List of investigational acne drugs

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

This is a list of investigational acne drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of acne but are not yet approved.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. The format of list items is "Name (Synonyms) – Mechanism of Action [Reference]".

This list was last comprehensively updated in September 2025. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Phase 3

• Benzoyl peroxide/tretinoin (IDP-120) – combination of benzoyl peroxide (undefined mechanism of action) and tretinoin (retinoid) ^[1]
• Berdazimer sodium (SB-204; MAP3-NONOate; NVN1000) – nitric oxide releasing agent ^[2]
• Denifanstat (ASC–40; TVB-2640) – fatty acid synthetase complex inhibitor ^[3]
• GED 0507-34-Levo (GED-0507; GED-0507-34; N-acetyl-GED-0507-34; NAC-GED-0507) – peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) modulator ^[4]

Phase 2/3

• B-244 (AOB-101; AOB-102; AOB-103; AOB-201; AOB-202; AOB-203; B244; nitrosomonas eutropha D23) – bacteria replacement ^[5]

Phase 2

• Acetylcysteine lysinate (L-lysine-N-acetyl-L-cysteinate; N-acetylcysteine lysinate; Nacystelyn) – antioxidant ^[6]
• Aminolevulinic acid (ALA; BF-200 ALA) – photosensitizer ^[7]
• Cannabidiol topical (CBD; BTX-1204; BTX-1308; BTX-1503; BTX-1702; BTX-1801; PBX-1308) – cannabinoid ^[8]
• Dimethylcurcumin (ASCJ-9; AJ-101; ASC-J9) – androgen receptor degradation enhancer ^[9]
• Imsidolimab (ANB-019) – monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-36 receptor ^[10]
• Ivermectin topical (CD-5024; Soolantra) – non-mammalian chloride channel opener ^[11]
• LYS-006 – leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) inhibitor ^[12]
• Methyl aminolevulinate (MAL; CD06809-41; Luxerm; MAL-PDT; Metvix; Metvixia; P-1202; Visonac) – photosensitizer ^[13]
• NAI Acne (BI-Acne; BI-K-0376; CB-06-01; CB-06-04; NAI-003; NAI-Acne; VIC-acne) – peptide elongation factor Tu inhibitor ^[14]
• Omiganan (CLS-001; CPI-226; MBI-226; MBI-594AN; MX-226; MX-594AN; Omigard) – antiseptic/antibacterial ^[15]
• Pyrilutamide (EX-A5504; HY-145451; KX–826) – antiandrogen (androgen receptor antagonist) ^[16]
• Tretinoin topical – retinoid (retinoic acid receptor agonist) ^[17]
• VB-1953 – antibiotic and toll-like receptor antagonist ^[18]

Phase 1/2

• Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) – photosensitizer ^[19]
• SP-0268 (acne mRNA vaccine) – immunostimulant, vaccine ^[20]

Phase 1

• AMTX-100 – transcription factor modulator ^[21]
• ASC-60 (TVB-3567) – fatty acid synthetase complex inhibitor ^[22]
• Trifarotene – retinoic acid receptor gamma (RAR-γ) agonist ^[23]

Preclinical

• Acne vaccine – immunostimulant ^[24]
• ADA-308 – antiandrogen (androgen receptor antagonist) ^[25]
• Research programme: acne vulgaris therapeutics - Attillaps Pharmaceuticals – acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ^[26]

Research

• Topical acne vulgaris therapeutic (novel compound 8) – undefined mechanism of action ^[27]

Not under development

No development reported

• Adapalene/minocycline (FCD-105) – combination of adapalene (retinoid) and minocycline (tetracycline antibiotic) ^[28]
• Auriclosene (AgaDerm; AgaNase; AL-46383A; CD-07223; DCDMT; NVC-422) – aganocide compound and antimicrobial ^[29]
• Bermekimab (CA-18C3; CV-18C3; Hutruo; JNJ-77474462; MAB-p1; RA-18C3; T2-18C3; Xilonix) – monoclonal antibody against interleukin-1α ^[30]
• BOS-356 (GSK-3008356) – diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase inhibitor ^[31]
• Brilacidin (PMX-30063) – host defense protein (HDP) mimetic antibiotic ^[32]
• Carbamide peroxide topical (E-0301) – disinfectant and bleaching agent ^[33]
• CJM-112 – IL17A and IL17F inhibitor ^[34]
• Clindamycin/tretinoin – combination of clindamycin (lincosamide antibiotic) and tretinoin (retinoid) ^[35]
• Clindamycin/tretinoin – combination of clindamycin (lincosamide antibiotic) and tretinoin (retinoid) ^[36]
• DMT-200 (DMT-210; DMT-220; SIG-990) – isoprenylcysteine analogue and various actions ^[37]
• Estradiol valerate/dienogest (Climodien; Climodiène; Klimodien; Lafamme) – combination of estradiol valerate (estrogen) and dienogest (progestogen) ^[38]
• Ethinylestradiol/chlormadinone acetate (Balianca; Belara; GRT4248) – combination of ethinylestradiol (estrogen) and chlormadinone acetate (progestogen) and a combined oral contraceptive ^[39]
• Ethinylestradiol/drospirenone (Petibelle; SH-470; Yasmin; ZK-30595) – combination of ethinylestradiol (estrogen) and drospirenone (progestogen) ^[40]
• GSK-1940029 – stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibitor ^[41]
• GT-20029 (AR-PROTAC) – androgen receptor degradation enhancer ^[42]
• IP10-C8 – CD13 antigen inhibitor and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitor ^[43]
• Minocycline extended release (Emrosi; Ximino) – tetracycline antibiotic ^[44]
• Minocycline topical (HY01) – tetracycline antibiotic ^[45]
• MTC-896 – melanocortin receptor antagonist ^[46]
• Nitric oxide (Enovid; FabiSpray; NORS-0791; NORS-1002; NORS-2791; NORS-4002; NORS-6491; NORS) – nitric oxide donor ^[47]
• ORG-101 (acne vulgaris vaccine; ORI-001; ORI-A-ce001) – immunostimulant, vaccine ^[48]
• Radezolid (RX-01667; Rx-01_667; RX-103; RX-1741) – oxazolidone antibiotic ^[49]
• Research programme: antimicrobial therapies - NovaBiotics – cell membrane permeability enhancers ^[50]
• Research programme: synthetic cannabinoid therapeutics - Claritas Pharmaceuticals – cannabinoids (cannabinoid receptor modulators) ^[51]
• Research programme: therapeutic antibody fragments - Kuur Therapeutics – various actions ^[52]
• Silver dihydrogen citrate (SDC; Axenohl) – antiseptic/antibacterial ^[53]
• Tazarotene topical (DFD-03) – retinoid X receptor agonist ^[54]

Discontinued

• Acebilustat (CTX-4430; EP-501) – leukotriene A4 (LTA4H) hydrolase inhibitor ^[55]
• Afamelanotide (CUV-1647; EPT-1647; Melanotan I; Melanotan; Prenumbra; Scenesse) – melanocortin receptor agonist ^[56]
• BBI-3000 – retinoid X receptor agonist ^[57]
• BMX-010 (MnTE-2-PyP) – reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and radioprotector ^[58]
• Botulinum toxin A liquid (AI-09) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent ^[59]
• Botulinum toxin A topical (ANT-1207) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent ^[60]
• Cioteronel (CPC-10997; Cyoctol; X-Andron) – antiandrogen (androgen receptor antagonist) ^[61]
• Diroleuton (DGLA; DHLA; DS-107; RO-12-1989) – omega-6 fatty acid and anti-inflammatory ^[62]
• DMVT-503 (RVT-503) – undefined mechanism of action ^[63]
• DX-0385 – retinoic acid metabolism modulator ^[64]
• Encapsulated tretinoin cream – retinoid (retinoic acid receptor agonist) ^[65]
• Epristeride (Aipuliete; ONO-9302; SKF-105657) – 5α-reductase inhibitor ^[66]
• Falecalcitriol (DSC-103; F6VD3; flocalcitriol; Fulstan; hexafluorocalcitriol; hexafluorovitamin D3; Hornel; SM-8000; ST-630) – vitamin D/calcitriol analogue ^[67]
• Gevokizumab (S-78989; VPM-087; XMA-005.2) – monoclonal antibody against interleukin-1β ^[68]
• Hypochlorous acid (PR-013; PR-022) – disinfectant and other actions ^[69]
• Imsidolimab (ANB-019) – monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-36 receptor ^[70]
• Incyclinide (chemically modified tetracycline 3; CMT-3; COL-3; Metastat) – chemically modified tetracycline and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (no antibiotic activity) ^[71]
• Ingenol disoxate (LEO-43204) – undefined mechanism of action ^[72]
• JNJ-10229570 – melanocortin MC₅ receptor antagonist ^[73]
• MDI-301 – undefined mechanism of action ^[74]
• MK-434 (MK-0434) – 5α-reductase inhibitor ^[75]
• MTCH-24 (Zilex; Zorex) – undefined mechanism of action ^[76]
• PF-06423264 – acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor ^[77]
• PSK-3841 (HMR-3841; RU-58841) – antiandrogen (androgen receptor antagonist) ^[78]
• Research programme: acne therapeutics - Praxis – undefined mechanism of action ^[79]
• Research programme: tetracycline derivatives - Paratek Pharmaceuticals (P-004292) – tetracycline derivatives ^[80]
• Rose bengal sodium (PH-10; Provecta; PV-10; rose bengal; Xantryl) – immunomodulator and other actions ^[81]
• Santalum album ointment (albuterpenoid; East Indian sandalwood oil) – undefined mechanism of action ^[82]
• Talarozole (R115866; Rambazole) – retinoic acid metabolism modulator ^[83]
• Thykamine (PCT-233; PUR-0110) – undefined mechanism of action (anti-inflammatory) ^[84]
• Valproic acid topical (Avugane; Baceca; G2M-777) – histone deacetylase inhibitor and other actions ^[85]
• XEN-801 (XEN801) – stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibitor ^[86]
• XOMA-629 (XMP-629) – endotoxin inhibitor ^[87]
• Zileuton (A-64077; Abbott-64077; ABT-077; CRTX-073; CTI-02; Zyflo) – 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor ^[88]

Not under development

• Isotretinoin topical – retinoid (retinoic acid receptor agonist) ^[89]

Clinically used drugs

Approved drugs

Single-drug formulations

• Adapalene (CD-271; Differin) – retinoid (retinoic acid receptor agonist) ^[90]
• Azelaic acid (BAY39-6251; Finacea; Skinoren) – undefined mechanism of action ^[91]
• Benzoyl peroxide (Bepio; M6050; M605101) – undefined mechanism of action ^[92]
• Clascoterone (Breezula; Winlevi; CB-03-01; cortexolone 17α-propionate) – antiandrogen (androgen receptor antagonist) ^[93]
• Clindamycin (ResiDerm A; Zindaclin) – lincosamide antibiotic ^[94]
• Dapsone topical (Aczone; Atrisone) – sulfone antibiotic ^[95]
• Doxycycline hyclate (Acticlate; Monodox; AQ101) – tetracycline antibiotic ^[96]
• Isotretinoin (Absorica; Accutane; CIP-isotretinoin; Epuris; Lisacne-CIP) – retinoid (retinoic acid receptor agonist) ^[97]
• Minocycline (DFD-10; DFD-29; Emrosi; Minolira) – tetracycline antibiotic ^[98]
• Minocycline foam (Amzeeq; FMX-102; FMX-103; FMX-101; FXFM-244; Zilxi) – tetracycline antibiotic ^[99]
• Nadifloxacin topical – fluoroquinolone antibiotic ^[100]
• Ozenoxacin (Dubine; GF-001001-00; M-5120; M-512101; M-512102; Ozadub; Ozanex; T-3912; Xepi; Zebiax) – quinolone antibiotic ^[101]
• Sarecycline (Seysara; P-0005672; WC-3035) – narrow-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic ^[102]
• Solubilised benzoyl peroxide (CLENZIderm M.D.; SoluCLENZ Rx Gel) – undefined mechanism of action ^[103]
• Tazarotene topical (AGN-190299; Avage; Fabior; Suretin; Tazorac; Zorac) – retinoid (retinoic acid receptor agonist) ^[104]
• Tretinoin (Acnisdin Retinoico; All-trans retinoic acid; Arotinoid; Avita; Dermojuventus; Loderm Retinoico; NSC 122758; Retinoic acid; Retirides; Vesanoid; Vitamin A acid; Vitamin-A Acid; Vitanol) – retinoid (retinoic acid receptor agonist) ^[105]
• Tretinoin lotion (Altreno; IDP-121) – retinoid (retinoic acid receptor agonist) ^[106]
• Trifarotene (Aklief; CD-5789) – retinoid acid receptor gamma (RAR-γ) agonist ^[107]

Combination formulations

• Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide (CD-0271/CD-1579; Epiduo; GK-530G; Tactuo; TactuPump) – combination of adapalene (retinoid) and benzoyl peroxide (undefined mechanism of action) ^[108]
• Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin phosphate (Cabtreo; IDP-126) – combination of adapalene (retinoid), benzoyl peroxide (undefined mechanism of action), and clindamycin phosphate (lincosamide antibiotic) ^[109]
• Benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin (Duac) – combination of benzoyl peroxide (undefined mechanism of action) and clindamycin (lincosamide antibiotic) ^[110]
• Benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin low dose (Acanya; BenzaClin; Clin-BPO; Onexton) – combination of benzoyl peroxide (undefined mechanism of action) and clindamycin (lincosamide antibiotic) ^[111]
• Benzoyl peroxide/tretinoin – combination of benzoyl peroxide (undefined mechanism of action) and tretinoin (retinoid) ^[112]
• Clindamycin/tretinoin (Acnatac; Acnex; CLin-RA; Ziana) – combination of clindamycin (lincosamide antibiotic) and tretinoin (retinoid) ^[113]
• Ethinylestradiol/drospirenone low-dose (Yasmin, Yaz) – combination of ethinylestradiol (estrogen) and drospirenone (progestogen) and a combined oral contraceptive ^[114]
• Ethinylestradiol/drospirenone/levomefolic acid (BAY98-7071; Beyaz; Safyral; Yasmin Plus; Yaz Flex Plus; Yaz Plus) – combination of ethinylestradiol (estrogen), drospirenone (progestogen), and levomefolic acid (vitamin B₉) and a combined oral contraceptive ^[115]

Off-label drugs

• Antihistamines (histamine H₁ receptor antagonists) (e.g., cetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine, loratadine) ^{[116] [117]}
• Corticosteroids (corticosteroid receptor agonists) (e.g., hydrocortisone, prednisone, triamcinolone acetonide) ^{[118] [119] [120] [121]}
• Hydroquinone – tyrosinase inhibitor and skin-lightening agent ^{[122] [123] [124]}
• Nicotinamide (niacinamide) – vitamin B₃ ^{[125] [126]}
• Oral antiandrogens (androgen receptor antagonists) (e.g., spironolactone, cyproterone acetate, flutamide, bicalutamide, ketoconazole, cimetidine) ^{[127] [121] [128] [129] [130]}
• Other antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin, metronidazole, sulfacetamide)
• Other ethinylestradiol-containing combined oral contraceptives ^{[131] [132] [129]}
• Salicylic acid – various actions (keratolytic, comedolytic, and bacteriostatic) ^{[133] [125]}
• Zinc – undefined mechanism of action (antibacterial and anti-inflammatory) ^{[134] [135] [136] [125]}

See also

• List of investigational drugs
• List of investigational hair loss drugs

References

1. "Benzoyl peroxide/Tretinoin - Bausch Health Companies - AdisInsight".
2. "Berdazimer sodium - SB 204 - Ligand Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
3. "Denifanstat - Sagimet Biosciences - AdisInsight".
4. "GED 0507-34-Levo - AdisInsight".
5. "B 244 - AdisInsight".
6. "Acetylcysteine lysinate - Laboratoires SMB - AdisInsight".
7. "Aminolevulinic acid - Biofrontera - AdisInsight".
8. "Cannabidiol - Botanix Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
9. "ASCJ 9 - AdisInsight".
10. "Imsidolimab - AnaptysBio - AdisInsight".
11. "Ivermectin topical - Galderma - AdisInsight".
12. "LYS 006 - AdisInsight".
13. "Methyl aminolevulinate - Galderma - AdisInsight".
14. "NAI Acne - NAICONS - AdisInsight".
15. "Omiganan - Cutanea Life Sciences - AdisInsight".
16. "Pyrilutamide - Suzhou Kintor Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
17. "Tretinoin topical - Avecho Biotechnology - AdisInsight".
18. "VB 1953 - AdisInsight".
19. "Aminolevulinic acid - Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight".
20. "SP 0268 - AdisInsight".
21. "AMTX 100 - AdisInsight".
22. "ASC 60 - AdisInsight".
23. "Trifarotene - Taro Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
24. "Acne vaccine - Immorna - AdisInsight".
25. "ADA 308 - Aranda Pharma - AdisInsight".
26. "Research programme: Acne vulgaris therapeutics - Attillaps Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
27. "Topical acne vulgaris therapeutic - Eluciderm - AdisInsight".
28. "Adapalene/Minocycline - Journey Medical Corporation - AdisInsight".
29. "Auriclosene - NovaBay Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
30. "Bermekimab - Janssen Biotech - AdisInsight".
31. "BOS 356 - AdisInsight".
32. "Brilacidin - Alfasigma/Innovation Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
33. "Carbamide peroxide topical - AdisInsight".
34. "CJM 112 - AdisInsight".
35. "Clindamycin/Tretinoin - Dr. Reddys Laboratories - AdisInsight".
36. "Clindamycin/Tretinoin - Verisfield - AdisInsight".
37. "DMT 200 - AdisInsight".
38. "Estradiol valerate/Dienogest - Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceutials - AdisInsight".
39. "Ethinylestradiol/Chlormadinone - Grunenthal - AdisInsight".
40. "Ethinylestradiol/Drospirenone - AdisInsight".
41. "GSK 1940029 - AdisInsight".
42. "GT 20029 - AdisInsight".
43. "IP10 C8 - AdisInsight".
44. "Minocycline extended release - Sun Pharma - AdisInsight".
45. "Minocycline topical - Hovione - AdisInsight".
46. "MTC 896 - AdisInsight".
47. "Nitric oxide - Sanotize Research and Development - AdisInsight".
48. "ORG 101 - AdisInsight".
49. "Radezolid - Melinta Therapeutics - AdisInsight".
50. "Research programme: Antimicrobial therapies - NovaBiotics - AdisInsight".
51. "Research programme: Synthetic cannabinoid therapeutics - Claritas Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
52. "Research programme: Therapeutic antibody fragments - Kuur Therapeutics - AdisInsight".
53. "Silver dihydrogen citrate - AdisInsight".
54. "Tazarotene topical - Dr Reddys Laboratories - AdisInsight".
55. "Acebilustat - Celtaxsys - AdisInsight".
56. "Afamelanotide - Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
57. "BBI 3000 - AdisInsight".
58. "BMX 010 - AdisInsight".
59. "Botulinum toxin a liquid - Eirion Therapeutics - AdisInsight".
60. "Botulinum toxin a topical - AbbVie - AdisInsight".
61. "Cioteronel - AdisInsight".
62. "Diroleuton - DS Biopharma - AdisInsight".
63. "DMVT 503 - AdisInsight".
64. "DX 0385 - AdisInsight".
65. "Encapsulated tretinoin cream - Sol-Gel - AdisInsight".
66. "Epristeride - AdisInsight".
67. "Falecalcitriol - AdisInsight".
68. "Gevokizumab - Novartis - AdisInsight".
69. "Hypochlorous acid - ESSA Pharma - AdisInsight".
70. "Imsidolimab - AnaptysBio - AdisInsight".
71. "Incyclinide - AdisInsight".
72. "Ingenol disoxate - LEO Pharma - AdisInsight".
73. "JNJ 10229570 AAA - AdisInsight".
74. "MDI 301 - AdisInsight".
75. "MK 434 - AdisInsight".
76. "MTCH 24 - AdisInsight".
77. "PF 06423264 - AdisInsight".
78. "PSK 3841 - AdisInsight".
79. "Research programme: Acne therapeutics - Praxis - AdisInsight".
80. "Research programme: Tetracycline derivatives - Paratek Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
81. "Rose bengal sodium - Provectus Biopharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
82. "Santalum album ointment - Santalis Healthcare - AdisInsight".
83. "Talarozole - AdisInsight".
84. "Thykamine - Devonian - AdisInsight".
85. "Valproic acid topical - TopoTarget - AdisInsight".
86. "XEN 801 - AdisInsight".
87. "XOMA 629 - AdisInsight".
88. "Zileuton - AbbVie/Chiesi USA - AdisInsight".
89. "Isotretinoin topical - LEO Pharma - AdisInsight".
90. "Adapalene - Galderma - AdisInsight".
91. "Azelaic acid - Leo Pharma - AdisInsight".
92. "Benzoyl peroxide - Maruho - AdisInsight".
93. "Clascoterone - Cosmo Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
94. "Clindamycin - ULURU - AdisInsight".
95. "Dapsone topical - Almirall S.A. - AdisInsight".
96. "Doxycycline hyclate - Aqua Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
97. "Isotretinoin - Cipher Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
98. "Minocycline - Dr Reddys Laboratories/Journey Medical Corporation - AdisInsight".
99. "Minocycline foam - Journey Medical Corporation - AdisInsight".
100. "Nadifloxacin - Otsuka Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight".
101. "Ozenoxacin - Ferrer/Maruho - AdisInsight".
102. "Sarecycline - Almirall S.A./Paratek Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
103. "Solubilised benzoyl peroxide - Obagi Medical Products - AdisInsight".
104. "Tazarotene topical - Almirall S.A. - AdisInsight".
105. "Tretinoin - Roche - AdisInsight".
106. "Tretinoin lotion - Bausch Health/Ortho Dermatologics - AdisInsight".
107. "Trifarotene - Galderma/Mayne Pharma - AdisInsight".
108. "Adapalene/Benzoyl peroxide - Galderma - AdisInsight".
109. "Adapalene/Benzoyl peroxide/Clindamycin phosphate - Bausch Health Companies - AdisInsight".
110. "Benzoyl peroxide/Clindamycin - Stiefel Laboratories - AdisInsight".
111. "Benzoyl peroxide/Clindamycin low dose - Ortho Dermatologics - AdisInsight".
112. "Benzoyl peroxide/Tretinoin - Sol-Gel Technologies - AdisInsight".
113. "Clindamycin/Tretinoin - Ortho Dermatologics - AdisInsight".
114. "Drospirenone/Ethinylestradiol low-dose - Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight".
115. "Ethinylestradiol/Drospirenone/Levomefolic acid - Bayer - AdisInsight".
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122. Taylor S, Elbuluk N, Grimes P, Chien A, Hamzavi I, Alexis A, Gonzalez N, Weiss J, Kang S, Desai SR (August 2023). "Treatment recommendations for acne-associated hyperpigmentation: Results of the Delphi consensus process and a literature review". J Am Acad Dermatol. 89 (2): 316–323. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.02.053. PMID   36924935.
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124. Levy LL, Zeichner JA (October 2012). "Management of acne scarring, part II: a comparative review of non-laser-based, minimally invasive approaches". Am J Clin Dermatol. 13 (5): 331–340. doi:10.2165/11631410-000000000-00000. PMID   22849351.
125. Liu H, Yu H, Xia J, Liu L, Liu GJ, Sang H, Peinemann F (May 2020). "Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 5 (5): CD011368. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011368.pub2. PMC   7193765 . PMID   32356369.
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