List of Confederate States Army officers educated at the United States Military Academy
Last updated
The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York, that educates and commissions officers for the United States Army. Confederate President Jefferson Davis, himself a former officer and West Point graduate (class of 1828), preferred West Point trained officers for the Confederate States Army (CSA). This article lists those alumni. Also included are a number of officers who were cadets at West Point but for reason known or unknown never graduated, such as Lewis Armistead. There are several (indicated) familial relations between the officers, e.g. between members of the Lee family of Virginia. Other notable Confederate officers include James Longstreet (class of 1842), Stonewall Jackson (class of 1846), and J.E.B. Stuart (class of 1854).
Note: "Class year" refers to the class year of the individual alumnus, which usually is the same year he graduated. In times of war classes often graduate early.
Note: A "-" before a class year in brackets means that the individual alumnus was part of this class, but did not graduate.
Note: Alumni who graduated in the same class are listed according to class rank, highest to lowest, with non-graduates listed alphabetically at the end.
Major USA, Colonel USV, Major General of Louisiana Militia, Colonel CSA; War of 1812 and Mexican–American War; namesake for 3 forts, oldest West Point graduate in the Confederate States Army
1st Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General of Virginia Militia, Brigadier General CSA; served in Virginia, resigned in 1862 and afterwards surrendered himself to the Union Army
2nd Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General of Tennessee Militia, Major General CSA; commanded Department of East Tennessee, died of diarrhea on April 17, 1863
2nd Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant General CSA; commanded a corps in the Western Theater, killed during the Battle of Marietta; uncle of Lucius E. Polk and relative of Marshall T. Polk
Captain USA, Major CSA; Mexican–American War; resigned from West Point in 1825 after receiving a bayonet wound, served as infantry and artillery officer, killed at the Battle of Allegheny Mountain
Brigadier General CSA; expelled from West Point for his role in the Eggnog Riot; Senator & Governor of Mississippi; commanded an infantry brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia
2nd Lieutenant USA, Major USV, Brigadier General of Missouri State Guard, Colonel CSA; Mexican–American War; architect; served in the Eastern and Western Theaters
2nd Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General of Iowas Militia, Lieutenant Colonel CSA; Chief Clerk & Acting U.S. Secretary of War; served as an engineer in the Trans-Mississippi Dept.
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; college professor and civil engineer; commanded the 32nd Virginia Infantry, served as staff officer, brother of Richard Stoddert Ewell
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel of Kentucky Militia, Colonel CSA; 2nd Seminole War; found the Kentucky Military Institute; commanded the 4th and the 17th Texas Infantry
2nd Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General of Texas Militia, Colonel CSA; Indian Wars and Mexican–American War; commanded the 1st Texas Infantry, died of pneumonia on January 2, 1862
Captain USA, Lieutenant Colonel of Virginia Militia, Colonel CSA; 2nd Seminole War and Mexican–American War; iron manufacturer; commanded the 22nd Virginia Infantry, relinquished field command and transferred to the Ordnance Dept. in 1862
Captain USA, Major General CSA; Indian Wars and Mexican–American War; was promoted to Brigadier General on the battlefield of Manassas by Jefferson Davis
Major USA, Brigadier General CSA; Indian Wars and Mexican–American War; served as Inspector General and Chief of Staff to Robert E. Lee for most of the war
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel of South Carolina Militia, Brigadier General CSA; Mexican–American War; served in the Western Theater and in South Carolina
Captain USA, Major General of Georgia Militia, Brigadier General CSA (declined); Mexican–American War; commanded the United States Camel Corps; served as Adjutant General of Georgia
Brigadier General CSA; left West Point in 1835; commanded an infantry brigade and later a division in the Western Theater and the Trans-Mississippi Dept.
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; Mexican–American War and Indian Wars; class of 1837, resigned in 1833, rejoined class of 1838 next year, found deficient and turned back into class of 1839 in 1835, resigned in 1836 facing dismissal for allegedly breaking a plate over the head of fellow cadet Jubal Early, later commissioned in the Regular Army; killed while leading a brigade at Gettysburg; brother of Frank S. Armistead
1st Lieutenant USA, Major of Virginia Militia, Colonel CSA; 2nd Seminole War and Mexican–American War; Commandant of Cadets at the VMI, author of "Manual of Instruction for the Volunteers and Militia of the United States"
Captain USA, Major General of North Carolina Militia, Brigadier General CSA; Aroostock War, Mexican–American War and Utah War; served as Adjutant General of North Carolina and afterwards in the East
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; 2nd Seminole War and Mexican–American War; operated a pro-Southern spy network in Washington, D.C., prior to the American Civil War and turned control of it over to Rose O'Neal Greenhow after the war began; served as staff officer in the Western Theater and in the defense of Charleston; afterwards served as General-in-Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army
Colonel of Georgia Militia, Brigadier General CSA; resigned from West Point in 1837 due to poor health; 2nd Seminole War; served as artillery and infantry commander in the Southern & Western Theaters and the Trans-Mississippi Dept.
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; Mexican–American War; performed escort duty along the Santa Fe Trail; commanded cavalry brigades and divisions in the Western Theater
1st Lieutenant USA, Major General CSA; Mexican–American War; participated in planning a filibuster expedition to Cuba in 1853/1854; commanded New Orleans until it was captured, afterwards served in the Western Theater and in Georgia
2nd Lieutenant USA, Major of Tennessee Militia, Lieutenant General CSA; college professor; one of the most dependable commanders in the West, commanded the (division sized) remnants of the Army of Tennessee in 1865
Captain USA, Major General CSA; civil and military engineer, planned defences and commanded a division at Vicksburg, served as Chief Engineer of the ANV and the AoT
1st Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant General CSA; Mexican–American War; served in numerous battles in the Eastern and Western Theaters, later was sidelined because of his cantankerous personality and his outspoken quarrels by President Davis
Captain USA, Lieutenant Colonel CSA; Mexican–American War; served as Adjutant General and Inspector General for Bonham and Joe Johnston, later served in the Bureau of Conscription
Captain USA, Major General CSA; Mexican–American War and Utah War; inconsistent performance as a combat leader led court-martial, but the verdict was overturned
1st Lieutenant in the Army of the Republic of Texas, Major CSA, Brigadier General CSA (Special); left West Point in 1839; served as Adjutant General in the ANV, temporary commanded a brigade in Kershaw`s division
Major USA, Brigadier General CSA; Mexican–American War, Seminole Wars; fought in many battles with the Army of Northern Virginia, severely wounded at the Battle of Antietam, also served as a commander of coastal defenses
1st Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General of Missouri Militia, Brigadier General CSA; Mexican–American War and Indian Wars; when his family fled to Canada in 1863 he deserted and joined them
Captain USA, Major General CSA; graduated first in his class; commanded a division in the ANV, later served in North Carolina, died because of dysentery on March 10, 1865
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel of Louisiana Militia, Brigadier General CSA; Chief Engineer of Louisiana and North Carolina, served in the Western Theater; cousin of Paul Octave Hébert
Major USA, Brigadier General of South Carolina Militia, Colonel CSA; served on Joe Johnston's staff, later served as Chief of Artillery of the Trans-Mississippi Dept.; became a Colonel in the Egyptian Army
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; Mexican–American War and Utah War; Chief of Cavalry for A.S. Johnston until the Battle of Shiloh, afterwards served with infantry and cavalry in the Western Theater and the Trans-Mississippi Dept.
1st Lieutenant USA, Major General CSA; Mexican–American War; served in the Army of Northern Virginia, died of heart failure on January 15, 1863; cousin to fellow confederate Richard Taylor and Jefferson Davis
1st Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant Colonel CSA; Mexican–American War; served in the staff of Twiggs in 1861, afterwards served as artillery and brigade commander in the Western Theater and the Trans-Mississippi Dept.
Captain USA, Major General CSA; Mexican–American War and American Indian Wars; wrote the Army's first marksmanship manual in 1858; was the first confederate commander in contact with Union cavalry at Gettysburg
1st Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General CSA; nicknamed "Grumble Jones"; served in the cavalry in the American West until 1857; fought in the largest cavalry engagement of the war, the Battle of Brandy Station, and at the Battle of Gettysburg, killed in action at the Battle of Piedmont
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; Seminole Wars; originally from New Jersey he served as Chief of Ordnance to Robert E. Lee in 1861, then he was Chief of Ordnance and Artillery to Beauregard, died on June 7, 1862
Captain USA, Lieutenant Colonel CSA; Utah War; served on the staff of Richard Ewell and J.E.B. Stuart, later served with the cavalry in the Western Theater, reputation as a drunkard
1st Lieutenant USA, Major CSA; Indian Wars; Asst. Instructor of Infantry Tactics at West Point; served as Commissary General to A.S. Johnston and Joe Johnston
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; Indian Wars; served with the cavalry and at the Siege of Port Hudson, while a POW he was appointed as supplying agent to the POWs and started to sell cotton in New York City
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; Indian Wars; nicknamed "Shanks"; noted for his exemplary services during the battles of Bull Run and Ball's Bluff, alleged drunkenness kept him away from field commands from 1863 on
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; Indian Wars and Utah War; nicknamed "Maryland Steuart" to distinguish him from J.E.B. Stuart; was a strict disciplinarian and prone to sneaking through his own lines past unwitting sentries in order to test their vigilance, on one occasion was pummeled and beaten by a sentry who later claimed not to have recognized the general, commanded the Maryland units in the ANV
1st Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General CSA; 2nd Seminole War; served in the Western Theater, resigned in 1864 and was recommissioned a Lieutenant Colonel, commanded various arsenals
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; his promotion to Brigadier was rejected by the Congress in response to his bloodless surrender in the Battle of the Cumberland Gap (1863)
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; Utah War; served in the Eastern and Western Theaters; became a member of the American Military Commission to Korea in 1888
2nd Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General CSA; commanded infantry and cavalry in the Western Theater and the Trans-Mississippi Dept., mortally wounded in a duel with fellow confederate general and West Point graduate John S. Marmaduke
Captain USA, Major General CSA; American Indian Wars and Bleeding Kansas; Asst. Instructor of Cavalry Tactics at West Point; commanded infantry and cavalry in the Eastern Theater
1st Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General of Arkansas Militia, Major CSA; served as infantry commander and commissary officer in the Trans-Mississippi Dept.
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel of South Carolina Militia, Colonel CSA; commanded the 1st South Carolina Artillery Regiment, killed in a duel by fellow officer Alfred Rhett on September 5, 1862; nephew of John C. Calhoun
Captain USA, Brigadier General CSA; captured by Union forces during Price's Raid; held as a prisoner of war at Johnson's Island and Fort Warren; a civil engineer and attorney after the war; later elected to four terms as mayor of Dallas, Texas; served four years as a US Marshal
Captain USA, Brigadier General of Louisiana Militia, Brigadier General CSA; served in the Western Theater and the Trans-Mississippi Dept., killed at the Battle of Mansfield
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA, (Acting) Brigadier General CSA; first Texan appointed to West Point, but resigned in 1848 when he was found deficient in math and French; commanded the 21st Alabama Infantry, surrendered at the Siege of Fort Gaines
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel of Alabama Militia, Major CSA; Asst. Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology at West Point; served as one of the Confederacy's foremost weapons purchase agents in Europe
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; served as engineer on the staff of R.E. Lee in South Carolina, later on the staffs of John C. Pemberton and President Davis
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; American Indian Wars; serves as staff officer, commanded the 2nd North Carolina Cavalry for 11 days when he died on April 23, 1862 of pneumonia while en route to his new command
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; American Indian Wars and Bleeding Kansas; served as staff officer in the Western Theater and the Trans-Mississippi Dept.
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA, Major General CSA (unconfirmed); served in the Trans-Mississippi Dept, promotions to Brigadier General and Major General by E. Kirby Smith were unconfirmed, boarded and captured the USS Harriet Lane during the Battle of Galveston
2nd Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant Colonel of Georgia Militia, Major General CSA; commanded a division in the Western Theater, died of disease after the Battle of Vicksburg
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel of Virginia Militia, Brigadier General CSA; commanded a cavalry brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia, killed at the Second Battle of Deep Bottom
1st Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant General CSA, (Temporary) General CSA; American Indian Wars; infantry commander in the Eastern and Western Theaters, famously wounded in battle on multiple occasions, youngest man on either side to lead an army when he took command of the Army of Tennessee at age 33 in 1864
Bvt. 2nd Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant Colonel CSA, (Acting) Brig. Gen. CSA; served as artillery officer and Inspector General in the Western Theater, killed while resisting arrest at Hopkinsville, KY on December 21, 1864
1st Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General CSA; Utah War and American Indian Wars; served as Chief Engineer to Beauregard and Bragg, later commanded cavalry and infantry divisions in the Trans-Mississippi Dept. and the Eastern Theater, killed at the Battle of Hatcher's Run
2nd Lieutenant USA, Captain of Alabama Militia, Brigadier General CSA; American Indian Wars; served as infantry commander in the Western, Southern and Eastern Theaters, killed in the Siege of Petersburg
1st Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant General CSA; American Indian Wars; served as artillery officer in the Eastern Theater before he became an infantry commander in the Trans-Mississippi Dept. and the Western and Southern Theaters, youngest Lieutenant General in the Confederate States Army
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; John Brown's Raid; served as staff officer to Jackson and Ewell, later served as artillery officer in the Southern Theater
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA, Brigadier General CSA (unconfirmed); American Indian Wars; served as staff officer and cavalry commander in the Southern and Eastern Theaters and in the Trans-Mississippi Dept., killed at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry
Colonel CSA; class of 1853, deficient in maths and turned back into the class of 1854, resigned in 1853; served as infantry commander in the Western Theater
1st Lieutenant (disputed, rank up to Major) CSA; class of 1853, deficient and turned back into class of 1854, left in 1852; served as a staff officer in the Western Theater
Colonel CSA; resigned from West Point in 1851; served in the Second Italian War of Independence with either the French or the Sardinian Army; seized the Bostoner ship St. Nichols (later CSS Rappahannock) and raided merchant vessels, became a prisoner but was not considered a prisoner of war, paroled and resigned in 1863
2nd Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant Colonel CSA; Seminole Wars; Asst. Professor of Geology, History and Ethics at West Point; commanded several Arsenals and served with the 2nd North Carolina Local Defense Troops
2nd Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General CSA; Seminole Wars; college professor; served in the Western Theater and the Trans-Mississippi Dept., served as infantry and artillery commander and as a staff officer
Major CSA; class of 1854, deficient in chemistry and turned back into the class of 1855, left in 1854; born in Massachusetts; served as an artillery officer
Lieutenant Colonel CSA; first cadet admitted from California, class of 1854, deficient in maths and turned back into the class of 1855, resigned in 1851; commanded the 2nd North Carolina Infantry Battalion
2nd Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant Colonel CSA; class of 1854, ill and turned back into the class of 1855, resigned the same year (1853) and later was directly commissioned; commanded the 1st Mississippi Cavalry
1st Lieutenant USA, Major General CSA; Indian Wars and Bleeding Kansas; served as staff officer and cavalry commander in the Western and Eastern Theaters
2nd Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General CSA; Indian Wars; served as artillery officer and cavalry commander in the Western Theater and the Trans-Mississippi Dept.
1st Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; class of 1855, found deficient in engineer studies and turned back into class of 1856; Utah War; served as infantry and cavalry officer in the Eastern Theater; brother of William L. Jackson and cousin of Thomas J. Jackson
2nd Lieutenant USMC, Brigadier General CSA; resigned from West Point in 1855; served with the infantry in the ANV and in North Carolina, only USMC officer to become a Confederate General; nephew-in-law of William J. Hardee
2nd Lieutenant USA, Brigadier General CSA; served as staff officer and artillery commander in the Army of Northern Virginia, in charge of the massive artillery bombardment preceding Pickett's Charge on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg
2nd Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant Colonel or Colonel CSA; served in the Quartermaster Department and was Acting Assistant Quartermaster General of the CSA
Bvt. 2nd Lieutenant USA, Major CSA; was offered the colonelcy of the 29th Georgia Infantry Regiment but declined on request of Jefferson Davis, served as Chief Engineer of South Carolina
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; commanded the 12th North Carolina Infantry and later the 2nd North Carolina Cavalry regiments, was killed at Culpeper Court House
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; class of 1857, deficient in French in 1855 and turned back into class of 1858; commanded the 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery Regiment, grandson of President Andrew Jackson
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA, Brigadier General CSA (unconfirmed); served in infantry, artillery, cavalry and on staff duty in the Western and Southern Departments
Captain CSA; class of 1857, deficient in maths and turned back into the class of 1858, resigned in 1855; served in the 1st (Butler's) South Carolina Regular Infantry
Bvt. 2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; served as Asst. Instructor of Small Arms and as Asst. Professor of Spanish at West Point; served as an engineer in the Western Theater; became a Colonel in the Egyptian Army
2nd Lieutenant USA, Captain CSA; dismissed from the U.S. Army when he tried to resign mid-1861, served as ordnance and staff officer, killed at the Battle of Gettysburg
Bvt. 2nd Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant CSA; class of 1859, suspended and turned back into the class of 1860, served as a cavalry officer, died of sickness in early 1862
2nd Lieutenant USA, Colonel CSA; class of 1859, deficient in engineering and turned back into the class of 1860, commanded the 11th Alabama Cavalry Regiment
Bvt. 2nd Lieutenant USA, Major CSA; originally class of 1858, turned back two times for various deficiencies, served as staff officer, son of Solon Borland
Major General CSA; resigned short of his graduation; served as an artillery officer and cavalry commander in the ANV; became a Brigadier General USV in the Spanish–American War
Brigadier General CSA; resigned short of his graduation; served as an infantry officer in the Western Theater, mortally wounded at the Battle of Franklin
Bvt. 2nd Lieutenant USA, Lieutenant Colonel CSA; deficient in conduct in 1861; served in the 1st Mississippi Light Artillery Regiment, was Chief of Artillery to Franklin Gardner and became a POW at Port Hudson
Brigadier General CSA; resigned short of his graduation; served as a staff and artillery officer in the Southern and Western Theaters, later commanded a brigade and division of cavalry; last surviving General of the Confederacy
Colonel CSA, Brigadier General CSA (unconfirmed); resigned in 1861; served with the artillery and cavalry in the ANV, killed during the Appomattox Campaign
William Joseph Hardee was a career U.S. Army and Confederate States Army officer. For the U.S. Army, he served in the Second Seminole War and in the Mexican–American War, where he was captured and exchanged. In the American Civil War, he sided with the South and became a general. Hardee served in the Western Theater and quarreled sharply with two of his commanding officers, Braxton Bragg and John Bell Hood. He served in the Atlanta Campaign of 1864 and the Carolinas Campaign of 1865, where he surrendered to General Joseph E. Johnston to William Tecumseh Sherman in April. Hardee's writings about military tactics were widely used on both sides in the conflict.
Francis Henney Smith was an American military officer, mathematician and educator. After graduating from West Point and a brief service in the United States Army, he became the first Superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute on its establishment in 1839, and held that post until shortly before his death. His superintendency included the four years of the American Civil War, during which he served as a major general in the Virginia militia and a colonel in the Confederate States Army.
Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. was a career United States Army officer and a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War. He was mortally wounded at the First Battle of Bull Run, one of the first general officers to be killed in the war. During that battle, he was responsible for inspiring the famous nickname for Brig. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson.
Daniel Ruggles was a Brigadier General in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was a division commander at the Battle of Shiloh.
Franklin Kitchell Gardner was a Confederate major general in the American Civil War, noted for his service at the Siege of Port Hudson on the Mississippi River. Gardner built extensive fortifications at this important garrison, 16,000 strong at its peak. At the mercy of conflicting orders, he found himself besieged and greatly outnumbered. His achievement at holding out for 47 days and inflicting severe losses on the enemy before surrendering has been praised by military historians.
Louis Hébert was an American educator, civil engineer, writer and soldier who became a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
Arthur Pendleton Bagby Jr. was an American lawyer, editor, and Confederate States Army colonel during the American Civil War. Confederate General E. Kirby Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department assigned Bagby to duty as a brigadier general on April 13, 1864, to date from March 17, 1864, and as a major general on May 16, 1865. These extra-legal appointments were not made official by appointments of Bagby to general officer grade by Confederate President Jefferson Davis or by confirmation by the Confederate Senate.
Johnson Kelly Duncan was one of the few generals in the Confederate States Army (CSA) during the American Civil War who was born and raised in the North. An antebellum officer in the U.S. Army, Duncan commanded the Confederate forts defending New Orleans during the Union Navy's successful attacks that led to the fall of the South's largest city.
George Burgwyn Anderson was a career military officer, serving first in the antebellum U.S. Army and then dying from wounds inflicted during the American Civil War while a general officer in the Confederate Army. He was among six generals killed or mortally wounded at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862.
Gabriel James Rains was a career United States Army officer and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
William Duncan Smith was a career United States Army officer who fought in the Mexican–American War. Later he served as a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and he died in the second year of the war from yellow fever.
Henry Brevard Davidson was a graduate of the United States Military Academy and an officer in the United States Army in the West before the American Civil War. At the outbreak of the war, he resigned his commission and served in various staff positions in the Confederate States Army. On August 18, 1863, he was promoted to brigadier general and first commanded brigades of cavalry in the Western Theater, particularly in Tennessee and Georgia. In 1864, he was transferred to Virginia and served in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. At the end of the war, he served under General Joseph E. Johnston in the Carolina Campaign. After the war, he became a civil engineer in California and in 1887 was deputy secretary of state in California. Later in life, he was an agent for the Southern Pacific Railroad in Danville, California.
William Whann Mackall was a Seminole Wars veteran, Mexican–American War veteran and Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War. He was a United States Army officer for 24 years before he resigned his commission in order to join the Confederate Army. After the Civil War, he was a farmer in Fairfax County, Virginia.
Robert Plunket Maclay was a Confederate States Army major during the American Civil War. On May 13, 1864, he was assigned to duty as a brigadier general to rank from April 30, 1864, by General E. Kirby Smith. He was never officially appointed by Confederate President Jefferson Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate to that grade.
References
General
^a:Cullum, George W. (1879). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy, from 1802 to 1867. West Point, NY: United States Military Academy Library. ^b:"West Point Civil War Generals List". Thomas' Legion. 2003. Retrieved 2015-12-28. ^c:Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press. ISBN0-8047-3641-3. ^d:Krick, Robert E.L. (2003). Staff Officers in Gray: A Biographical Register of the Staff Officers in the Army of Northern Virginia. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN0-8078-2788-6. ^e:Cpt. McCabe, W. Gordon (1902). "Graduates of West Point Serving in the CSA Army". The Civil War Homepage. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^f:Abbot, Henry L. (1905). Half century record of the Class at West Point 1850 to 1854. Boston, MASS: T. Todd, Printer.
Inline citations
↑ Steven M. Mayeux, The Life and Times of Lewis DeRussy, Louisiana, 2002
↑ Freeman, Douglas S. (1934). R. E. Lee, A Biography. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.301, 375–95, 425, 476, 602. ISBN0-684-10179-3. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ Moodey, John Sheldon (1889). The War of the Rebellion. United States War Dept. p.512.
↑ Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York; Volume 1828, p. 16
↑ Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York; Volume 1831, p. 9
↑ Davis, William C.; Meredith L. Swentor (2005). Bluegrass Confederate: The Headquarters Diary of Edward O. Guerrant. LSU Press.
↑ Confederate States of America. War Dept. (1864). Southern history of the war. New York: Charles B. Richardson. p.528. Retrieved 2009-07-16. goode bryan confederate.
↑ Johnson, Charles Thomas (2000). Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (eds.). Lewis Addison Armistead. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. p.78. ISBN0-393-04758-X.
↑ Pfanz, Donald C. (1998). Richard S. Ewell: A Soldier's Life. University of North Carolina Press. pp.6, 19, 275, 389, 393, 489, 494. ISBN0-8078-2389-9.
↑ Heidler, David Stephen; David J. Coles (2002). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War. Jeanne T. Heidler, James M. McPherson. New York City: W.W. Norton & Co. pp.1289–1290. ISBN0-393-04758-X.
↑ Longstreet, James (1992). From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America. Da Capo Press. ISBN0-306-80464-6..First published in 1896 by J. B. Lippincott and Co.
↑ Bennett, M. D., C. A. (July 1994). South Carolina Historical Magazine. 95 (3). South Carolina Historical Society.{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Gott, Kendall D. (2003). Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry—Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole books. pp.257–267. ISBN0-8117-0049-6.
↑ Nofi, Albert A. (1995). A Civil War Treasury: Being a Miscellany of Arms and Artillery, Facts and Figures, Legends and Lore, Muses and Minstrels, Personalities and People. Da Capo Press. pp.347–348. ISBN0-306-80622-3.
↑ The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 2. Vol.8, Pt 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office: U.S. War Department. 1880–1901. pp.13–15.
↑ Goldsborough, W. W. (1983). The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army. Guggenheimer Weil & Co. pp.30, 46, 56, 98, 106, 109. ISBN0-913419-00-1.
1 2 Alexander, Edward P. (1989). Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.). Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN0-8078-4722-4.
↑ Clark, Walter, ed. (1901). Histories of the several regiments and battalions from North Carolina, Vol. 3. Goldsboro, NC: State of North Carolina. pp.113–124. ISBN1-2303-9438-9.
↑ Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York; Volume 1851, p. 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Speicher, James (2009). The Sumter Flying Artillery: A Civil War History of the Eleventh Battalion Georgia Light Artillery. Pelican Publishing. p.69. ISBN978-1-4556-1267-3.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.