List of exomoon candidates

Last updated

As of November 2024, there have been no positive confirmations of satellites of extra-solar planets (exomoons); however, some evidence in favour of their existence has been produced.

Contents

Timeline

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Table

Host star
of the
host planet(s)		Planet designationPlanet massPlanet
semimajor
axis (AU)		Exomoon
semimajor
axis		Exomoon
mass (ME)		Notes
N/A J1407b <6 MJ [2] N/A0.396–0.421 AU<0.8One possible exomoon residing in a 4 million km-wide gap in J1407b's circumplanetary disk. [22] Other ring gaps in J1407b's disk may also contain exomoons.
Beta Pictoris Beta Pictoris b 9.3+2.6
−2.5MJ		10.260.03 to 0.05 AU≳15Found via the predicted misaligment of the planet's obliquity, which is yet to be confirmed by JWST observations but is currently likely. [23]
N/A 2MASS J1119-1137A or B 3.7 MJ 3.6 ± 0.9
separation from each other		0.004 - 0.009 AU0.5 - 1Found using the transit method. A habitable-zone exomoon candidate transiting a directly imaged free-floating planet or isolated planetary-mass object. [14]
N/A 2MASS J2117-2940 7 MJ N/A0.005 AU~0.5Candidate exomoon transit detected in Spitzer observations of 2MASS J21171431-2940034. [24]
DH Tauri DH Tauri b 10.6 MJ 33010 AU318Candidate Jupiter-mass satellite from direct imaging. If confirmed, it could also be considered a planet orbiting a brown dwarf. [25]
HD 189733 HD 189733 b 1.13 MJ 0.0310.0087 AU ?Found by studying periodic increases and decreases in light given off from HD 189733 b. Outside of planet's Hill sphere. [26]
<0.00112 AU~ 0.015Exo-Io candidate; [27] The sodium and potassium data [28] [29] at HD 189733b is consistent with evaporating exomoons and/or their corresponding gas torus. [30]
Kepler-409 Kepler-409b 1.00 ME 0.3200.222 R Hill 0.300Possible exomoon from transit timing variations, [12] since deemed unlikely. [13]
Kepler-517 Kepler-517b 7.59 ME 0.2980.278 R Hill 0.499Possible exomoon from transit timing variations, [12] since deemed unlikely. [13]
Kepler-809 Kepler-809b 38.02 ME 0.3080.289 R Hill 2.931Possible exomoon from transit timing variations. [12]
Kepler-857 Kepler-857b 14.13 ME 0.3760.208 R Hill 1.636Possible exomoon from transit timing variations. [12]
Kepler-1000 Kepler-1000b 19.95 ME 0.5340.235 R Hill 1.551Possible exomoon from transit timing variations, [12] since deemed unlikely. [13]
Kepler-1326 Kepler-1326b 24.55 ME 0.26910.295 R Hill 6.057Possible exomoon from transit timing variations, [12] since deemed unlikely. [13]
Kepler-1442 Kepler-1442b 14.13 ME 0.4050.208 R Hill 1.586Possible exomoon from transit timing variations, [12] since deemed unlikely. [13]
Kepler-1625 Kepler-1625b <11.6 MJ [31] 0.980.022 AU19.0Possible Neptune-sized exomoon or double planet, indicated by transit observations. [32] [9]
Kepler-1708 Kepler-1708b <4.6 MJ 1.640.005 AU
(11.7 RP)		<37Possible Neptune-sized exomoon or double planet, indicated by transit observations. [15]
KOI-268 KOI-268.01 9.33 ME 0.470.217 R Hill 0.817Possible exomoon from transit timing variations, [12] since deemed unlikely. [13]
N/A MOA-2015-BLG-337L 9.85 MJ N/A0.24 AU33.7Found by microlensing; however it is unknown if the system is a super-Neptune-mass planet orbiting a free-floating planet, or a binary brown dwarf system. [33]
WASP-12 WASP-12b [34] 1.465 MJ 0.02320.57–6.4 (radius) [35]
6 RPFound by studying periodic increases and decreases in light given off from WASP-12b. Outside of planet's Hill sphere. [26]
WASP-49 WASP-49b 0.37 MJ 0.0379< 1.74 RP~ 0.015Exo-Io candidate; The sodium exosphere around WASP-49b could be due to a volcanically active Io-like exomoon. [27] [21]
WASP-76 WASP-76b 0.92 MJ 0.0331.125 RP~ 0.015Exo-Io candidate; Sodium detected via absorption spectroscopy around WASP-76b [36] is consistent with an extrasolar toroidal atmosphere [37] generated by an evaporating exomoon. [30]
WASP-121 WASP-121b 1.184 MJ 0.02544~ 1.9 RP~ 0.015Exo-Io candidate; The sodium detected via absorption spectroscopy around WASP-121b [38] is consistent with an extrasolar gas torus possibly fueled by a hidden exo-Io. [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hot Jupiter</span> Class of high-mass planets orbiting close to a star

Hot Jupiters are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are inferred to be physically similar to Jupiter but that have very short orbital periods. The close proximity to their stars and high surface-atmosphere temperatures resulted in their informal name "hot Jupiters".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exomoon</span> Moon beyond the Solar System

An exomoon or extrasolar moon is a natural satellite that orbits an exoplanet or other non-stellar extrasolar body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 189733 b</span> Hot Jupiter exoplanet in the constellation Vulpecula

HD 189733 b is an exoplanet in the constellation of Vulpecula approximately 64.5 light-years away from the Solar System. Astronomers in France discovered the planet orbiting the star HD 189733 on October 5, 2005, by observing its transit across the star's face. With a mass 11.2% higher than that of Jupiter and a radius 11.4% greater, HD 189733 b orbits its host star once every 2.2 days at an orbital speed of 152.0 kilometers per second, making it a hot Jupiter with poor prospects for extraterrestrial life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler</span> Space research project

The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) is a project whose aim is to search for exomoons, natural satellites of exoplanets, using data collected by the Kepler space telescope. Founded by British exomoonologist David Kipping and affiliated with the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, HEK submitted its first paper on June 30, 2011. HEK has since submitted five more papers, finding some evidence for an exomoon around a planet orbiting Kepler-1625b in July 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-90g</span> Super-puff exoplanet in the constellation Draco

Kepler-90g is a super-puff exoplanet orbiting the early G-type main sequence star Kepler-90, one of eight planets around this star discovered using NASA's Kepler space telescope. It is located about 2,840 light-years (870 pc) from Earth, in the constellation Draco. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. It orbits its parent star about every 210.5 days at a distance of 0.71 astronomical units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-138</span> Red dwarf in the constellation Lyra

Kepler-138, also known as KOI-314, is a red dwarf located in the constellation Lyra, 219 light years from Earth. It is located within the field of vision of the Kepler spacecraft, the satellite that NASA's Kepler Mission used to detect planets transiting their stars.

Kepler-1625 is a 14th-magnitude solar-mass star located in the constellation of Cygnus approximately 7,200 light-years away. Its mass is within 5% of that of the Sun, but its radius is approximately 70% larger reflecting its more evolved state. A candidate gas giant exoplanet was detected by the Kepler Mission around the star in 2015, which was later validated as a real planet to >99% confidence in 2016. In 2018, the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler project reported evidence for a Neptune-sized exomoon around this planet, based on observations from NASA’s Kepler mission and the Hubble Space Telescope. Subsequently, the evidence for and reality of this exomoon candidate has been subject to debate.

Kepler-1625b is a super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star Kepler-1625 about 2,500 parsecs away in the constellation of Cygnus. The large gas giant is approximately the same radius as Jupiter, and orbits its star every 287.4 days. In 2017, hints of a Neptune-sized exomoon in orbit of the planet was found using photometric observations collected by the Kepler Mission. Further evidence for a Neptunian moon was found the following year using the Hubble Space Telescope, where two independent lines of evidence constrained the mass and radius to be Neptune-like. The mass-signature has been independently recovered by two other teams. However, the radius-signature was independently recovered by one of the teams but not the other. The original discovery team later showed that this latter study appears affected by systematic error sources that may influence their findings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-1625b I</span> Possible exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b in the constellation of Cygnus

Kepler-1625b I is a possible moon of exoplanet Kepler-1625b, which may be the first exomoon ever discovered, and was first indicated after preliminary observations by the Kepler Space Telescope. A more thorough observing campaign by the Hubble Space Telescope took place in October 2017, ultimately leading to a discovery paper published in Science Advances in early October 2018. Studies related to the discovery of this moon suggest that the host exoplanet is up to several Jupiter masses in size, and the moon is thought to be approximately the mass of Neptune. Like several moons in the Solar System, the large exomoon would theoretically be able to host its own moon, called a subsatellite, in a stable orbit, although no evidence for such a subsatellite has been found.

WASP-49 is a binary star system about 636 light-years away in the constellation Lepus. The two stars are separated by 443 AU. The primary is a G-type main-sequence star, with a surface temperature of 5,600 K. WASP-49 is depleted of heavy elements relative to the Sun. It has a metallicity Fe/H index of –0.23, meaning it has 59% the iron level of the Sun.

WASP-69, also named Wouri, is a K-type main-sequence star 164 light-years away from Earth. Its surface temperature is 4782±15 K. WASP-69 is slightly enriched in heavy elements compared to the Sun, with a metallicity Fe/H index of 0.10±0.01, and is much younger than the Sun at 2 billion years. The data regarding starspot activity of WASP-69 are inconclusive, but spot coverage of the photosphere may be very high.

Kepler-1708b is a Jupiter-sized exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star Kepler-1708, located in the constellation of Cygnus approximately 5,600 light years away from Earth. It was first detected in 2011 by NASA's Kepler mission using the transit method, but was not identified as a candidate planet until 2019. In 2021, a candidate Neptune-sized exomoon in orbit around Kepler-1708b was found by astronomer David Kipping and colleagues in an analysis using Kepler transit data. However, subsequent research has raised discrepancies about the possible existence of an exomoon, similar to that of Kepler-1625b, but even more recent research still find the existence of an exomoon likely.

Kepler-1513 is a main-sequence star about 1,150 light-years away in the constellation Lyra. It has a late-G or early-K spectral type, and it hosts at least one, and likely two, exoplanets.

References

  1. ↑ "Saturn-like ring system eclipses Sun-like star". Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2018. Mamajek thinks his team could be either observing the late stages of planet formation if the transiting object is a star or brown dwarf, or possibly moon formation if the transiting object is a giant planet
  2. 1 2 Kenworthy, M. A.; Klaassen, P. D.; et al. (January 2020). "ALMA and NACO observations towards the young exoring transit system J1407 (V1400 Cen)". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 633: A115. arXiv: 1912.03314 . Bibcode:2020A&A...633A.115K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936141.
  3. ↑ Российские астрономы впервые открыли луну возле экзопланеты Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) – "Studying of a curve of change of shine of WASP-12b has brought to the Russian astronomers unusual result: regular splashes were found out.<...> Though stains on a star surface also can cause similar changes of shine, observable splashes are very similar on duration, a profile and amplitude that testifies for benefit of exomoon existence."
  4. ↑ Bennett, D.P.; et al. (2014). "A Sub-Earth-Mass Moon Orbiting a Gas Giant Primary or a High Velocity Planetary System in the Galactic Bulge". The Astrophysical Journal. 785 (2): 155. arXiv: 1312.3951 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...785..155B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/155. S2CID   118327512.
  5. ↑ Clavin, Whitney (10 April 2014). "Faraway Moon or Faint Star? Possible Exomoon Found". NASA . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  6. ↑ "First exomoon glimpsed – 1800 light years from Earth". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  7. ↑ Terry, Sean K.; Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe; Bennett, David P.; Bhattacharya, Aparna; Hulberg, Jon; Huston, Macy J.; Koshimoto, Naoki; Blackman, Joshua W.; Bond, Ian A. (2024-10-11). "A Candidate High-Velocity Exoplanet System in the Galactic Bulge". arXiv: 2410.09147 [astro-ph.EP].
  8. ↑ Teachey, Alex; et al. (2017). "HEK VI: On the Dearth of Galilean Analogs in Kepler and the Exomoon Candidate Kepler-1625b I". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (1). 36. arXiv: 1707.08563 . Bibcode:2018AJ....155...36T. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa93f2 . S2CID   118911978.
  9. 1 2 Teachey, Alex; Kipping, David M. (4 October 2018). "Evidence for a large exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b". Science Advances. 4 (10): eaav1784. arXiv: 1810.02362 . Bibcode:2018SciA....4.1784T. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav1784. PMC   6170104 . PMID   30306135.
  10. ↑ Laura Kreidberg; Rodrigo Luger; Megan Bedell (24 April 2019). "No Evidence for Lunar Transit in New Analysis of HST Observations of the Kepler-1625 System". The Astrophysical Journal. 877 (2). arXiv: 1904.10618 . Bibcode:2019ApJ...877L..15K. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab20c8 . S2CID   129945202.
  11. ↑ Sucerquia, Mario; et al. (October 2019). "Ploonets: formation, evolution, and detectability of tidally detached exomoons". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 489 (2): 2313–2322. arXiv: 1906.11400 . Bibcode:2019MNRAS.489.2313S. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz2110 . S2CID   195700030.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fox, Chris; Wiegert, Paul (23 November 2020). "Exomoon Candidates from Transit Timing Variations: Eight Kepler systems with TTVs explainable by photometrically unseen exomoons". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 501 (2): 2378–2393. arXiv: 2006.12997 . Bibcode:2021MNRAS.501.2378F. doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa3743 . S2CID   219980961.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kipping, David (8 August 2020). "An Independent Analysis of the Six Recently Claimed Exomoon Candidates". The Astrophysical Journal. 900 (2): L44. arXiv: 2008.03613 . Bibcode:2020ApJ...900L..44K. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/abafa9 . S2CID   225253170.
  14. 1 2 Limbach, Mary Anne; Vos, Johanna M.; Winn, Joshua N.; Heller, Rene; Mason, Jeffrey C.; Schneider, Adam C.; Dai, Fei (2021-08-18). "On the Detection of Exomoons Transiting Isolated Planetary-mass Objects". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 918 (2): L25. arXiv: 2108.08323 . Bibcode:2021ApJ...918L..25L. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac1e2d . S2CID   237213523.
  15. 1 2 Kipping, David; Bryson, Steve; et al. (13 January 2022). "An exomoon survey of 70 cool giant exoplanets and the new candidate Kepler-1708 b-i". Nature . 6 (3): 367–380. arXiv: 2201.04643 . Bibcode:2022NatAs...6..367K. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01539-1. PMC   8938273 . PMID   35399159.
  16. ↑ "Astronomers may have found a huge moon around a Jupiter-like exoplanet". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  17. ↑ Kipping, David; Yahalomi, Daniel A. (January 2023). "A search for transit timing variations within the exomoon corridor using Kepler data". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 518 (3): 3482–3493. arXiv: 2211.06210 . Bibcode:2023MNRAS.518.3482K. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac3360 .
  18. ↑ Yahalomi, Daniel A.; Kipping, David; et al. (January 2024). "Not So Fast Kepler-1513: A Perturbing Planetary Interloper in the Exomoon Corridor". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 527 (1): 620–639. arXiv: 2310.03802 . Bibcode:2024MNRAS.527..620Y. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad3070 .
  19. ↑ Heller, René; Hippke, Michael (December 2023). "Large exomoons unlikely around Kepler-1625 b and Kepler-1708 b". Nature Astronomy . 8 (2): 193–206. arXiv: 2312.03786 . Bibcode:2024NatAs...8..193H. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-02148-w.
  20. ↑ Kipping, David; Teachey, Alex (January 2024). "A Reply to: Large Exomoons unlikely around Kepler-1625 b and Kepler-1708 b". Nature Astronomy . arXiv: 2401.10333 .
  21. 1 2 Oza, Apurva V.; Seidel, Julia V.; Hoeijmakers, H. Jens; Unni, Athira; Kesseli, Aurora Y.; Schmidt, Carl A.; Sivarani, Thirupathi; Bello-Arufe, Aaron; Gebek, Andrea; Meyer zu Westram, Moritz; Sousa, Sérgio G.; Lopes, Rosaly M. C.; Hu, Renyu; de Kleer, Katherine; Fisher, Chloe (2024-10-01). "Redshifted Sodium Transient near Exoplanet Transit". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 973 (2): L53. arXiv: 2409.19844 . Bibcode:2024ApJ...973L..53O. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29 . ISSN   2041-8205.
  22. ↑ Matthew A. Kenworthy, Eric E. Mamajek (2015). "Modeling giant extrasolar ring systems in eclipse and the case of J1407b: sculpting by exomoons?". The Astrophysical Journal. 800 (2): 126. arXiv: 1501.05652 . Bibcode:2015ApJ...800..126K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/126. S2CID   56118870.
  23. ↑ Poon, Michael; Rein, Hanno; Pham, Dang (2024-12-08). "A potential exomoon from the predicted planet obliquity of β Pictoris b". arXiv: 2412.05988 .
  24. ↑ Limbach, Mary Anne; Vos, Johanna M.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Dai, Fei (2024-05-13). "Occurrence Rates of Exosatellites Orbiting 3-30M$_{\rm Jup}$ Hosts from 44 Spitzer Light Curves". arXiv: 2405.08116 [astro-ph.EP].
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  27. 1 2 Oza, Apurva V.; Johnson, Robert E.; Lellouch, Emmanuel; Schmidt, Carl; Schneider, Nick; Huang, Chenliang; Gamborino, Diana; Gebek, Andrea; Wyttenbach, Aurelien; Demory, Brice-Olivier; Mordasini, Christoph; Saxena, Prabal; Dubois, David; Moullet, Arielle; Thomas, Nicolas (2019-08-28). "Sodium and Potassium Signatures of Volcanic Satellites Orbiting Close-in Gas Giant Exoplanets". The Astrophysical Journal . 885 (2): 168. arXiv: 1908.10732 . Bibcode:2019ApJ...885..168O. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab40cc . S2CID   201651224.
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  29. ↑ Keles, Engin; Mallonn, Matthias; von Essen, Carolina; Carroll, Thorsten; Alexoudi, Xanthippi; Pino, Lorenzo; Ilyin, Ilya; Poppenhager, Katja; Kitzmann, Daniel; Nascimbeni, Valerio; Turner, Jake D; Strassmeier, Klaus G (October 2019). "The potassium absorption on HD189733b and HD209458b". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 489 (1): L37-L41. arXiv: 1909.04884 . Bibcode:2019MNRAS.489L..37K. doi: 10.1093/mnrasl/slz123 . S2CID   202134796.
  30. 1 2 3 Gebek, Andrea; Oza, Apurva (29 July 2020). "Alkaline exospheres of exoplanet systems: evaporative transmission spectra". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 497 (4): 5271–5291. arXiv: 2005.02536 . Bibcode:2020MNRAS.497.5271G. doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa2193 . S2CID   218516741 . Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  31. ↑ Timmermann, Anina; et al. (29 January 2020). "Radial velocity constraints on the long-period transiting planet Kepler-1625 b with CARMENES". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 635: A59. arXiv: 2001.10867 . Bibcode:2020A&A...635A..59T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937325. S2CID   210942758.
  32. ↑ Drake, Nadia (3 October 2018). "Weird giant may be the first known alien moon – Evidence is mounting that a world the size of Neptune could be orbiting a giant planet far, far away". National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  33. ↑ Miyazaki, S.; et al. (24 July 2018). "MOA-2015-BLG-337: A Planetary System with a Low-mass Brown Dwarf/Planetary Boundary Host, or a Brown Dwarf Binary". The Astronomical Journal. 156 (3): 136. arXiv: 1804.00830 . Bibcode:2018AJ....156..136M. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aad5ee . S2CID   58928147.
  34. ↑ "WASP-12 b". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia . Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  35. ↑ Российские астрономы впервые открыли луну возле экзопланеты (in Russian) - "Studying of a curve of change of shine of WASP-12b has brought to the Russian astronomers unusual result: regular splashes were found out.<...> Though stains on a star surface also can cause similar changes of shine, observable splashes are very similar on duration, a profile and amplitude that testifies for benefit of exomoon existence."
  36. ↑ Seidel, J.V.; Ehrenreich, D.; Wyttenbach, A.; Allart, R.; Lendl, M.; Pino, L.; Bourrier, V.; Cegla, H.M.; Lovis, C.; Barrado, D.; Bayliss, D.; Astudillo-Defru, N.; Deline, A.; Fisher, C.; Heng, K.; Joseph, R.; Lavie, B.; Melo, C.; Pepe, F.; Segransan, D.; Udry, S. (27 March 2019). "Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS)★ II. A broadened sodium feature on the ultra-hot giant WASP-76b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 623: A166. arXiv: 1902.00001 . Bibcode:2019A&A...623A.166S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834776. S2CID   119348582.
  37. ↑ Johnson, Robert E.; Huggins, Patrick (August 2006). "Toroidal Atmospheres around Extrasolar Planets". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 118 (846): 1136–1143. arXiv: astro-ph/0605655 . Bibcode:2006PASP..118.1136J. doi:10.1086/506183. S2CID   16201558.
  38. ↑ Hoeijmakers, H.J.; Seidel, J.V.; Pino, L.; Kitzmann, D.; Sindel, J.P.; Ehrenreich, D.; Oza, A.V.; Bourrier, V.; Allart, R.; Gebek, A.; Lovis, C.; Yurchenko, S.N.; Astudillo-Defru, N.; Bayliss, D.; Cegla, H.; Lavie, B.; Lendl, M.; Melo, C.; Murgas, F.; Nascimbeni, V.; Pepe, F.; Segransan, D.; Udry, S.; Wyttenbach, A.; Heng, K. (18 September 2020). "Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) - IV. A spectral inventory of atoms and molecules in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 641: A123. arXiv: 2006.11308 . Bibcode:2020A&A...641A.123H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038365. S2CID   219966241.
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