List of Greek letters

Last updated August 11, 2025

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This is a list of letters of the Greek alphabet. The definition of a Greek letter for this list is a character encoded in the Unicode standard that has a script property of "Greek" and the general category of "Letter". An overview of the distribution of Greek letters is given in Greek script in Unicode.

Letters contained in the modern Greek alphabet

Greek alphabet
Αα	Ββ	Γγ	Δδ	Εε	Ζζ	Ηη	Θθ	Ιι	Κκ	Λλ	Μμ	Νν	Ξξ	Οο	Ππ	Ρρ	Σσς	Ττ	Υυ	Φφ	Χχ	Ψψ	Ωω

Extensions


Letter	Name	Notes
Ͱͱ	Heta	Archaic letter for voiceless glottal fricative ^[1]
Ͳͳ	Archaic Sampi	Archaic sibilant letter^[2]
Ϝϝ	Digamma	Archaic letter for /w/
Ͷͷ	Tsan	Pamphylian letter for /w/; alleged sibilant in Arcado-Cypriot ^[2]
Ϻϻ	San	Archaic letter for /s/ ^[3]
Ϸϸ	Sho	Bactrian letter for /ʃ/ ^[4]
Ϙϙ	Archaic Koppa	Letter for /k/ before Ο, Υ, and Ω
Ϛϛ	Stigma	Archaic ligature for στ, retained in iconography^[5]
Ϳϳ	Yot	Greek linguistics,^[6] Arvanitika letter for /j/ ^[7]
Ϗϗ	Kai	Ligature abbreviating the word kai^[8]

Letters with diacritics


Letter	Name	Notes
Άά	Alpha with acute	High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὰὰ	Alpha with grave	Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
ᾶ	Alpha with circumflex	Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
Ἀἀ	Alpha with smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἄἄ	Alpha with acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἂἂ	Alpha with grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἆἆ	Alpha with circumflex and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ἁἁ	Alpha with rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἅἅ	Alpha with acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἃἃ	Alpha with grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἇἇ	Alpha with circumflex and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ᾱᾱ	Alpha with macron	Archaic letter denoting a long vowel
Ᾰᾰ	Alpha with breve	Archaic letter denoting a short vowel
ᾼᾳ	Alpha with subscript iota	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong
ᾴ	Alpha with subscript iota and acute	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a rising pitch
ᾲ	Alpha with subscript iota and grave	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a normal or low pitch
ᾷ	Alpha with subscript iota and circumflex	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a high or falling pitch
ᾈᾀ	Alpha with subscript iota and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾌᾄ	Alpha with subscript iota and acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾊᾂ	Alpha with subscript iota and grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾎᾆ	Alpha with subscript iota and circumflex and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
ᾉᾁ	Alpha with subscript iota and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾍᾅ	Alpha with subscript iota and acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter presence the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾋᾃ	Alpha with subscript iota and grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾏᾇ	Alpha with subscript iota and circumflex and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
Έέ	Epsilon with acute	High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὲὲ	Epsilon with grave	Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
Ἐἐ	Epsilon with smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἔἔ	Epsilon with acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἒἒ	Epsilon with grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἑἑ	Epsilon with rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἕἕ	Epsilon with acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἓἓ	Epsilon with grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ε̠ε̠	Epsilon with macron below	Arvanitika letter for /ə/ ^[7]
Ζ̌ζ̌	Zeta with caron	Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek ^[9] and Pontic Greek ^[10] representing /ʒ/
Ζ̇ ζ̇	Zeta with dot above	Arvanitika letter for /ʒ/ ^[7]
Ήή	Eta with acute	High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὴὴ	Eta with grave	Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
ῆ	Eta with circumflex	Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
Ἠἠ	Eta with smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἤἤ	Eta with acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἢἢ	Eta with grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἦἦ	Eta with circumflex and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ἡἡ	Eta with rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἥἥ	Eta with acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἣἣ	Eta with grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἧἧ	Eta with circumflex and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
ῌῃ	Eta with subscript iota	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong
ῄ	Eta with subscript iota and acute	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a rising pitch
ῂ	Eta with subscript iota and grave	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a normal or low pitch
ῇ	Eta with subscript iota and circumflex	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a high or falling pitch
ᾘᾐ	Eta with subscript iota and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾜᾔ	Eta with subscript iota and acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾚᾒ	Eta with subscript iota and grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾞᾖ	Eta with subscript iota and circumflex and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
ᾙᾑ	Eta with subscript iota and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾝᾕ	Eta with subscript iota and acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter presence the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾛᾓ	Eta with subscript iota and grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾟᾗ	Eta with subscript iota and circumflex and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
Ίί	Iota with acute	High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὶὶ	Iota with grave	Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
ῖ	Iota with circumflex	Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
Ἰἰ	Iota with smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἴἴ	Iota with acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἲἲ	Iota with grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἶἶ	Iota with circumflex and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ἱἱ	Iota with rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ἵἵ	Iota with acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ἳἳ	Iota with grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ἷἷ	Iota with circumflex and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ϊϊ	Iota with diaeresis	Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong
ΐ	Iota with diaeresis and acute	Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a rising pitch
ῒ	Iota with diaeresis and grave	Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ῗ	Iota with diaeresis and circumflex	Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
Ῑῑ	Iota with macron	Archaic letter denoting a long vowel
Ῐῐ	Iota with breve	Archaic letter denoting a short vowel
Κ̌κ̌	Kappa with caron	Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /c/ and /t͡ʃ/ ^[9]
K̇κ̇	Kappa with dot above	Arvanitika letter for /c/ ^[7]
Λ̌λ̌	Lambda with caron	Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /ʎ/ ^[9]
Λ̇λ̇	Lambda with dot above	Arvanitika letter for /ʎ/ ^[7]
Ν̌ν̌	Nu with caron	Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /ɲ/ ^[9]
Ν̇ν̇	Nu with dot above	Arvanitika letter for /ɲ/ ^[7]
Ξ̌ξ̌	Xi with caron	Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek ^[9] and Pontic Greek ^[10] representing /kʃ/
Όό	Omicron with acute	High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὸὸ	Omicron with grave	Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
Ὀὀ	Omicron with smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὄὄ	Omicron with acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὂὂ	Omicron with grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ὁὁ	Omicron with rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὅὅ	Omicron with acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὃὃ	Omicron with grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Π̌π̌	Pi with caron	Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /pʲ/ ^[9]
ῤ	Rho with smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting /r/,^[11]
Ῥῥ	Rho with rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting /r̥/ ^[11]
Ṗρ̇	Rho with dot above	Arvanitika letter for /r/ ^[7]
Σ̌σ̌ς̌	Sigma with caron	Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek ^[9] and Pontic Greek ^[10] representing /ʃ/
Σ̈σ̈	Sigma with diaeresis	Arvanitika letter for /ʃ/ ^[7]
Τ̌τ̌	Tau with caron	Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /c/ ^[9]
Ύύ	Upsilon with acute	High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὺὺ	Upsilon with grave	Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
ῦ	Upsilon with circumflex	Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
ὐ	Upsilon with smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
ὔ	Upsilon with acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
ὒ	Upsilon with grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
ὖ	Upsilon with circumflex and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ὑὑ	Upsilon with rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὕὕ	Upsilon with acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὓὓ	Upsilon with grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ὗὗ	Upsilon with circumflex and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ϋϋ	Upsilon with diaeresis	Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong
ΰ	Upsilon with diaeresis and acute	Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a rising pitch
ῢ	Upsilon with diaeresis and grave	Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ῧ	Upsilon with diaeresis and circumflex	Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
Ῡῡ	Upsilon with macron	Archaic letter denoting a long vowel
Ῠῠ	Upsilon with breve	Archaic letter denoting a short vowel
Χ̇χ̇	Chi with dot above	Arvanitika letter for /xʲ/ ^[7]
Ψ̌ψ̌	Psi with caron	Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek ^[9] and Pontic Greek ^[10] representing /pʃ/
Ώώ	Omega with acute	High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel
Ὼὼ	Omega with grave	Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch
ῶ	Omega with circumflex	Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch
Ὠὠ	Omega with smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὤὤ	Omega with acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὢὢ	Omega with grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ὦὦ	Omega with circumflex and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
Ὡὡ	Omega with rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel
Ὥὥ	Omega with acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel
Ὣὣ	Omega with grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch
Ὧὧ	Omega with circumflex and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch
ῼῳ	Omega with subscript iota	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong
ῴ	Omega with subscript iota and acute	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a rising pitch
ῲ	Omega with subscript iota and grave	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a normal or low pitch
ῷ	Omega with subscript iota and circumflex	Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a high or falling pitch
ᾨᾠ	Omega with subscript iota and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾬᾤ	Omega with subscript iota and acute and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾪᾢ	Omega with subscript iota and grave and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾮᾦ	Omega with subscript iota and circumflex and smooth breathing	Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch
ᾩᾡ	Omega with subscript iota and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong
ᾭᾥ	Omega with subscript iota and acute and rough breathing	Archaic letter presence the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch
ᾫᾣ	Omega with subscript iota and grave and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch
ᾯᾧ	Omega with subscript iota and circumflex and rough breathing	Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch

Other characters

Other Greek characters are omitted from the tables above:

Subscript modifier letters β, γ, ρ, φ, and χ: ᵦ ᵧ ᵨ ᵩ ᵪ
Superscript modifier letters β, γ, δ, φ, and χ: ᵝ ᵞ ᵟ ᵠ ᵡ
Small capitals Γ, Λ, Π, Ρ, Ψ, and Ω: ᴦ ᴧ ᴨ ᴩ ᴪ ꭥ
Glyph variants for β, ε, Θ, θ, κ, ρ, Σ, σ/ς, π, Υ, Ύ, Ϋ, φ: ϐ ϵ ϴ ϑ ϰ ϱ Ϲ ϲ ϖ ϒ ϓ ϔ ϕ^[12]
OU ligature which is used in Greek but encoded as a Latin letter: Ȣȣ^[5]

Footnotes

↑ Nicholas, Nick (2005-01-01). "Proposal to add Greek Letter Lowercase Heta and Greek Letter Capital Heta to the UCS" (PDF).
1 2 Nicholas, Nick (2005-01-01). "Proposal to add Greek epigraphical letters to the UCS" (PDF).
↑ "Proposal to encode the Greek Capital Letter San and Greek Small Letter San in the UCS" (PDF). 2002-11-07.
↑ Everson, Michael (2002-01-30). "Proposal to add two Greek letters for Bactrian to the UCS" (PDF).
1 2 Nicholas, Nick (2005-05-23). "Other Ligatures".
↑ Nick Nicholas, "Yot" Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Arvanitic language" . Retrieved 8 October 2022.
↑ Nicholas, Nick (2005-04-09). "Ligatures".
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Themistocleous, Charalambos; Katsoyannou, Marianna; Armosti, Spyros; Christodoulou, Kyriaki. "Cypriot Greek Lexicography: A Reverse Dictionary of Cypriot Greek" (PDF).
1 2 3 4 "Pontic Greek language" . Retrieved 8 October 2022.
1 2 Nicholas, Nick (2003-05-26). "Greek & Greek Extended".
↑ Thompson, Edward M. (1911). An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 186–194.