List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero playsets and vehicles

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The G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline was introduced by Hasbro in 1982, and lasted to 1994, producing well over 250 vehicles (i.e. in-universe are meant to move under their own power), and playsets (i.e. toys representing static bases of operation such as fortresses, or equipment such as artillery pieces). Many of these vehicles included action figures designed to be the driver/pilot of the vehicle. Other vehicles were sold separately, for use with any G.I. Joe character.

Contents

In the late 1980s, Toys "R" Us also produced several exclusive lines of G.I. Joe toys, which were repainted and recast versions of previously released toys.

G.I. Joe vehicles with drivers

Arctic Blast

The Arctic Blast was first released in 1989, packaged with the driver Windchill. This cold-weather vehicle featured a progressive air suspension system, two "Chain Gang" 30mm Gatling guns, two 7.62mm double-barreled machine guns, and side-mounted surface missiles. [1]

Avalanche

The Avalanche was first released in 1990, packaged with the driver Cold Front. It featured a digital ice mine deployer, a side-swipe missile-firing pulse cannon, six heat-seeking surface-to-air missiles, and a removable scout craft for arctic reconnaissance. [2]

A.W.E. Striker

The A.W.E. (All-Weather/Environment) Striker was first released in 1985, packaged with the Crankcase action figure. [3] It featured a removable engine, a 10-round 70mm launcher for projectiles, off-road tires and springing 4WD suspension. [4] Its design was based on the Chenowth M1040/41 Fast Attack Vehicle first produced in 1982 though not fielded until 1991.[ citation needed ] In 1992, the cannon was replaced by a water-firing gun, and the vehicle was recast as the Eco-Striker, as part of the Eco-Warriors line. [5]

Blockbuster

The Blockbuster was first released in 1994, packaged with the Battle Corps version of Windchill. The heavily armored vehicle featured a double-barreled pom-pom cannon, with a ten shot auto-feeding rocket chamber, an anti-aircraft gun, and a front-mounted Gatling gun. [6]

Conquest X-30

The Conquest X-30 super-sonic jet was first introduced in the 1986 run of the toyline, [7] packaged with the Slip Stream action figure. The Conquest is an advanced forward-swept wing jet fighter, based on the real-life experimental Grumman X-29 aircraft.[ citation needed ] It is armed with a laser guidance system, twin 25 mm revolver cannons, and four "AIM-12 Light Sparrow" missiles. The Conquest X-30 carries "11k" (presumably 11,000 pounds) internal fuel, and two 350 gal. external fuel tanks. [8] Hasbro marketed it as the Joe team's counterpart to Cobra's Night Raven.

It was recast in a red and black cross "Snake Skin" camouflage, and released as the Python Conquest in 1989, as part of the Python Patrol line. [9] It was later released again as the Conquest X-30 in 1998, with a different color scheme, and bundled with a different character, fellow G.I. Joe pilot Ace. It was released once more in 2003, again with a different color scheme, and Slip Stream back as the pilot.

In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, the Conquest first appeared in issue #54, where it squared off against the Cobra Firebat. It would not be until G.I. Joe: Special Missions issue #5 that it would fight against the Night Raven. The Conquest X-30 is featured heavily in the second season of the TV series, when it replaced the Skystriker as the Joe team's primary fighting aircraft.

Crossfire

The Crossfire was the first radio-controlled G.I. Joe vehicle. It was first released in 1987, packaged with the action figure Rumbler. The 4WD vehicle came with a control module and twin-lever joystick, and could be controlled from up to 70 feet away. [10] It featured two "Live-Wire" Sam-19 missiles, "Pumper" 20mm cannons, and real rubber tires. The Crossfire was available in two different radio frequencies ("Alpha 27" or "Delta 49"), so that two vehicles could be operated in the same location. [11]

Crusader Space Shuttle

The Crusader Space Shuttle is based on the design of the Defiant that was released two years earlier. In lieu of the robot arm, the Crusader comes with the Avenger Scout Craft, which was a one-person recon jet, similar to the drone that accompanied the Cobra Night Raven S³P. The Crusader also came with a repainted version of the Payload action figure. [12]

Desert Fox

The Desert Fox 6WD desert jeep was first released in 1988, packaged with the driver Skidmark. [13] It featured two "Scorpion" anti-tank missiles, wheels that were heat and puncture resistant, and a rear-mounted anti-aircraft cannon. [14] In 1993, it was recast and released as the Dino-Hunter Jeep, as part of the Dino-Hunter Mission Playset, which also included repainted versions of the figures Ambush and Low-Light. [15]

Dragonfly XH-1

The Dragonfly XH-1 assault copter was first released in 1983, packaged with the action figure Wild Bill. [16] Armed with four Sidewinder air-to-ground missiles, two Sidewinder H.E. missiles, and a dual M-34 grenade launcher/2mm Vulcan nose cannon, it became a trademark for the G.I. Joe Team. [17] The toy's design is based upon the Bell AH-1 SuperCobra. The Dragonfly is featured in the 1985 G.I. Joe computer game. [18] Wild Bill also pilots a Dragonfly in the C64/CPC version of the Action Force video game. It was repainted and released as the Tiger Force Tiger Fly in 1988. [19]

Ghoststriker X-16

The Ghoststriker X-16 was introduced in 1993, as the latest in the G.I. Joe Team's high-tech flight technology. Based on the F-16 Fighting Falcon,[ citation needed ] the jet featured two Sidewinder missiles, four Phoenix missiles, retractable landing gear, and an image projection unit built into the nosecone of the toy. When activated, it would project the illuminated image of an enemy jet on a wall, so that the toy could "fire a missile" at the image and neutralize it. The Ghoststriker came packaged with the Battle Corps version of Ace. [20]

H.A.V.O.C.

The H.A.V.O.C. (Heavy Articulated Vehicle Ordnance Carrier) was introduced in 1986, and came packaged with the Cross-Country action figure. [7] It was armed with dual recoilless cannons, and "Lancer" guided missiles. The rear of the vehicle opened to reveal a reinforced lift-off pad, and a one-man hover reconnaissance vehicle. [21] Unlike much of the Joe team's vehicles and equipment up to that point, the H.A.V.O.C. was not based on any real-world vehicle, deployed or in development. It was repainted with chrome parts, and released as the Sky Patrol Sky H.A.V.O.C. in 1990. [22]

Killer W.H.A.L.E.

The Killer W.H.A.L.E. (Warrior: Hovering Assault Launching Envoy) hovercraft was released in 1984. [23] It came packaged with the Cutter action figure, and featured twin elevating cannons, two rotating machine guns, and six depth charges. [24] The craft's four casters allow it to "hover" on a flat surface, and although not air-tight, the toy has positive buoyancy and is capable of floating on water. [25] In the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero comic book, the acronym stood for Water-borne Hovercraft Assault Landing: Experimental, and it first appeared in issue #28, when it participated in an assault on Zartan's lair in Florida's Okefenokee Swamp. It was recast in black and red, and released as the Night Force Night Striker in 1988. [26]

Mauler M.B.T.

The Mauler M.B.T. (Manned Battle Tank) was released in 1985, as a replacement for the M.O.B.A.T. toy which was discontinued the same year. It was based on the AAI Corporation's prototype RDF/LT (Rapid Deployment Force / Light Tank) produced in 1980.[ citation needed ] It came packaged with the Heavy Metal action figure. [3] Like the M.O.B.A.T., the Mauler incorporated a small DC electric motor, powered by 4xC batteries. However, the Mauler toy was only capable of going forward, albeit with two speeds, unlike the M.O.B.A.T. which could also reverse and turn. [27] It was repainted and fitted with new parts in 1989, and released as the Slaughter's Marauders Equalizer. [28]

Mean Dog

The Mean Dog 3-in-1 armored vehicle was first released in 1988, packaged with the driver Wild Card. [13] It consisted of a main body with a tow hook and ten missiles, a removable M200 "Spitfire" 20mm cannon, and a fast-attack scout car with a .50 caliber machine gun. [29]

M.O.B.A.T.

The M.O.B.A.T. (MOtorized BAttle Tank) was first released in 1982, packaged with the action figure Steeler. [30] The design was based on the MBT-70,[ citation needed ] with an extendable 130mm main cannon, and a .50 caliber machine gun. "Motorized" refers to the fact that toy was actually propelled by a small 2xD battery powered electric motor that drove the tank's tracks, allowing the toy to move forward/reverse and turn under its own power; its movement was controlled by moving the tank commander's cupola on the top of the turret. [31] In later years, Hasbro was able to sell thousands of M.O.B.A.T. toys to former Soviet children through its Indian joint venture, Funskool (India) Ltd.; the Russians ordered 100,000 units delivered instantly. [32]

In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, the M.O.B.A.T.'s most prominent appearances include the first issue, where it is part of a concentrated attack on a Cobra island fortress. [33] Subsequently, the M.O.B.A.T. is featured prominently in issue #5, in a story dedicated to the vehicle. [34] In-story, the acronym stood for "Multi-Ordnance BAttle Tank".

The M.O.B.A.T. is one of the vehicles a player can use in the 1985 G.I. Joe computer game. [18] The M.O.B.A.T. toy also receives a brief mention, along with the Terror Drome, in the Stephen King horror novel The Tommyknockers . [35]

Mudfighter

The Mudfighter bomber was first released in 1989, packaged with the pilot Dogfight. It featured two bomb racks, with sixteen AS-99 air-to-surface bombs, and a 100FW 1670 lb. "propfan" propeller with forward/reverse power modes. [36]

Persuader

The Persuader high-speed laser tank was first released in 1987, packaged with the action figure Back-Stop. [37] It featured a "Heatwave" 10 Megawatt armor-piercing laser cannon, six "Dart" Sam-37 missiles, and 10-wheel drive. [11] It was recast in black and red, and released as the Night Force Night Storm in 1988. [26]

Phantom X-19

The Phantom X-19 stealth fighter jet was first released in 1988, packaged with the pilot Ghostrider. [13] It featured two "Bullseye" computer-aided low-altitude missiles, two BY-106 "Little Guy" long-range air-to-air missiles, two opening wings with flip out laser cannons, and retractable landing gear. [38]

Raider

The Raider was first released in 1989, packaged with the driver Hot Seat. It featured titanium reinforced support legs for the upper section to maintain perfect balance in attack mode and allow the Raider's armaments to attack oncoming ground vehicles. It was armed with a dual-impact photo cannon, two tactical infrared computer-controlled laser blasters, and two large missiles housed inside the vehicle. [39]

Retaliator

The Retaliator helicopter was first released in 1990, packaged with the pilot Updraft. It features a capture claw with built in winch hook, super-speed rotor blades, four missiles, and a bomb ramp with nine bombs. [22]

Rolling Thunder

The Rolling Thunder armored missile launcher was first released in 1988, packaged with the driver Armadillo. [13] It featured two large "Double Team" quad thruster rockets, which were hidden in the housing of the Rolling Thunder itself, and could be moved into launch position. Each rocket contained six "Firefly" free fall cluster bombs. The Rolling Thunder also came with a small ATSV (All Terrain Scout Vehicle), many laser cannons and missiles, and a turret-mounted "Short Throw" 90mm main battle cannon. [40]

S.H.A.R.C.

The S.H.A.R.C. Flying Submarine (Submersible High-speed Attack and Reconnaissance Craft) was first released in 1984, packaged with the action figure Deep Six. [23] It featured two acoustic homing torpedoes, twin flip-up 30mm "Tidal Wave" cannons, and had both underwater and air-attack capabilities. [41] It was recast in black and red, and released as the Night Force Night Shade in 1988. [26] It was repainted with chrome parts, and released as the Sky Patrol Sky S.H.A.R.C. in 1990. [42]

Shark 9000

The Shark 9000 was first released in 1993, packaged with the Battle Corps version of Cutter. It was originally planned to be part of the "Drug Elimination Force" line of figures and vehicles. The attack boat featured a water cannon, a spring-loaded "Aqua Attack" missile launcher, H2O X-1 machine guns, and actually floated with wind-up motor action. [43]

Skystorm

The Skystorm X-wing chopper was first released in 1988, packaged with the pilot Windmill. [13] Based partially on the Sikorsky S-72, it featured a turbo-shaft engine, and was armed with two large bombs and four missiles. [44]

Skystriker XP-14F

The Skystriker XP-14F is a variable wing fighter aircraft that was first released in 1983, packaged with the Ace action figure. [16] It featured two each of the S3 Sidewinder, S3 Sparrow and S3Z Phoenix missiles, two ejection seats with working parachutes, and two Vulcan cannons. [45] It was recast in black and red, and released as the Night Force Night Boomer in 1989. [46]

Its first comic book appearance was in issue #14 of the G.I. Joe comic published by Marvel Comics. It was the central focus in issue #34, as Ace pilots a Skystriker in a dogfight against the Cobra pilot Wild Weasel. Neither pilot wins. [47] It often appears in relation to the USS Flagg, the Joe's fictional aircraft carrier. For example, several Skystrikers are lost over the carrier's side during a tsunami. [48] Its final appearance was in issue #115, after which Ace has traded it for the newer more sophisticated Ghoststriker X-16.

When the G.I. Joe animated series was launched in 1985, the Skystriker was the team's only fighter aircraft. It was used by every qualified Joe member until the second season, when the Conquest X-30 took over in conjunction with the release of that toy. Although both the toy and the real life Northrop Grumman F-14 Tomcat fighter it was based upon were twin-seat designs, it was rarely portrayed as such in the associated comic books and cartoons. In the episode "The Wrong Stuff", several Skystrikers were modified for space travel. [49] In "Battle for the Train of Gold", many Skystrikers were destroyed in a strafing run outside of Fort Knox. [50]

The Skystriker is also featured in the 1985 G.I. Joe computer game. [18]

An updated version of the original toy was released in 2011. Featuring new tooling based on the original, but with a one-seat cockpit, the new Skystriker was given the designation XP-21F, with the name parsed as "Sky Striker" on the packaging. In addition to the new tooling, the XP-21F features darker gray plastic for its body and wings than the original toy. [51] A redecoed version of the XP-21F mold based on the Transformers character Starscream was released as a San Diego Comic-Con International exclusive in 2011. [52] The XP-21F mold was subsequently reused as a 2013 International G.I. Joe Convention exclusive Night Force Night Boomer, [53] and a Jetfire version (with new parts resembling the Autobot jet's boosters) at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con. [54]

Slugger

The Slugger Self-Propelled Cannon was first released in 1984, packaged with the action figure Thunder. [23] It featured a 170mm Howitzer cannon, a removable .30 caliber machine gun, a rear bumper/stabilizer, and a closable hatch to protect the figure inside the armored vehicle. [55]

Snow Cat

The Snow Cat tracked arctic vehicle was first released in 1985, packaged with the action figure Frostbite. [3] It featured a 680 hp engine, two high-speed "Avalanche" ski-missiles, and room for up to 10 Joes. [56] It was repainted and released as the Tiger Force Tiger Cat in 1988. [19]

Thunderclap

The Thunderclap was first released in 1989, packaged with the driver Long Range. It consisted of three components: a tractor vehicle, a trailer vehicle, and a cannon base. The tractor vehicle featured a MG-999 assault weapon, and two surface-to-surface missiles. The trailer vehicle had a computer-controlled blaster cannon, and three surface-to-surface cruise missiles. The main piece of the Thunderclap was its cannon base, featuring the huge extendable "Annihilator" cannon, with four stabilizer legs to support the base when set up separately from the vehicle itself. The cannon also had a mechanism that holds the shells, and simulated actual firing. [39]

Tomahawk

The Tomahawk is an all-weather, twin-engine, twin-rotor heavy lift/assault as well as troop transit helicopter for the G.I. Joe Team. It has a top speed of 175 mph when fully loaded. Its turboshaft engine is fitted with heat/noise reduction and layered with bulletproof covering. It is armed with 6 × 250 lb. freefall "dumb" bombs, 2 × air-to-ground missile which can also be used for air-to-air engagements, crew-operated laser-enhanced night vision system .50 calibre machine guns on each side, and a six-barreled 20mm cannon mounted under the nose.

The toy version offers seating for a pilot, co-pilot and removable seating for five passengers. It was first released in 1986, and came packaged with the action figure pilot Lift-Ticket. [7] It featured a rear cargo ramp/door, a working winch and propeller, five removable seats, a 20mm cannon, and two laser-enhanced NVS .50 caliber machine guns. [57] While not identical, the Tomahawk is similar in design to the Marine CH-46 Sea Knight and the Army CH-47 Chinook.

The Marvel Comics version is different in design. There are no seats, but it can carry a passenger capacity of 10. Because of its primary purpose of carrying troops in and out of enemy territory, it became one of the most heavily used G.I. Joe vehicles. It is commonly flown by Lift-Ticket or Wild Bill. Many times the helicopter would work off of the fictional aircraft the USS Flagg, such as in issue #56 when Lift-Ticket brings in a wounded and confused Stalker. [58]

The Tomahawk is a central focus of G.I. Joe Special Missions #17. In relation to a cameo in the previous mission, it had come under fire after a Joe team crosses hostile territory to rescue several colleagues. Despite several of the crew being wounded, including Lift-Ticket himself, they make a successful pick-up and retreat. [59]

In the Devil's Due line of comics, a Tomahawk craft supports the Joe team in the first four issues of the G.I. Joe: Frontline series. It is an insertion craft from a Joe assault team on Destro's Trans-Carpathian castle. An important plot point is that it is compatible with Cobra helicopters, specifically the "Cobra Mamba". [60]

Toss 'n Cross

The Toss 'n Cross Bridge Layer was released in late 1984 as a Sears exclusive, and entered general retail in 1985. [56] It came packaged with the Tollbooth action figure. [3] The toy, although not a close copy like many others in the series, was inspired by the M60A1.

Triple "T"

The Triple "T" (Tag Team Terminator) was first released in 1986, packaged with the Sgt. Slaughter action figure. [7] The one-man tank featured two high explosive anti-tank missiles, and a 950 hp turbine engine. [57] It was recast in black and red, and released as the Night Force Night Raider in 1988. [26] In 1993, the original toy was offered as a mail-in vehicle, with magenta colored guns and missiles. [43]

V.A.M.P.

The V.A.M.P. (Vehicle: Attack: Multi Purpose) was part of the original 1982 A Real American Hero release. [61] Packaged with the action figure Clutch, the design functioned essentially as their Jeep, but was a two seat variant based on the experimental Lamborghini Cheetah. It was armed with dual-mounted 7.62mm machine guns that swiveled and elevated. [30] The V.A.M.P. Mark II was released in 1984, [23] and foregoing the original's green color and twin machine guns, it was instead painted tan and equipped with a quad-mount missile launcher (carrying the fictional Stinger XK-1 missile). [55] A Sears exclusive included the V.A.M.P. four-wheeled drive vehicle with the H.A.L. artillery laser. [23] Also in 1984, the vehicle was available as the Cobra Stinger, this time cast in black plastic with a larger missile system. Additionally in 1986, the toy was again a Sears exclusive sold as the Dreadnok Ground Assault 4WD. The V.A.M.P. Mark II was repainted and released as the Tiger Force Tiger Sting in 1989. [62]

Warthog A.I.F.V.

The Warthog A.I.F.V. (Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle) was first released in 1988, [13] packaged with the driver Sgt. Slaughter. It featured two large MGM-59 "Lance" surface-to-surface missiles, and an interior bay to hold extra troops. [63]

Wolverine

The Wolverine Armored Missile Vehicle was first released in 1983, [16] packaged with the action figure Cover Girl. It featured twelve Stinger ground-to-ground missiles, a tow hook, removable engine cover, and rescue cable. [64] It was repainted and fitted with new parts in 1989, and released as the Slaughter's Marauders Lynx. [28]

Other G.I. Joe vehicles

Marauders

Unlike other recast and repainted vehicles, the Slaughter's Marauders line borrowed previous G.I. Joe vehicle designs, and added newly minted parts to enhance their camouflaged frames. All three vehicles were released in 1989, and came without an action figure. [67]

Night Force

The Night Force vehicles were repaints of existing G.I. Joe and Cobra vehicles, sold exclusively by Toys "R" Us, and designed for "top secret nighttime missions". None of these vehicles included a driver. [63]

Tiger Force

Cobra vehicles with drivers

BUGG

The Cobra BUGG was first released in 1988, packaged with the driver Secto-Viper. [83] It was an amphibious command vehicle, with a removable two-man hovercraft/submarine, twin cannons, machine guns, anti-aircraft gun, and two missiles. [84]

Condor Z-25

The Cobra Condor Z-25 was first released in 1989, packaged with the pilot Aero-Viper. The Condor has two different component parts that are detachable at the touch of a button; an attack "wing, and a high-speed aircraft. Other special features included a thumb-wheel bomb dropping mechanism, bomb-bay doors, retractable landing gear, and dual-laser support cannons. [85]

Detonator

The Cobra Detonator was first released in 1993, packaged with the driver Nitro-Viper. It featured six monster tires, three long-range ICBM rockets, and a targeting seat with AAK gun. [86]

Dictator

Overlord's Dictator was first released in 1990, packaged with the Overlord action figure. It is a simple combination track and wheeled craft, with rapid-fire .40 caliber machine guns, and low to the ground air-to-surface missiles. [87]

Firebat

The Cobra Firebat was included with the Terror Drome playset in 1986, packaged with the A.V.A.C. (Air Viper Advanced Class) pilot. A later mail-in version came in a brighter red color, without the A.V.A.C. figure. [57]

Hammerhead

The Cobra Hammerhead submersible sea tank was first released in 1990, packaged with the driver Decimator. It featured two detachable attack subs with missile firing capabilities, an airtight self-contained control center, a decompression chamber, and an airborne/undersea command module with pivoting radar unit. [88]

H.I.S.S.

The Cobra H.I.S.S. (HiSpeed Sentry) was first released in 1983, and was packaged with the HISS Driver action figure. [89] It came with twin 90mm "Double Diablo" cannons, which could swivel and elevate. Along with the F.A.N.G. and the Viper Glider, this toy was one of the first three Cobra vehicles to be released, a full year after the initial Joe team vehicles.

As Cobra's primary tracked vehicle, this toy was meant to face-off against the M.O.B.A.T. tank. However, the toy's build quality was significantly lower, and unlike the M.O.B.A.T. toy, the H.I.S.S. toy was not motorized, in fact the "tracks" were made of solid molded plastic, with plastic wheels underneath to allow for mobility.

A version of the Cobra H.I.S.S came with a Cobra Commander figure as part of the Built to Rule line in 2004. The package came with one set of building blocks that could be built into a full-sized vehicle. The Cobra Commander figure also featured places on the forearms and calves where blocks could be attached. [90]

The H.I.S.S. was featured prominently in the comics and the first season of the animated series.

H.I.S.S. II

The Cobra H.I.S.S. II was first released in 1989, packaged with the driver Track Viper. It is an updated version of the original H.I.S.S. tank, and featured a hull that opens to carry Cobra Troopers, a tri-barreled thermal-propulsion cannon, two 100mm armor-piercing laser machine guns, and two surface-hovering "Slam" missiles. [91]

H.I.S.S. III

The Cobra H.I.S.S. III was first released in 2000. It is a repainted version of the original Cobra H.I.S.S. tank, and includes the driver Rip-It, Cobra's Heavy Equipment Operator.[ citation needed ]

Hurricane V.T.O.L.

The Cobra Hurricane V.T.O.L. (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) was first released in 1990, packaged with the pilot Vapor. It featured eleven missiles, dual 75mm cannons, and a VTE-490 pilotless attack drone mounted on its back. [88]

Maggot

The Cobra Maggot was three vehicles in one. It was first released in 1987, packaged with the driver W.O.R.M.S. [37] It could be separated into a long-range gun emplacement with 155mm cannon, a battlefield control vehicle, and a high-speed attack vehicle with a 1000 hp turbo-diesel engine. [92] It was recast in black and red, and released as the G.I. Joe Night Blaster in 1988. [63]

Mamba

The Cobra Mamba was a supersonic attack helicopter. It was first released in 1987, packaged with the pilot Gyro-Viper. [37] The Mamba featured two detachable "MOLT" assault pods (Mamba Offensive Light Tactical), six missiles, and a NT-58 turbo-shaft engine. [93]

Moray

The Cobra Moray hydrofoil was first released in 1985, packaged with the Cobra Lamprey pilot. [3] It featured a V-12 engine, two air-to-water torpedoes, four small missiles with a pop-up launcher, and an array of .30 caliber machine guns. [27] It was recast in black and red, and released as the G.I. Joe Night Ray in 1989. [46]

Night Raven S³P

The Cobra Night Raven S³P was first released in 1986, [94] packaged with the Strato-Viper action figure. [7] Based on the SR-71 Blackbird and D-21 drone,[ citation needed ] the Night Raven featured two twin missile pods, a single person "Drone" recon jet, twin 20mm cannons, and dual Viper Mach 3.5 turbojet engines. [95] It was repainted with chrome parts, and released as the G.I. Joe Sky Raven in 1990. [78]

Rattler

The Cobra Rattler is a VTOL attack aircraft inspired by the USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II. It originally appeared in 1984, packaged with the pilot Wild Weasel, [23] and was intended as Cobra's answer to the Skystriker, which had been added to the toyline a year earlier. It was repainted and released as the G.I. Joe Tiger Rat in 1988. [82]

Sea Ray

The Cobra Sea Ray was first released in 1987, packaged with the driver Sea Slug. [37] The underwater attack and aerial reconnaissance vehicle featured a two-stage ship with eight "Snake Attack" surface-to-air missiles, two 30mm cannons, and a "Thruster" Mach-2 turbojet engine. [96]

Stellar Stiletto

The Cobra Stellar Stiletto was first released in 1988, packaged with the pilot Star-Viper. [83] It featured dual "Stellar" main propulsion engines, the capability of exit and re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, and the tail could be maneuvered so that the Stiletto could achieve the semblance of a VTOL (Vertical Take Off and Landing) launch. [97] It was recast and released as the G.I. Joe Starfighter in 1993, as part of the Star Brigade line. [43]

Stinger

The Cobra Stinger Night Attack 4WD vehicle was first released in 1984. [23] Packaged with the Stinger Driver action figure, it featured four ground-to-air rockets with 360-degree rotation. [55] The Stinger was recast as a Sears exclusive in 1986, sold as the Dreadnok Ground Assault 4WD. [76]

STUN

The Cobra STUN was first released in 1986, packaged with the Motor-Viper action figure. [7] It was a three-wheeled vehicle, with forward assault pods that split down the center. Each pod was armed with twin "Blazer" rotating laser cannons. [98] It was recast in a red and black cross "Snake Skin" camouflage, and released as the Python STUN in 1989, as part of the Python Patrol line. [67]

Thunder Machine

The Thunder Machine was released in 1986, complete with the action figure of the Thrasher. [99] It was a four-wheeled, armored, weaponized vehicle used by the Dreadnoks.

Water Moccasin

The Cobra Water Moccasin swamp cruiser was first released in 1984, [23] packaged with the Copperhead action figure. It featured twin 44mm "Destructor" cannons, 20mm roof-mounted DES-20B twin machine guns, a "Gator" surface torpedo, and a 580 hp engine. [24] It was repainted and released as the G.I. Joe Tiger Shark in 1988. [82]

W.O.L.F.

The Cobra W.O.L.F. (Winter Operational Light Fighting Vehicle) was first released in 1987, packaged with the driver Ice-Viper. [37] The W.O.L.F. was a winter attack vehicle, and featured four "Wham" surface-to-air missiles and two "Snarl" ski-torpedoes. [93]

Other Cobra vehicles

G.I. Joe playsets

Defiant Space Vehicle Launch Complex

The Defiant Space Vehicle Launch Complex was a combination vehicle and playset released in 1987, and came packaged with the Payload and Hardtop action figures. [110] Retailing at US$129.99, the cost of the playset - the most expensive toy in Hasbro's G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero lineup - led to Hasbro re-releasing the shuttle two years later as a stand-alone vehicle called the Crusader, which used the same mold as the Defiant shuttle. The toy also came with a re-painted version of the Payload action figure. [111]

General

The General first appeared in the 1990 edition of the toyline from Hasbro. It is described as the G.I. Joe Team's mobile strike headquarters. Major Storm is the commander of the vehicle. [112]

The General is a large wheeled platform with an armored tractor attached to the front. The General is armed with a plethora of enemy detectors: third generation image intensifiers, infrared detectors, pulse Doppler radar and laser range finders. It is surrounded by several gun emplacements and armed with anti-aircraft capabilities. The middle of the back opens up to reveal a ramp and giant mortar cannon. The platforms also serve as helicopter landing pads. The General comes with a Locust mini-helicopter for reconnaissance purposes. [113]

The General was used extensively during the first season of the DiC-produced G.I. Joe animated series, such as in the episode "General Confusion". In said episode, both Joes and Cobra mention how the General is the most powerful vehicle in existence. The General was then featured in the second season of DiC with a much more minor role. The vehicle was also featured on the cover of the 1990 Hasbro-produced coloring book published by "A GOLDEN BOOK Western Publishing Company, Inc." [114]

Headquarters Command Center

The G.I. Joe Headquarters Command Center was a weapons-laden fortress, which contained movable surveillance cameras, search lights, machine guns, and a cannon that could pivot in any direction. A hidden section in the base of the main platform, contained an area to store file cards. [16] The Headquarters could be split into four parts: a helipad, a heavy equipment supply depot, a motor pool, and the command center. It was portrayed in the Marvel comic book as a "prefabricated" fortress in issue #24, "The Commander Escapes". [115]

A new version was released in 1992, that was much different from the original. It featured collapsible towers, electronic battle sounds, spring-loaded missile launchers, a removable bunker, a fuel station for vehicles, and a movable elevator. The entire headquarters could fold up, with a handle to carry the playset around. [116]

Mobile Command Center

The Mobile Command Center, or MCC for short, was a three-level mobile fortress, which contained service, command and missile bays, and was armed with high-tech weaponry. It was first released in 1987, packaged with the Steam Roller action figure. [117] Its appearance is that resembling a small building with near-featureless exterior and tank treads at the bottom. The huge size though, presents a problem in how it could be deployed outside of the United States. Its size and few defensive capabilities suggest just what its name indicates, as a mobile command post and not more than that.

The MCC features electronic and communications countermeasure equipment at the top, and is armed with HE-27 "Shockwave" missiles, which are guided by a missile control radar. The front of the vehicle is armed with computer-operated twin .50 caliber cannons, while the back is protected by a "Barrage" missile cannon. The diesel engine can run at 2000 kW and with 2700 hp. Despite its immense size, the MCC is quite mobile and maneuverable, given the right terrain. The huge body can open up, and set itself as a stationary open-air command post, complete with a control center, a prisoner holding cell and a service station for small assault vehicles. [118]

In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, its first appearance was in issue #100 (hinted at in #99). It was used to disrupt Cobra Python Patrol forces that had arrived at G.I. Joe's desert HQ. It had been buried in the sand, and Joe forces drive Cobra towards it. The sand is shaken off and the Command center opens fire. Its weaponry damages a Cobra aircraft, which is then flown into the Command Center itself. A rear tread is destroyed with only minor cosmetic damage to the rest of the vehicle. Steam Roller professes admiration for the pilot's courage. He then heads into the desert to subdue the pilot, who is clearly seen descending by parachute. [119]

In animated form, it was featured in the direct-to-video movie, G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom , where it is scaled-down, about the size of a large truck instead, allowing it to go into a suburban neighborhood.

Tactical Battle Platform

The Tactical Battle Platform was introduced in 1985, and featured multi-level battle platforms, a loading ramp, munitions room, control room and a heli-pad. [81] It was transportable, and armed with a rotating radar-guided cannon, and surface-to-air missiles. [103]

U.S.S. Flagg

The USS Flagg aircraft carrier was a combination vehicle and playset, released in 1985 remained in production until 1991 when was redesigned in 1992. It came packaged with the Admiral Keel-Haul action figure, [3] along with various vehicles and other objects. Multiple Skystriker fighter jet toys could be placed on its flight deck. [120] A unique feature of the playset is the sound system, allowing the child to trigger preset announcements such as general quarters or else project their own voice on the deck of the ship through a microphone. [121] [122]

Not only is the U.S.S. Flagg the largest playset released in the A Real American Hero toyline, but at seven feet long, as of 2010 it is the largest model playset made by any manufacturer. It was so large that when first pitched as a product, it had to be explained to the audience that the ship was not just the presentation table for the smaller toys that came with it, but was the proposed product itself. It was tested for ruggedness by having a grown man walk on it. Making such a large playset was considered financially risky, but in the event it had successful Christmas sales for the 1985 launch. [123] Such a playset was only made possible by the decision of Hasbro to switch from 111⁄2 inch action figures to 33⁄4 for the preceding Star Wars franchise. The larger scale would have produced an unfeasibly large playset. [124] The Flagg is now highly collectible. Originally selling for $90, complete sets can fetch $1,000 at auction, [125] and if in an unopened box, this can rise to $2,000. [122]

It is unclear which aircraft carrier is the inspiration for Flagg, [122] although USS Nimitz has been suggested. [126] The lead playset designer, Ron Rudat, stated that a real aircraft carrier had been visited to establish realism, but he could not remember which one. [122]

In-story, the Flagg was named after General Lawrence J. Flagg, a character that first appeared in the Marvel Comics comic book series and later killed off. [122] The Flagg had the fictional hull number CVN-99.

G.I. Joe vehicle accessories

Coastal Defender

The Coastal Defender was first released in 1987. It was a missile launcher that looked like a large crate when it was being towed behind a G.I. Joe vehicle. After a few transformations, it could be assembled into a coastline missile defense with a radar dish and four missiles. [127]

H.A.L.

The H.A.L. (Heavy Artillery Laser) was included as part of the original 1982 release of the A Real American Hero toyline. It was packaged with the Grand Slam action figure. [30] The H.A.L.'s double-barreled cannon was mounted on a swivel base, which allowed it to be elevated and rotated 360 degrees, and it was designed to be towed behind either the V.A.M.P. or M.O.B.A.T. vehicles. With a removable CRT sighting and locating computer, the H.A.L. is one of the first lines of defense for the Joes. [128]

M.M.S.

The M.M.S. (Mobile Missile System) was a surface-to-air system included as part of the original 1982 release of the A Real American Hero toyline. [30] It was packaged with the Hawk action figure, and based upon the Raytheon MIM-23 Hawk. The M.M.S. consists of a launch platform, control panel, and three detachable surface-to-air missiles, and is designed to be towed behind either the V.A.M.P. or M.O.B.A.T. vehicles. [128]

Road Toad B.R.V.

The Road Toad B.R.V. (Battlefield Recovery Vehicle) was first released in 1987. It featured a powerful winch system, a "Puncher" 25mm cannon, two "Buzz" SSM-94 wire-guided missiles, and was designed to be towed behind any G.I. Joe vehicle with a tow hook. [96]

S.L.A.M.

The S.L.A.M. (Strategic Long-Range Artillery Machine) was first released in 1987. The dual cannon had legs that could be hidden inside the weapon, and extended to stabilize it when firing. It was designed to be towed behind any G.I. Joe vehicle with a tow hook. [129]

Whirlwind

The Whirlwind twin battle gun was first released in 1983. It featured twin 20mm cannons that rotated, two collapsible tow wheels, and 360 degree rotation of the main unit. It was designed to be towed behind any G.I. Joe vehicle with a tow hook. [130]

G.I. Joe battlefield accessories

F.L.A.K.

The F.L.A.K. (Field Light Attack Kannon) was included as part of the original 1982 release of the A Real American Hero toyline. [30] Its simulated howitzer on folding legs could elevate and swivel, and could be knocked down and transported. The F.L.A.K. was primarily used as an anti-aircraft cannon, and helped to defend the G.I. Joe Team from tank or plane attacks. The barrel fired high explosive rounds and smoke tracers, and could fire 20,000 rounds without being replaced. [131]

J.U.M.P.

The J.U.M.P. Jet Pack (Jet Unit: Mobile Propulsion) was included as part of the original 1982 release of the A Real American Hero toyline. [30] It was re-packaged in 1983 with the Grand Slam action figure. [132] Both versions came with a laser blaster and launch pad. It also had a command console with advanced communication capabilities. [30] The titanium launch pad was designed for portability and field durability, and the J.U.M.P. had a 2-hour fuel supply, with an average speed of 150 MPH. [31]

M.A.N.T.A.

The M.A.N.T.A. (Marine Assault Nautical Transport: Air-Driven) was first released as a mail-in offer in 1984. The wind surfer included a .30 cal. machine gun, and a backpack to hold the M.A.N.T.A. pieces when disassembled. [133]

Other G.I. Joe accessories

Cobra playsets

Cobra Missile Command Headquarters

Exclusively from Sears, the Cobra Missile Command Headquarters was similar to the G.I. Joe version, except that it was made of brittle chipboard. Available in 1982, it featured a movable elevator, a console with three seats, and a Cruise Missile that pivots up and down. [138] It came with three figures: a Cobra Officer, a Cobra Soldier, and Cobra Commander. [16]

Terror Drome

The Terror Drome is a small pre-fab fortress/headquarters for Cobra. The playset was first released in 1986, and comes with a vehicle service and refueling bay, munitions depot, a prison cell for a G.I. Joe action figure, tower-mounted cannons, and a launch silo for the Firebat interceptor mini-jet. [139] The original playset also included the action figure A.V.A.C (Air Viper Advanced Class), intended as the pilot of the Firebat aircraft. [140]

Toxo-Lab

The Cobra Toxo-Lab playset was first released in 1992, as part of the Eco-Warriors line. It was designed as a staging ground for Cobra's evil plots against the G.I. Joe Eco-Warriors. This playset featured a spring-loaded toxo-gun, a crane with claw arm, a "Plasma-Tox" container with color-change battle damage, and a "Toxo-Tank" with real diving action, caused by included baking soda tablets. [107]

In 1993, the design of the Toxo-Lab was used for the "Dragon Fortress", as part of the Street Fighter II toy line, also produced by Hasbro at the time. The Dragon fortress had different features than the Toxo-Lab, such as a bungee jump, a trampoline launcher, and a double-barreled cannon. [15]

Cobra battlefield accessories

A.S.P.

The Cobra A.S.P. (Assault System Pod) was a vehicle accessory with a cockpit, and turret with rotating 120mm "Eliminator" cannons. [23] It was first released in 1984, and was designed to be towed behind the Cobra H.I.S.S. vehicle. [141] It was recast in a red and black cross "Snake Skin" camouflage, and released as the Python A.S.P. in 1989, as part of the Python Patrol line. [9]

Battle Barge

The Cobra Battle Barge was first released in 1988. It was a stationary defense station with three machine guns, and a magnetic array detection radar. [84]

C.L.A.W.

The Cobra C.L.A.W. (Covert Light Aerial Weapon) was a one-man flying weapon that housed a machine gun, a flashfire bomb (used when piloted remotely), and two venom rockets. [23] It was first released in 1984, and was featured in the Marvel Comics story "Silent Interlude", portrayed in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #21. [24]

S.N.A.K.E.

The Cobra S.N.A.K.E. (System Neutralizer-Armed Kloaking Equipment) was an armored suit that attached to Cobra troopers, and in the Marvel comic, could brainwash Joes. It was first released in 1984, [23] and again in a dark blue color in 1985. Both versions feature four arm attachments: a claw, flamethrower arm, machine gun arm, and rocket. [130]

Other Cobra accessories

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 143.
  2. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 165.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Santelmo 1994, p. 105. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  4. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 55.
  5. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 206.
  6. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 253.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Santelmo 1994, p. 108. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  8. 1 2 3 4 Bellomo 2005, p. 76.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Bellomo 2005, p. 152.
  10. ↑ Santelmo 1994, p. 112-113. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  11. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 99.
  12. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 147.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Santelmo 1994, p. 119. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  14. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 121.
  15. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 238.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Santelmo 1994, p. 99. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  17. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 26.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Roberts, Matt. "G.I. Joe for Personal Computers". YoJoe.com. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Bellomo 2005, p. 129.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Bellomo 2005, p. 239.
  21. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 78.
  22. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 172.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Santelmo 1994, p. 100. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  24. 1 2 3 4 Bellomo 2005, p. 42.
  25. ↑ "Does the G.I. Joe Killer WHALE float?". YouTube .
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bellomo 2005, p. 128.
  27. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 57.
  28. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 154.
  29. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 122.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Santelmo 1994, p. 95. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  31. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 17.
  32. ↑ Market Evolution in Developing Countries: The Unfolding of the Indian Market. 1993-12-21. ISBN   9781560243601 . Retrieved 2012-09-17.
  33. ↑ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #1 (June 1982)
  34. ↑ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #5 (November 1982)
  35. ↑ King, Stephen (2009). The Tommyknockers. Paw Prints. p. 275. ISBN   978-1-4420-0618-8.
  36. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 149.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Santelmo 1994, p. 113. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  38. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 124.
  39. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 150.
  40. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 125.
  41. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 44.
  42. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 174.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Bellomo 2005, p. 241.
  44. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 126.
  45. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 28.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Bellomo 2005, p. 151.
  47. ↑ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #34 (April 1985)
  48. ↑ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #40-41 (October 1985)
  49. ↑ "The Wrong Stuff". G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero.
  50. ↑ "Battle for the Train of Gold". G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero.
  51. ↑ Sky Striker XP-21F at YOJOE.com Retrieved 2014-09-10
  52. ↑ Starscream Sky Striker at YOJOE.com Retrieved 2014-09-10
  53. ↑ Night Boomer at YOJOE.com Retrieved 2014-09-10
  54. ↑ Autobot Jetfire at YOJOE.com Retrieved 2014-09-10
  55. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 45.
  56. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 59.
  57. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 79.
  58. ↑ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #56 (February 1987)
  59. ↑ G.I. Joe Special Missions #17 (1988)
  60. ↑ G.I. Joe: Frontline #1-4
  61. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 18.
  62. 1 2 3 4 Bellomo 2005, p. 155.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 Bellomo 2005, p. 127.
  64. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 34.
  65. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 25.
  66. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 54.
  67. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 153.
  68. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 188.
  69. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 189.
  70. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 202.
  71. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 190.
  72. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 170.
  73. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 171.
  74. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 209.
  75. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 32.
  76. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 77.
  77. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 58.
  78. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 173.
  79. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 207.
  80. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 144.
  81. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 60.
  82. 1 2 3 4 Bellomo 2005, p. 130.
  83. 1 2 Santelmo 1994, p. 121. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  84. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 119.
  85. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 145.
  86. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 237.
  87. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 167.
  88. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 166.
  89. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 27.
  90. ↑ Cobra H.I.S.S. w/ Cobra Commander at YOJOE.com Retrieved 2012-04-25
  91. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 146.
  92. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 92.
  93. 1 2 3 Bellomo 2005, p. 93.
  94. ↑ G.I. Joe marches to top of best-seller list; buyers representing 5,400 stores nationwide cast votes in 4th annual PLAYTHINGS' survey, Playthings; Dec 1, 1986
  95. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 73.
  96. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 100.
  97. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 120.
  98. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 74.
  99. ↑ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964-1994. Krause Publications. p. 108. ISBN   0-87341-301-6.
  100. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 118.
  101. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 203.
  102. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 56.
  103. 1 2 Santelmo 1994, p. 107. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  104. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 191.
  105. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 204.
  106. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 168.
  107. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 205.
  108. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 254.
  109. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 192.
  110. ↑ Santelmo 1994, p. 112. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  111. ↑ Santelmo 1994, p. 125. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  112. ↑ Santelmo 1994, p. 128. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  113. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 169.
  114. ↑ "Coloring book information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved 2012-09-17.
  115. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 29.
  116. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 208.
  117. ↑ Santelmo 1994, p. 115. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  118. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 97.
  119. ↑ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #100
  120. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 61.
  121. ↑ Yezbick, p. 161
  122. 1 2 3 4 5 Bellomo 2005.
  123. ↑ Ryder, pp. 195–196
  124. ↑ Bainbridge, pp. 35–36.
  125. ↑ Yezbick, p. 161.
  126. ↑ Yezbick, p. 161.
  127. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 91.
  128. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 16.
  129. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 101.
  130. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 33.
  131. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 14.
  132. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 30.
  133. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 43.
  134. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 30-31.
  135. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 41-45.
  136. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 98.
  137. 1 2 Bellomo 2005, p. 123.
  138. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 15.
  139. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 75.
  140. ↑ Santelmo 1994, p. 109. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSantelmo1994 (help)
  141. ↑ Bellomo 2005, p. 41.

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References

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