List of Neanderthal fossils

Last updated

This is a list of Neanderthal fossils .

Some important European Neanderthals

Remains of more than 300 European Neanderthals have been found. This is a list of the most notable.

Contents

NameAgeCranial capacity (cm3)Year
discovered		CountryDiscovered byNow located at
Ehringsdorf skull 150k–120k1450 [1] 1908–1925 Germany Archäologischen Landesmuseums Thüringen
Engis 2 Schaedel 1.jpg Engis 2 Undated ? (child)1829 Belgium Philippe-Charles Schmerling University of Liège
Neanderthal skull from Forbes' Quarry.jpg Gibraltar 1 40k1200 [1] 1848 Gibraltar Edmund Flint Natural History Museum, London
Homo neanderthalensis face (University of Zurich).JPG Gibraltar 2 Undated ? (child)1926 Gibraltar Dorothy Garrod Natural History Museum, London
Krijn 100-40 ka(Not a full skull)2001 Netherlands Luc Anthonis Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.jpg La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 60k1600 [1] 1908 France L. Bardon, A. Bouyssonie and J. Bouyssonie
Ferrassie skull.jpg La Ferrassie 1 70k–50k1641 [1] 1909 France Louis Capitan and Denis Peyrony Musée de l'Homme
Neander1.jpg Neanderthal 1 40k1452 [1] 1856 Germany Kleine Feldhofer Grotte Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn
Homo neanderthalensis skull - National Museum of Natural History (8587341141).jpg Saccopastore 1 250k1200 [2] 1929 Italy
Saccopastore 2 250k1300 [3] 1935 Italy Alberto Blanc and Henri Breuil
Altamura Man 170k1993 Italy

Southwest Asian Neanderthals

As of 2017, this list of Southwest Asian Neanderthals may be considered essentially complete.

List of Southwest Asian Neanderthals
Present-day country (country of discovery)SitePrincipal Neanderthal finds MNI Geological age (ka)DescriptionsNotes
Turkey Karain Four teeth1—Senyürek (1949) [4] [5]

Yalçınkaya (1988) [6] [5]

Lebanon Ksâr 'Akil K2: Teeth and partial maxilla1— Ewing (1963) [7] Ewing lost this specimen while transferring Ksar Akil material from Boston College to Fordham University. [8]
LebanonEl MasloukhUpper second molar [9] (1)— ?Neanderthal attribution is stratigraphic, not morphological. [10]
Israel Kebara KMH1: 7-9 mo. old partial skel.

KMH2 : Post-cranial adult ♂

Various fragments

KMH3: Milk tooth (m1-r) [11]
KMH4: 9 milk teeth, germ of 1 permanent tooth [12] [11]
KMH5: Child mandibular symphysis fragment, no teeth [11]
KMH6: Right maxillary fragment with M1 and M2 [11]
KMH7: Milk tooth (m?-r) [11]
KMH8: Milk tooth (m2-l) [11]
KMH9: Foot bone (4th right metatarsal) [11]
KMH10: Foot bone (1st toe distal phalanx) [11]
KMH11: Right clavicle fragment [11]
KMH12: Milk tooth (m?-r) [11]
KMH13: Milk tooth germ (m1-l) [11]
KMH14: Tooth (M2-l) [11]
KMH15: Milk tooth (m1-r) [11]
KMH16: Milk tooth (left i1) [11]
KMH17: Clavicle fragment [11]
(KMH18: Mandibular fragment with tooth [M2-r]) [11]
(KMH19: Fragmentary tooth crown [M?-r]) [11]
(KMH20: Parietal bone fragment) [11]
(KMH21: Germ of tooth [M1-l]) [11]
(KMH22: Milk tooth [upper c-l]) [11]
(KMH23: Milk tooth [i2-r]) [11]
KMH24: Tooth (M3-l) [11]
(KMH25: 3 milk teeth germs [upper c-l, m1, m2]) [11]
(KMH26: Tooth germ [i2-r]) [11]
KMH27: Tooth (I2) [13] [13]
KMH28: Tooth (I2) [13] [13]
(KMH29: Milk tooth [i2-l]) [11]
KMH30: Milk tooth (m1) [11] [13]
(KMH31: Tooth [lower c]) [13]

21 + (10)64-59 [14] [15] KMH1: Smith et al. (1977) [16]

KMH2: Arensburg et al. (1985) [17]
KMH5-17, 24-31 : Tillier et al. (2003) [11]

Neanderthal attribution uncertain in KMH18-23, 25, 29, and 31 [11] [13]
West Bank (Mandatory Palestine) Shuqba S-D1: Tooth and cranial frags. [9] 1— Keith (1931) [18]
Israel (Mandatory Palestine) Tabun T C1: Nearly complete adult ♀

T C2: Toothed mandible missing I1 (♂)

Various fragments

T E1: Right femur shaft (♂?)
T E2: Tooth (M1 or M2, ♀?)
T C3: Right femur shaft (♀)
T C4: Distal right radius frag. (♀)
T C5: Right hamate bone
T C6: Right pisiform bone
T C7: Distal thumb phalanx
T B1: 10-11 year-old maxilla (♂?) with I2-r, M2-r
T BC2: Four teeth
(I2-l, M1-l, P3-r, M1-r)
T B3: One tooth (I2-r)
T B4: Four teeth
(I1-l, I2-l, M1-l, M3-r)
T B5: Two teeth (M2-l, M2-r)
T BC6: Two teeth (I1-l, M2-l)

15≈170-90

[19] [20] [21]

McCown (1936)
McCown and Keith (1939)		T C1: Neanderthal attribution is not universally accepted. [22]

As of 1975, the whereabouts of T BC2, B3, and BC6 are unknown. [9] : 146 

IsraelEin Qashish(EQH-2: Third molar)

EQH-3: Adult lower limbs

1 + (1) [23] 70-60 [23] Been et al. (2017) [23] Discovered in 2013, these were the first diagnostically Neanderthal remains in Southwest Asia not found in a cave. [23]

EQH-2: 70% posterior probability that Neanderthal attribution is correct. [23]

IsraelShovakh(Tooth, M(3)-l [24] [Note 1] )(1)— S. Binford (1966) [25]


Trinkaus (1987) [24]

"[A]lthough within archaic and modern human ranges of variation, this complex occlusal morphology may suggest that it is more likely to have derived from a Neandertal than an early modern human". (Trinkaus 1987) [24]
Israel Amud A1 : Adult full skeleton ♂

A2: Maxillary fragment

A7: 10-mo.-old partial skel.

3 [Note 2] [26] 61-53 [26] A1: Suzuki et al. (1970) [27]

A7: Rak et al. (1994) [28]

Syria Dederiyeh D1: 19-30-month-old full skel.

D2: 21-30-month-old full skel.

17—D1: Akazawa et al. (1993) [29]

D2: Akazawa et al. (1999) [30]

Iraq Shanidar S1: Adult partial skel. ♂

S2: Adult crushed skel. ♂
S3: Post-cranial adult ♂
S4: Adult partial skel. (♂)
S5: Adult partial skel. (♂)
S6: Adult partial skel. (♀)
S7: 6-9-mo.-old crushed skel.
S8: Adult skeletal fragments (♀)
S9: 6-12-month-old vertebrae
S10: 17-25-month-old skel.

10S2, S4: > 100

Others: 60

S1: Stewart (1959) [31]

S2: Stewart (1961) [32]
S3: Solecki (1960) [33]
S4: Stewart (1963) [34]
S5: Trinkaus (1977) [35]
Pomeroy et al. (2017) [36] S6: Same as S4
S7: Senyürek (1957) [37] [38]
S8: Same as S4
S9: ?
S10: Cowgill et al. (2007) [39]

Shanidar 2 and 4 are sometimes not treated as Neanderthals.

All but Shanidar 3 and 10 (and fragments of 5 excavated in 2015-2016) [36] may have been destroyed in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. [40]

Iran Bawa Yawan Lower left deciduous canine1~43,600-~41,500 years ago [41] Heydari-Guran et al (2021) [41]
Iran Wezmeh maxillary right premolar tooth170-40 [42] Zanolli et al. (2019) [42]
Iran Bisitun Adult radius shaft1—Trinkaus and Biglari (2006) [43]
Total71 + (13)
  1. ↑ M?-r according to S. Binford (1966) [25] .
  2. ↑ Valladas, Mercier, and Froget (1999) write that "[o]f the remains of 18 individuals recovered at the Amud Cave, 15 were derived from unambiguous Middle Palaeolithic contexts, all of them located in the northern area of the excavation (Hovers et al., 1995). The stratigraphic distribution of these remains encompasses the layers B1 and B2, with only a single specimen derived from layer B4 (Sakura, 1970). Three individuals bear diagnostic characteristics which define them as Neanderthals. Amud I, the skeleton of an adult male was found at the top of layer B1, while the partial skeleton of the baby Amud 7 (Rak, Kimbet & Hovers, 1994) was recovered from the top of layer B2, just under the contact with the base of layer B1. Amud II, represented by a fragment of the right maxilla, was excavated from layer B2."

Central and North Asian Neanderthals

Central Asian Neanderthals were found in Uzbekistan and North Asian Neanderthals in Asian Russia.

CountrySitePrincipal Neanderthal finds MNI Geological age (ka)Initial descriptionsNotes
Uzbekistan Teshik-Tash 8-11-yr-old skeleton1—Okladnikov (1949)
Uzbekistan Obi-Rakhmat Subadult skull frag. and teeth174 [44] Glantz et al. (2008) [45]
Asian Russia ChagyrskayaPartial mandible1—(Announced in Viola 2012)
Asian Russia Okladnikov Sub-adult humerus and femur1(Announced in Krause et al. 2007) [46] mtDNA sampled
Asian Russia Denisova Altai 1: Toe phalanx♀ D11: Bone fragment2—Mednikova (2011)

Brown, et al. (2016) [47]

Altai 1: Full genome sequenced [48]

D11: mtDNA sampled

Total6

See also

Notes

    Related Research Articles

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    37. ↑ M.S. Şenyürek (1957). "The skeleton of the fossil infant found in Shanidar cave, northern Iraq". Anatolia. 2: 49–55.
    38. ↑ M.S. Şenyürek (1957). "A further note on the paleolithic Shanidar infant". Anatolia. 2: 111–121.
    39. ↑ L.W. Cowgill; E. Trinkaus; M.A. Zeder (2007). "Shanidar 10: A Middle Paleolithic immature distal lower limb from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 53 (2): 213–223. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.003. PMID   17574652.
    40. ↑ B. Wood, ed. (2013). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN   978-1-118-65099-8.[ page needed ]
    41. 1 2 Heydari-Guran Saman; Benazzi Stefano; Talamo Sahra; Ghasidian Elham; Hariri Nemat; Oxilia Gregorio; Asiabani Samran; Azizi Faramarz; Naderi Rahmat; Safaierad Reza; Hublin Jean-Jacques; Foley Robert A.; Lahr Marta M. (2021). "The discovery of an in situ Neanderthal remain in the Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, West- Central Zagros Mountains, Kermanshah". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): 1-24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253708 . PMID   34437543.
    42. 1 2 Zanolli Clément; Biglari Fereidoun; Mashkour Marjan; Abdi Kamyar; Monchot Herve; Debue Karyne; Mazurier Arnaud; Bayle Priscilla; Le Luyer Mona; Rougier Hélène; Trinkaus Erik; Macchiarelli Roberto (2019). "Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar". Journal of Human Evolution. 135: 102643. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102643. PMID   31421316. S2CID   201057857.
    43. ↑ E. Trinkaus; F. Biglari (2006). "Middle Paleolithic Human Remains from Bisitun Cave, Iran". Paléorient. 32 (2): 105–111. doi:10.3406/paleo.2006.5192.
    44. ↑ Bailey, S. E. (2008). "The affinity of the dental remains from Obi-Rakhmat Grotto, Uzbekistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (2): 238–248. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.03.004. PMID   18486185.
    45. ↑ Glantz, Michelle; Viola, Bence; Wrinn, Patrick; Chikisheva, Tatiana; Derevianko, Anatoly; Krivoshapkin, Andrei; Islamov, Uktur; Suleimanov, Rustam; Ritzman, Terrence (August 2008). "New hominin remains from Uzbekistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (2): 223–237. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.12.007. PMID   18499228.
    46. ↑ Krause, Johannes; Orlando, Ludovic; Serre, David; Viola, Bence; Prüfer, Kay; Richards, Michael P.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Hänni, Catherine; Derevianko, Anatoly P.; Pääbo, Svante (30 September 2007). "Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia". Nature. 449 (7164): 902–904. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..902K. doi:10.1038/nature06193. PMID   17914357. S2CID   2084412.
    47. ↑ Brown, Samantha; Higham, Thomas; Slon, Viviane; Pääbo, Svante (March 29, 2016). "Identification of a new hominin bone from Denisova Cave, Siberia using collagen fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA analysis". Scientific Reports. 6: 23559. Bibcode:2016NatSR...623559B. doi:10.1038/srep23559. PMC   4810434 . PMID   27020421.
    48. ↑ Prüfer, Kay (2013). "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains". Nature . 505 (1): 43–49. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...43P. doi:10.1038/nature12886. PMC   4031459 . PMID   24352235.

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