastic China: An Elementary History. The Other Press. p. 84. ISBN   978-983-9541-88-5.
18. "全知识". mp.allhistory.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
19. Volume 71: The Biography of Xue Pingpeng, Chapter 41
20. 网易 (2019-10-09). "三嫁夫君——敬武公主追爱记". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
21. 网易 (2020-09-06). "汉元帝傅昭仪：极品绿茶，一朝四太后，26年后残杀情敌冯昭仪泄恨". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
22. "卫姬的父亲卫子豪，是西汉卫尉。其姑母卫氏是汉宣帝的婕妤，生楚孝王刘嚣。姐姐卫氏是汉元帝的婕妤，生平阳公主。汉成帝年间，汉成帝见弟弟中山王刘兴无子，于是将卫子豪的幼女卫氏许配给刘兴。元延四年（公元前9年". www.360doc.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
23. "全知识". m2.allhistory.com. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
24. 网易 (2021-02-09). "篡位者家族中的前朝皇后（二）：孝平皇后王嬿自叹无颜以见汉家". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-08-17.
25. Volume 99, Biography of Wang Mang, Part 69
26. Loewe, Michael (2024-07-08). A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC - AD 24). BRILL. p. 669. ISBN   978-90-04-49025-3.
27. 网易 (2024-03-03). "光武帝刘秀的姐姐湖阳公主：用"刁蛮任性"成全了三个人的美名". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-08-17.
28. "Princess Taiping - Struggles and Sorrows of the Most Powerful Princess of Tang | ChinaFetching". ChinaFetching.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
29. "Historical figures of the Tang Dynasty-Princess Anding, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty".
30. Franke, Herbert; Kubin, Wolfgang (2020), "Sima Guang: Zizhi tongjian" , Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, pp. 1–2, doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_21926-1, ISBN   978-3-476-05728-0 , retrieved 2025-05-12
31. "辽朝唯一一个有双重身份的公主-耶律质古_萧室鲁_耶律阿保机_女儿". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
32. "辽朝48位公主".
33. 南京市考古研究院. "南京发现明初怀庆公主墓临安公主墓". Weixin Official Accounts Platform. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
34. 腾讯网 (2022-09-14). "朱元璋的女婿们，史上最惨连襟团_腾讯新闻". news.qq.com (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2025-05-12.
35. 网易 (2024-07-02). "欧阳伦被赐自尽后，安庆公主也随之身亡，朱元璋：给他留具全尸吧". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
36. "全知识". m2.allhistory.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
37. "明仁宗次女庆都公主，生母默默无闻，嫁了个不争气的丈夫_焦敬_明宣宗_明英宗". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
38. "顺德公主：亲爹不疼，后娘不爱，明宣宗长女活24岁，却成生命赞歌_婚姻_胡善祥_宫廷". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
39. "卷81". 明實錄 | 憲宗[ Ming Veritable Records | Xianzong ]. pp. 1577–1578. Retrieved 9 August 2025. 戊子常德 大長公主薨。公主宣宗章皇帝之第三女母曰孝恭章皇[后]。永樂甲辰生正統丁丑冊封 常德長公主下嫁駙馬都尉薛桓。成化丁丑加封大[長]公主。至是薨年四七。有七訃聞輟朝一日賜祭葬如制
40. "长平公主朱媺娖：并非金庸笔下的独臂神尼，而是青春凋零的弱女子_崇祯_皇帝_朱慈". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2025-05-14.
41. "一国公主，却极尽下作之事：tvb版《帝女花》昭仁公主_田妃_长平_母亲". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2025-05-14.
42. "清朝第一位公主固伦敖汉公主的生母是谁？13岁出嫁，连生五个子女_皇太极". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
43. 网易 (2024-05-30). "清朝第一位公主，7岁嫁人，共生育五个子女，母亲却被父亲休弃". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
44. Hummel, Arthur William, ed. (2010). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period (1644-1912). Global Oriental classic reprints. Folkestone, Kent, UK: Global Oriental. ISBN   978-90-04-21801-7.
45. "清朝公主（不含幼殇的）".
46. 网易 (2022-01-29). "清朝唯一可以监国的公主，康熙把她当作宝，雍正见了都害怕". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
47. Wan, Yi, ed. (1988). Daily life in the Forbidden City: the Qing dynasty, 1644 - 1912. New York, NY: Viking. ISBN   978-0-670-81164-9.
48. Wan, Yi, ed. (1988). Daily life in the Forbidden City: the Qing dynasty, 1644 - 1912. New York, NY: Viking. ISBN   978-0-670-81164-9.
49. Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1998). The last emperors: a social history of Qing imperial institutions. Berkeley: University of California press. ISBN   978-0-520-22837-5.
50. Wan, Yi, ed. (1988). Daily life in the Forbidden City: the Qing dynasty, 1644 - 1912. New York, NY: Viking. ISBN   978-0-670-81164-9.
51. "清公主系列·寿庄固伦公主". m2.allhistory.com. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
52. Woo, X. L. (2007). Empress Dowager Cixi: China's Last Dynasty. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN   978-1-892941-88-6.