A child prodigy is defined in psychology research literature as a person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain to the level of an adult expert performer. [1] [2] [3] This is a list of young children (under around age 10) who displayed a talent in music deemed to make them competitive with skilled adult musicians. The list is sorted by instrument.
| Name | Born | Instrument | Debut [a] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles-Valentin Alkan | 1813 | Piano | 5 | Entered Paris Conservatoire at age 5, youngest ever admission. [4] |
| Martha Argerich | 1941 | Piano | 4 | Orchestral debut at age eight [5] |
| Pepito Arriola | 1896 | Piano | 3 | Performed the Beethoven C Minor Concerto at the Royal Albert Hall aged 9 with the LSO and Frederic Hymen Cowen. |
| Kit Armstrong | 1992 | Piano | 5 | Concerto debut at eight; Morton Gould Young Composer Award for five consecutive years [6] |
| Claudio Arrau | 1903 | Piano | 5 | Could read notes before letters [7] |
| Daniel Barenboim | 1942 | Piano | 7 | [8] |
| Emily Bear | 2001 | Piano | 5 | Composed and released her first piano album at age five [ citation needed ] |
| Vincenzo Bellini | 1801 | Piano | 5 | Began studying music theory at two, the piano at three, and by the age of five could apparently play well |
| Lili Boulanger | 1893 | Piano, violin, cello, harp | 6 | Attended Louis Vierne's organ classes at the Paris Conservatoire at age six [9] |
| Frédéric Chopin | 1810 | Piano | 7 | Wrote his first composition, a polonaise, which is still studied and performed today. [10] |
| Augusta Cottlow | 1878 | Piano | 6 | Aged 10 performed a recital which included Haydn C major fantasie; Beethoven G major rondo, op.15; Beethoven G major sonata, op.14, No.2; Chopin E flat nocturne, op.9, No.2; Chopin A minor waltz, op.34, No.2, and Les Charmes de Paris by Moscheles. [11] |
| William Crotch | 1775 | Organ, Fortepiano | 3 | At age 3 he played the organ of the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace. [12] |
| Solomon Cutner | 1902 | Piano | 8 | Performed at Queen's Hall London, June 1911, when he played Mozart's Concerto No.15 in B flat, K.450, as well as the central movement of the Tchaikovsky first concerto, and finally the Polacca by Alice Verne-Bredt. [13] |
| Georges Cziffra | 1921 | Piano | 9 | Entered the Franz Liszt Academy at age nine, after some four years performing in a traveling circus |
| Carl Filtsch | 1830 | Piano | 6 | Composed concerto at thirteen; died at age fourteen [14] |
| Nelson Freire | 1944 | Piano | 5 | He made his first public appearance at the age of five playing Mozart's Sonata K. 331. |
| Charly García | 1951 | Piano | 5 | Gave his first public recital at age five, became a music professor at age twelve. |
| Clara Haskil | 1895 | Piano | 5 | Gave her first concert in Vienna in 1902. |
| Otto Hegner | 1876 | Piano | 8 | Caused a sensation in London in 1888. [15] |
| Cory Henry | 1987 | Piano, Organ | 6 | Began playing both the piano and the B3 organ at two years old; played a recital at the Apollo Theater when he was six. [16] [17] |
| Josef Hofmann | 1876 | Piano | 10 | [18] |
| Ernest Hutcheson | 1871 | Piano, Composer | 5 | Gave his first public recitals aged five; entered the Leipzig Conservatory at the age of fourteen. |
| Maryla Jonas | 1911 | Piano | 9 | Made her debut with the Warsaw Philharmonic in 1920. |
| Evgeny Kissin | 1971 | Piano | 10 | Entered music school at age six [19] |
| Raoul Koczalski | 1884 | Piano | 4 | Debut in St. Petersburg; noted Chopin exponent. |
| Alicia de Larrocha | 1923 | Piano | 5 | She gave her first public performance at the age of five at the International Exposition in Barcelona. [20] |
| Franz Liszt | 1811 | Piano | 9 | Performed first major concert at age eleven [21] |
| Maria Anna Mozart | 1751 | Harpsichord, fortepiano | 7 | Performed all over Europe with her father Leopold and brother Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Her career was thwarted by the gender roles of her time, and her domineering father demanded she marry. [22] |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | 1756 | Piano, violin, composition | 4 | One of the most prolific composers of the Classical Era. Performed all over Europe with his father Leopold and sister Nannerl [23] |
| Elisey Mysin | 2010 | Piano | 8 | At the age of eight, without a score, he performed Mozart's Concerto No. 3 in D major in Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia |
| Arthur Napoleon | 1844 | Piano | 4 | At the age of four, appeared at the Philharmonic Society of Oporto. Appeared in Paris in 1853, where Hector Berlioz noted his success in the Journal des Débats. [24] |
| Pillar Osorio | 1905 | Piano | 3 | Performed, aged 3, in Leipzig. Step-sister to Pepito Arriola. [25] |
| Daniel Pollack | 1935 | Piano | 9 | Made his debut with the New York Philharmonic at the age of nine, performing the Chopin Piano Concerto No. 1. |
| Sugar Chile Robinson | 1938 | Jazz | 7 | At age 7, Sugar Chile played to large audiences along stars such as Lionel Hampton. [26] |
| Camille Saint-Saëns | 1835 | Piano | 5 | Gave his first public recital at age five |
| Ernest Schelling | 1876 | Piano, Composer | 4 | Debut at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. |
| Ruth Slenczynska | 1925 | Piano | 6 | She played her debut in Berlin at age six and made her debut in Paris with a full orchestra at seven years of age. [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] |
| Bruno Steindel | 1890 | Piano | 7 | London debut at Crystal Palace concerts, October 9, 1897 [32] |
| Vera Timanova | 1855 | Piano | 9 | At 11 began studying with Anton Rubinstein, and later with K. Tausig in Berlin. [33] |
| Geoffrey Tozer | 1954 | Piano | 8 | Aged eight, Tozer performed Bach's Concerto No. 5 in F minor with the Victorian Symphony Orchestra, Australia |
| Name | Born | Talent | Age of first composition [a] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samuel Barber | 1910 | Composer, conductor | 7 | Attempted an opera at age ten; attended the Curtis Institute of Music at age fourteen [34] |
| Ethan Bortnick | 2000 | Composer, pianist | 5 | Ethan began playing a keyboard at the age of three and was composing music by the age of five. [35] [36] [37] |
| Ferruccio Busoni | 1866 | Pianist, composer, conductor, editor, writer, and educator | 7 | Composed quartet at age 11 |
| Frédéric Chopin | 1810 | Composer | 7 | Began concerts and polonaises at age seven; attained notability by age fifteen [38] |
| Pio Cianchettini | 1799 | Composer, pianist | 6 [39] | Composed prolifically for the piano, performing a concerto of own composition in London in 1809 when he was 10. Edited Beethoven’s works for British publishers. |
| Max Darewski | 1894 | Composer, pianist, conductor | 5 | Composed the waltz Le Rêve, aged 5. Conducted the massed bands numbering five thousand at Crystal Palace, aged 9. [40] |
| Iris de Cairos Rego | 1894 | Composer, pianist | 3 | Starting composing and playing aged 3. [41] |
| Alma Deutscher | 2005 | Composer, pianist, violinist | 5 | Composed first piano sonata at age six, first violin concerto at age nine, and first full-length opera, Cinderella, at age ten. [42] |
| Carl Filtsch | 1830 | Composer, pianist | 9 | Pupil of Chopin, composed his first works for piano aged 9. |
| César Franck | 1822 | Composer, organist, pianist, teacher | 12 | Attempted piano concerto at age 12 and cantata at age 13 among other various works. |
| Morton Gould | 1913 | Composer, conductor, pianist | 6 | [43] |
| Jay Greenberg | 1991 | Composer | 6 | Entered Juilliard school at age 10; first symphony at age 11 |
| Evgeny Kissin | 1971 | Pianist and Composer | 6 | Started composing significant output at age 7 including early work, ‘Petrushka.’ |
| Erich Wolfgang Korngold | 1897 | Composer, conductor | 7 | Started composing at age 7. Wrote cantata and first ballet, ‘Der Schneemann’ at age 11. Piano sonata no.2 played by [Artur Schnabel] at 13; opera at 17. |
| Franz Liszt | 1811 | Composer, pianist, conductor, teacher | 9? | Was the only child composer to write for a set of Diabelli variations at age 11, and composed opera at age 13. |
| André Mathieu | 1929 | Composer and pianist | 4 | Wrote etudes and other works at age 4; piano concertino at age 7 performed with orchestra. |
| Felix Mendelssohn | 1809 | Composer, conductor | 12 | [44] |
| Gian Carlo Menotti | 1911 | Composer, librettist, playwright, director | 7 | Started composing at 7; composed first opera at age eleven [45] |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | 1756 | Composer | 4 | Wrote 25 symphonies, 8-9 operas and various concerti, vocal, and solo work before adulthood. At age 4 (or 5,) his first compositions were Andante (K. 1a) and Allegro. (K. 1b) [46] |
| Niccolò Paganini | 1782 | Composer, violinist | 7 | [47] |
| Sergei Prokofiev | 1891 | Composer, pianist, and conductor | 5 | Composed first piano piece at age 5. First operetta, The Giant composed at age 9 along with several other short operas. |
| Sergei Rachmaninoff | 1873 | Composer, pianist | 11 | First pieces from age 11+ show remarkable craft; Piano Concerto No.1 composed from age 17-18. |
| Nino Rota | 1911 | Composer | 8 | First piano composition at age eight; attended Milan Conservatory at age 13; first oratorio performed publicly at age eleven and composed opera at age 13 [48] |
| Anton Rubinstein | 1829 | Pianist, composer, conductor | 11 | Composed piano etude, ‘Ondine’ at age 11. |
| Camille Saint-Saëns | 1835 | Composer, organist, conductor, and pianist | 3 | Wrote first pieces at age 3. |
| Clara Schumann | 1819 | Pianist, composer, piano teacher | Composed 4 polonaises at 10, piano sonata at age 13, and premiered her own piano concerto aged 14-15. | |
| Richard Strauss | 1864 | Composer, conductor | 6 | Composed his first song Weihnachtslied aged 6. Composed Winterreise and other songs aged 7. His first orchestral composition, an overture to the singspiel Hochlands Treue was composed in 1872/73. |
| Blind Tom Wiggins | 1849 | Composer, pianist | 4 | Composed music from the age 4-5 including pieces like ‘The Rainstorm’ He and was able to memorize entire speeches with nuances. |
| Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga | 1806 | Composer | Wrote opera Los esclavos felices at age 14 and over 100 works before he died at age 20. Was praised as a student of Cherubini. | |
| Name | Born | Talent | Debut [a] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ferruccio Burco | 1939 | Conducting | 8 | Made his United States debut conducting a professional orchestra in Carnegie Hall. [49] |
| Willy Ferrero | 1906 | Conducting, Composing | 4 | First conducting appearance in Paris at the age of four, attended by Jules Massenet. At the age of seven, conducted an orchestra of 150 Instruments at the Augusteum in Rome, an auditorium seating 5,000. [50] |
| Lorin Maazel | 1930 | Conducting | 8 | Began conducting at age 7, studying under Vladimir Bakaleinikov and made debut at age 8. He conducted the National High School Orchestra at Interlochen Center for the Arts and subsequently the New York World’s Fair. |
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For the purposes of this and future research, a prodigy was defined as a child younger than 10 years of age who has reached the level of a highly trained professional in a demanding area of endeavor.
At the moment, the most widely accepted definition is a child, typically under the age of 10, who has mastered a challenging skill at the level of an adult professional.