List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century

Last updated

The 60 inch telescope, first light in 1908 60-inch Telescope.JPG
The 60 inch telescope, first light in 1908

The following is a list of the largest optical telescopes in the 20th century, paying special attention to the diameter of the mirror or lens of the telescope's objective, or aperture. Aperture rank currently goes approximately by the usable physical aperture size and not by aperture synthesis, although interferometers attained some of the highest angular resolutions at visible and infrared wavelengths compared to traditional telescopes. Diverging methods of construction and use for reflecting telescopes in that area make comparing synthesized aperture irregular.

Contents

For instance, Keck I or II alone has less angular resolution than the Keck Interferometer (Keck I & II together), however, the Keck Interferometer is used for a much narrower range of type of observations. Ultimately, a valid comparison between two telescopes must take into consideration more specifications, when a general measurement becomes obtuse.

Aperture of the primary mirror alone can be poor measure of a reflective telescope's significance; for example, the Hubble Space Telescope has only a 2.4 metres (94 in) primary mirror. In addition, many large or significant telescopes are not optical and/or reflecting. However, many famous optical telescopes have had large apertures on their primary mirror with corresponding good angular resolution.

The list Includes optical observatories, including UV, visible and some optical infrared telescopes, and near infrared. The list covers from about 1901 to 2001, with some flexibility to accommodate ambiguity in classification, for example some 2002 telescopes, if it was nearly operation in 2001. 19th century and earlier telescopes that ceased operation are not included, but the list is not complete.


Table of optical telescopes

Multiple mirror telescopes are ranked by their equivalent optical area, not peak interferometric aperture unless it is not relevant for the design. See also List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths.

See also List of largest optical refracting telescopes, as this list does yet not include such large refractors as the Yerkes Observatory.

Name/Observatory Aperture
m 		Aper.
in 		Mirror type Nationality of SponsorsSite and/or Observatory FL or BuiltImage
Keck 110 m394″ Segmented,36United States Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii 1993 Keck laser at night.png
Keck 210 m394″ Segmented,36United States Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii 1996 KeckObservatory20071013.jpg
Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET)9.2 m362″ Segmented,91United States, Germany McDonald Observatory, Texas 1997 Hobby-Eberly Telescope October 2013.JPG
Subaru (JNLT)8.2 m323″SingleJapan Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii 1999 MaunaKea Subaru.jpg
VLT 1 (Antu)8.2 m323″Single ESO Countries + Chile Paranal Observatory, Chile 1998 Four VLT Unit Telescopes Working as One.jpg
VLT 2 (Kueyen)8.2 m323″Single ESO Countries + Chile Paranal Observatory, Chile 1999
VLT 3 (Melipal)8.2 m323″Single ESO Countries + Chile Paranal Observatory, Chile 2000*
VLT 4 (Yepun)8.2 m323″Single ESO Countries + Chile Paranal Observatory, Chile 2001*
Gemini North (Gillett)8.1 m318″SingleUnited States, Canada, Chile, Australia, Argentina, Brazil Mauna Kea Obs., Hawaii 1999 Gemini at sunset.jpg
Gemini South8.1 m318″SingleUnited States, Canada, Chile, Australia, Argentina, Brazil Cerro Pachón, Chile 2001
MMT 6.5 m256″SingleUnited States F. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona 2000
Magellan 1 (Walter Baade) [1] 6.5 m256″HoneycombUnited States Las Campanas Obs., Chile 2000 Magellan-Telescopes-at-LCO-2014-04-19.jpg
Magellan 2 (Landon Clay)6.5 m256″HoneycombUnited States Las Campanas Obs., Chile 2002*
BTA-6 6 m238″Single USSR + Russia Zelenchukskaya, Caucasus 1976
Hale Telescope (200 inch)5.08 m200″SingleUnited States Palomar Observatory, California 1948 Hale telescope mirror during grinding 1945.jpg
MMT (original) (6 x 1.8 m) optics replaced4.7 m (6 x 1.8 m)186″6 mirrorsUnited States F. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona 1979–1998
William Herschel Telescope 4.2 m165″Single UK, Netherlands, Spain ORM, Canary Islands 1987 William herschel Telescope Dome.jpg
SOAR 4.1 m161″SingleUnited States, Brazil Cerro Pachón, Chile 2002* SOAR telescope at twlight.jpg
Nicholas U. Mayall 4m [2] 4 m158″SingleUSA Kitt Peak National Obs.; Arizona 1973 Kittpeakteliscope.JPG
Victor M. Blanco Telescope 4 m158″SingleUSA Cerro Tololo Inter-American Obs., Chile 1976 4m-Victor M. Blanco Telescope cropped.jpg
Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT)3.89 m154″SingleUnited Kingdom + Australia Anglo-Australian Obs.; Siding Spring, Australia1975 Anglo-Australian telescope at Siding Springs Observatory.jpg
United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT)3.8 m150″Single IRUnited Kingdom Mauna Kea Observatories; Mauna Kea, Hawaii1978
3.67m AEOS Telescope (AEOS)3.67 m145″SingleUnited States Air Force Maui Optical Station; Haleakala, Hawaii1996
Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG)3.58 m138″SingleItaly ORM; La Palma, Canary Islands 1997 Telescopio Nazionale Galileo Tessicini.jpg
New Technology Telescope (NTT)3.58 m142″Single ESO countries European Southern Observatory; Cerro La Silla, Chile1989 ESO-New Technology Telescope-phot-07b-07.jpg
Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT)3.58 m141″SingleCanada, France, United States Mauna Kea Observatories, USA1979 CFW Telescope.JPG
ESO 3.6 m Telescope 3.57 m140″Single ESO countries European Southern Observatory; Cerro La Silla, Chile1977 Wallpaper of 3.6-m Telescope at La Silla.jpg
MPI-CAHA 3.5m [3] 3.5 m138″Single West Germany+Spain Calar Alto Obs., Spain1984
USAF Starfire 3.5m [4] 3.5 m138″SingleUSA Starfire Optical Range; New Mexico1994 Starfire Optical Range - three lasers into space.jpg
WIYN Telescope 3.5 m138″SingleUSA Kitt Peak National Obs., USA1994 WIYN OBSERVATORY ON KITT PEAK.jpg
Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC)3.48 m137″SingleUSA Apache Point Obs.; Sacramento Peak, New Mexico1994
Shane Telescope 3.05 m120″SingleUnited States Lick Observatory; Mt. Hamilton, California1959 ShanePanorama.png
Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF)3 m118″Single IRUnited StatesMauna Kea, Hawaii1979
NASA-LMT (NODO) [5] retired3 m118″ Liquid USA Sacramento Peak, New Mexico, USA1995–2002
Harlan J. Smith Telescope 2.72 m107″SingleUSA McDonald Observatory, Texas, USA1969- Harlan Smith Nima1.JPG
UBC-Laval LMT2.65 m104″ Liquid CanadaVancouver, Canada1992–
Shajn 2.6m (Crimean 102 in) [6] 2.64 m103″Single Crimean Astrophysical Obs., Ukraine1961
BAO 2.62.6 m102″Single Byurakan Astrophysical Obs.; Mt. Aragatz, Armenia1976
Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT)2.56 m101″SingleDenmark, Sweden, Iceland, Norway,  Finland La Palma, Canary Islands1988 Not telescope sunset 2001.jpg
Isaac Newton Telescope (INT)2.54 m100″ZerodurUKLa Palma, Canary Islands moved/new mirror1984 Isaac Newton Telescope, La Palma, Spain.jpg
du Pont 2.54 m100″SingleUSA Las Campanas Observatory, Chile1976
Hooker 100-Inch Telescope 2.54 m100″SingleUnited States Mt. Wilson Observatory; California 1917
Sloan DSS 2.5 m98″SingleUnited StatesSacramento Peak, New Mexico1997
Isaac Newton Telescope (INT)2.54 m98″SingleUK RGO, Sussex, England (original)1965–1979
Hiltner Telescope [7] 2.4 m95″SingleUnited States MDM Observatory, Kitt Peak, Arizona 1986
Hubble (HST)2.4 m94″Single NASA+ESA Low Earth orbit 1990
Vainu Bappu [8] 2.34 m92″Single Vainu Bappu Observatory, India1986
WIRO 2.32.3 m90.5″SingleUSAWyoming, USA1977
ANU 2.3m ATT [9] 2.3 m90″SingleAustralia Siding Spring Obs., Australia1984
Bok Telescope (90-inch)2.3 m90″SingleUSA Steward Obs., Kitt Peak, Arizona 1969
University of Hawaii 2.2 m [10] 2.24 m88″SingleUSA Mauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii1970 [10]
MPIA-ESO (ESO-MPI)2.2 m87″Single West Germany Cerro La Silla, Chile1984 [11]
MPIA-CAHA 2.2m [11] [12] 2.2 m87″Single West Germany Calar Alto Observatory, Spain1979
Xinglong 2.16m [13] 2.16 m85″Single PRC (China) Xinglong, China1989
Jorge Sahade 2.15m [14] 2.15 m84″Single Leoncito Astronomical Complex, Argentina1987
INAOE 2.12 (OAGH) [15] 2.12 m83″SingleMexico, USA Guillermo Haro Observatory; Sonora1987
UNAM 2.122.12 m83"Single NAO; San Pedro, Mexico1979
Kitt Peak 2.1-meter2.1 m83″SingleUSA Kitt Peak (KNPO), USA1964
Otto Struve Telescope 2.1 m82SingleUSA McDonald Observatory, USA1939
Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) [16] 2.01 m79″SingleIndia Indian Astronomical Obs., Hanle (4500 m)2000
Alfred Jensch Teleskop 2 m79″Single Karl Schwarzschild Observatory 1960
Carl Zeiss Jena2 m79″Single Shamakhi Astrophysical Obs., Azerbaijan 1966
Ondřejov 2-m 2 m79″SingleCzechoslovakia Ondřejov Observatory, Czechia 1967 2-m Telescope Building, Ondrejov Astronomical.jpg
Ritchey-Chretien-Coude (RCC) [17] 2 m79″Single Rozhen Observatory, Bulgaria1984
Carl Zeiss Jena2 m79″Single Main Ukraine Obs.
Bernard Lyot Telescope 2 m79″SingleFrance Pic du Midi Obs., France1980 Telescope Bernard Lyot (Pic du Midi Observatory) at sunrise.jpg
Faulkes Telescope South 2 m79″SingleUK Siding Spring Obs., Australia2001 Faulkes Telescope South 2016 10 01.jpg
MAGNUM [18] 2 m79″Single IRJapan Haleakala Obs., USA2001
OHP 1.931.93 m76″SingleFrance Haute-Provence Observatory, France1958
74 inch Radcliffe Telescope (1.9 m) [19] 1.88 m74″Single South African Astronomical Obs., Sutherland, 1974–Present
Radcliffe Obs.,1948– 1974 [19] 		1950
188 cm telescope [20] 1.88 m74″SingleJapan Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, Japan1960
DDO 1.88 m1.88 m74″SingleCanada David Dunlap Observatory, Ontario 1935
74" reflector [21] 1.88 m74″SingleAustralia Mount Stromlo Observatory, Australia1955–2003
Kottamia telescope 1.88 m [22] [23] 1.88 m74″Single Egypt Egypt 1960
Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT)1.83 m72″Single Vatican City Mt. Graham International Obs., Arizona 1993 [24]
72-Inch Perkins Telescope1.83 m72″SingleUSA Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa USA1964
Plaskett telescope [25] 1.83 m72″SingleGreat Britain Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Canada1918
Copernico 182 cm [26] 1.82 m72″SingleItaly Asiago Observatory, Italy (1350 m)1973
1.8m Ritchey Cretien reflector [27] 1.8 m72″Single Korea Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory, Korea1996
Sandy Cross Telescope [28] 1.8 m71″SingleCanada Rothney Astrophysical Observatory 1996
Spacewatch 1.8-meter Telescope [29] 1.8 m71″SingleUSA Kitt Peak National Observatory, USA2001
69-inch Perkins Telescope [30] 1.75 m69″SingleUSA Perkins Observatory, Ohio1931–1964
165 cm telescope1.65 m65″Single Moletai Astronomical Obs., Lithuania 1991
McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope 1.61 m63″SingleUSA Kitt Peak National Obs., USA1962 Mcmath-pierce-telescope.jpg
AZT-33 [31] 1.6 m63″Single Sayan Solar Obs., Siberia (2000m)1981
1.6 m Perkin Elmer [32] 1.6 m63″Single Brazil Pico dos Dias Observatory 1981
1.61.6 m63″ R/C Canada Mont Mégantic Observatory, Canada1978
Kaj Strand Telescope [33] 1.55 m61″SingleUSA USN Obs. Flagstaff Station, USA1964
61" Kuiper Telescope1.55 m61″SingleUSA Steward Obs., Mt. Bigelow, USA1965 [34]
Oak Ridge Observatory 61" reflector [35] (Wyeth)1.55 m61″SingleUSA Oak Ridge Observatory, Massachusetts, USA1933-2005 [36]
Estación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre [37] 1.54 m60.6″SingleArgentina Estación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre, Argentina1942
Danish 1.54 meter telescope [38] 1.54 m60.6″SingleDenmark La Silla Observatory, Chile 1979
Harvard 60-inch Reflector [39] 1.524 m60″SingleUnited States Harvard College Observatory, USA1905–1931
60-Inch Telescope 1.524 m60″SingleUnited States Mt. Wilson Observatory; California 1908 60-inch Telescope.JPG
Dunn Solar Telescope ex-VTT1.524 m60″SingleUSA National Solar Obs.-Sacramento Peak, USA1969
Palomar Observatory 60 inch [40] 1.524 m60″SingleUSA Palomar Observatory, California, USA1970
FLWO 1.5m Tillinghast [41] 1.52 m60″SingleUnited States F. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona 1994
Telescopio Carlos Sánchez (TCS)1.52 m60″SingleUK + Spain Teide Observatory, Tenerife (Spain)1971
OHP 1.521.52 m60″SingleFrance Haute-Provence Obs., France1967
Mt. Lemmon 60" Telescope [42] 1.52 m60″SingleUSA Steward Observatory, Mount Lemmon, USA1970
OAN 1.52 m [43] 1.52 m60″SingleSpain Calar Alto Observatory, Spain1970s
152 cm G.D. Cassini [44] 1.52 m60″SingleItaly Mount Orzale, Italy1976
TIRGO (Gornergrat Infrared Telescope) [45] 1.50 m59″Single IRItaly + SwitzerlandHochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat, Alps, Switzerland (3150 m)1979–2005
AZT-22 [46] 1.5 m59″SingleUSSR, Uzbekistan Mount Maidanak, Uzbekistan 1972
AZT-20 [47] 1.5 m59″Single Assy-Turgen Observatory, Kazakhstan [48]
AZT-12 [49] 1.5 m59″SingleUSSR, Estonia Tartu Observatory, Estonia 1976
RTT-150 [50] 1.5 m59″SingleRussia, Turkey TÜBİTAK National Observatory, Turkey2001
OSN 1.5m (Nasmyth) [51] 1.5 m59″SingleSpain Sierra Nevada Obs., Spain (2896 m)1991
BST-1M [52] 1.5 m59″Single IRUSSR Salyut 6, Earth Orbit1977–1982
USNOFS 1.3m [53] 1.3 m51″SingleUSA USN Obs. Flagstaff Station, USA1998
Warsaw Telescope [54] 1.3 m51″SinglePoland Las Campanas Obs., Chile 1996
Skinakas 1.3m Telescope [55] 1.3m51''SingleGreece Skinakas Obs., Greece 1995
McGraw-Hill Telescope [56] [57] 1.27 m50″SingleUSA MDM Observatory, Arizona (1975–Present)
Stinchfield Woods, Michigan (1969–1975)		1969
Great Melbourne Telescope [58] (refit)127 cm50″SingleAustralia Mount Stromlo Observatory, Australia1961–1973 [59]
1992–2003 [60]
AZT-11 [61] 1.25 m49″Single Abastumani Obs., Georgia (country) 1976
AZT-11 [62] 1.25 m49″Single Crimean Astrophysical Obs., Ukraine 1981
MPIA 1.2 [63] 1.23 m48.4″Single West Germany + Spain Calar Alto Obs., Spain1975
Babelsberg Zeiss [64] 1.25 m49″SingleGermany, USSR Babelsberg Observatory; Berlin, Germany, Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (1952–present)1924
Galileo 122 cm [65] 1.22 m48″SingleItaly Asiago Observatory, Italy1942
Samuel Oschin telescope 1.22 m48″ Schmidt USA Palomar Observatory; California1948
OHP 1.201.2 m48″SingleFrance Haute-Provence Obs., France1943
Paris 48″ Reflector1.2 m48″France Paris Observatory, France1871–1943
Great Melbourne Telescope [58] 122 cm48″ reflector – metal Australia Melbourne Observatory, Australia1878–1944 [59]
Oskar-Lühning Telescope [66] 1.2 m47″SingleGermany Hamburg Observatory, Germany1975
Leonhard Euler Telescope [67] 120 cm47″SingleSwitzerland La Silla, Chile 1998
Mercator Telescope 120 cm47″SingleBelgium+Switzerland ORM; La Palma, Canary Islands 2001 [68]
Hamburg Robotic Telescope (HRT) [69] 120 cm47″SingleGermany Hamburg-Bergdorf Obs., Germany2002*
Hänssgen's reflector [70] 107 cm42″SingleGermanyMobile (~Germany)2002*
Omicron@C2PU 104 cm41"SingleFrance Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur – Calern site, France, IAU code: 0102013
Epsilon@C2PU 104 cm41"SingleFrance Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur – Calern site, France, IAU code: 0102015
Grubb Parsons 40-inch102 cm40″SingleSweden Stockholm Observatory in Saltsjöbaden1930–present
Nickel Telescope 102 cm40″SingleUSA Lick Observatory, USA1979 Anna L. Nickel telescope dome, Aug 2019.jpg
Grubb 40-inch102 cm40"SingleUSSR Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Simeiz (destroyed in WWII)1925–1944
George Ritchey 40-inch (1 m) [71] 102 cm40″ R/C USA Flagstaff, Arizona (Washington, D.C. until 1955), USA1934
Yerkes "41-inch" [72] 102 cm40″SingleUSA Yerkes Observatory, USA1968 [73]
Meudon Observatory 1m [74] 100 cm39.4″SingleFranceMeudon Observatory/ Paris Observatory1891 [75]
ZIMLAT [76] 100 cm39.4″SingleSwitzerland Zimmerwald Obs., Switzerland1997
OGS Telescope [77] 100 cm39.4″Single European Space Agency countries Teide Observatory, Tenerife, Spain1995
Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope 100 cm39.4″SingleUK + Netherlands Isaac Newton Group, Canary Islands 1984 The Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope against clouds.jpg
Lulin One-meter Telescope (LOT) [78] 100 cm39.4″Single ROC (Taiwan) Lulin Observatory, Taiwan 2002*
Zeiss di Merate (1m reflector)100 cm39.4″Single Kingdom of Italy Merate Obs., Merate, Italy1926 Zeiss di Merate - principale e rifrattori.jpg
Zeiss 1m reflector100 cm39.4″SingleBelgium Royal Obs., Uccle, Belgium1920s
Hamburg Spiegelteleskop (1m reflector) [79] [80] 100 cm39.4″Single Deutsches Reich (Germany) Hamburg-Bergdorf Obs., Germany1911 Bdstern 5.jpg
1-m Carl Zeiss Jena100 cm39.4″SingleCCCP Assy-Turgen Observatory, Kazakhstan [48]
James Gregory Telescope 94 cm37" SCT Great Britain University of St Andrews, UK1962 James Gregory telescope.jpg
Schmidt 92/67 cm [81] 92 cm36″ Schmidt Italy Cima Ekar Observatory, Asiago, Italy (1360 m)1966
Kuiper Airborne Obs.(KAO)91.4 cm36″SingleUSA C-141 (mobile)1974–1995
Stratoscope 2 91.4 cm36″SingleUSABalloon (mobile)1961–1973
Crossley Reflector [82] 91.4 cm36″SingleUS+UK Lick Observatory, USA1896 [83] Crossley entrance.jpg
36-inch Yapp reflector 91.44 cm36″ReflectorUK Greenwich & Herstmonceux 1932 [84] The Royal Observatory- Everyday Life at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London, England, UK, 1945 D24701.jpg

This table does not include all the 20th largest mirrors manufactured; the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab produced the 6.5-metre f/1.25 collimator used in the Large Optical Test and Integration Site of Lockheed Martin, used for vacuum optical testing of other telescopes.

Segmented are also known as Mosaic mirrors. Single mirrors, also called monolithic and can be sub-categorized in types, such as solid or honeycomb.

Selected telescopes with apertures of 90 cm (35.4 in.) and smaller

Some famous 20th century regionally famous telescopes, space telescopes, or otherwise significant. (100 cm = 1 meter)

Name Aperture
m 		Aper.
in 		Mirror/type Nationality/SponsorsSiteBuilt/Used
Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope 90 cm35.4"Single UVUSA STS, Earth Orbit1990, 1995
Meudon Great Refractor 83 cm32.67"refractor (visual)France Meudon, France 1891 Meudon Observatory (3559558087).jpg
83-cm Reflector, Toulouse Observatory 83 cm32.67"reflector-glassFrance Toulouse, France 1875 [85] [86] Observatoire de Toulouse - Coupole du telescope de 83 cm.jpg
Focault 80 cm, Marseille Observatory [87] 80 cm31.5"reflector-glassFocaultMarseille, France1862–1965 [88]
Astron [89] 80 cm31.5"Single UVCCCP + FranceEarth orbit1983–1989 [89]
Potsdam Great Refractor (double refractor)80 cm31.5"DoubletGermanyPotsdam, Germany1899 Great Refractor Potsdam.jpg
Ruisinger [90] 76.2 cm30"Single-NewtonianUnited States (ASKC) Louisburg, Kansas – Powell Obs. 1985
Greenwich 28 inch refractor
Royal Observatory, Greenwich 		71 cm28"DoubletBritish Empire Greenwich, England
Herstmonceux, England, UK		1893 Observatorio Greenwich - panoramio.jpg
Meudon Great Refractor 62 cmrefractor (photographic-blue)France Meudon, France 1891 Meudon Observatory (3559558087).jpg
Infrared Space Observatory 60 cm23.5"IR (2.4-240 μm) European Space Agency Earth orbit (GEO)1995–1998
IRAS [91] 57 cm22.44" R/C IRUS + UK + The NetherlandsEarth orbit1983 IRAS in orbit.jpg
Mons Telescope 50 cm19.7"SingleBelgium Teide Observatory, Tenerife (Spain)1972
Dutch Open Telescope (DOT)45 cm17.7" Solar Denmark ORM, Canary Islands 1997
Explorer 57 (IUE) 45 cm17.7"Single UVUS+UK+ESA CountriesEarth orbit (GEO)1978–1996
Glazar UV telescope [92] 40 cm15.75"Single UVCCCP Kvant-1 (Mir), Earth Orbit1987–2001
Glazar 2 UV telescope [93] 40 cm15.75"Single UVCCCP + Switzerland Kristall (Mir), Earth Orbit1990–2001
Mars Global Surveyor —MOC [94] 35 cm13.8" R/C USAMars Orbit1996–2006
Griffith Observatory 12-inch Zeiss refractor [95] 30.5 cm12"AchromatUSAL.A., USA1931 Griffith Observatory 2012 12.jpg
XMM-Newton —UV camera30 cm11.9"Single UVESA CountriesEarth orbit1998
TRACE 30 cm11.9"Single EUV/UV/VisNASAEarth orbit1998–2010
Hipparcos 29 cm11.4" Schmidt European Space Agency Earth orbit (GTO)1989–1993
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite 22 cm8.7"Single UVNederlands & USAEarth Orbit1974–1976
Galileo – Solid State Imager [96] 17.65 cm6.95" Reflector USAJupiter1989–2003
Voyager 1/2, ISS-NAC [97] 17.6 cm6.92" Catadioptric USASpace1977
Spacelab IRT [98] 15.2 cm6"IR (1.7–118 μm)ESA + NASA STS, Earth Orbit 1985
Mariner 10 – TV Photo. (x2) [99] 15 cm5.9" Reflector USASpace1973–1975
Deep Space 1 —MICAS [100] 10 cm3.94"SingleUSASolar Orbit1998–2001
Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph [101] [102] 7.62 cm3"Schmidt UVUSALunar surface1972
Voyager 1/2, ISS-WAC [97] 6 cm2.36"LensUSASpace1977

At the end of the 20th century preliminary designs for Extremely large telescope of the 21st century were being worked on, as well as many smaller telescopes such as the Large Binocular Telescope

Under Construction

Examples of telescopes that were started in the 20th century, but may only have achieved a preliminary level of construction by the turn of the century.

Name/Observatory Aperture
m 		Aper.
in 		Mirror type Nationality of SponsorsSite and/or Observatory FL or Built
GTC 10.4 m409" Segmented,36 Spain (90%), Mexico(5%), USA(5%) Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma 2007
Faulkes Telescope North 2 m79"SingleUK Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, USA2003 [103]

Refractors

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extremely large telescope</span> 20-100-m-aperture astronomical observatory

An extremely large telescope (ELT) is an astronomical observatory featuring an optical telescope with an aperture for its primary mirror from 20 metres up to 100 metres across, when discussing reflecting telescopes of optical wavelengths including ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near infrared wavelengths. Among many planned capabilities, extremely large telescopes are planned to increase the chance of finding Earth-like planets around other stars. Telescopes for radio wavelengths can be much bigger physically, such as the 300 metres aperture fixed focus radio telescope of the Arecibo Observatory. Freely steerable radio telescopes with diameters up to 100 metres have been in operation since the 1970s.

In optical astronomy, interferometry is used to combine signals from two or more telescopes to obtain measurements with higher resolution than could be obtained with either telescopes individually. This technique is the basis for astronomical interferometer arrays, which can make measurements of very small astronomical objects if the telescopes are spread out over a wide area. If a large number of telescopes are used a picture can be produced which has resolution similar to a single telescope with the diameter of the combined spread of telescopes. These include radio telescope arrays such as VLA, VLBI, SMA, astronomical optical interferometer arrays such as COAST, NPOI and IOTA, resulting in the highest resolution optical images ever achieved in astronomy. The VLT Interferometer is expected to produce its first images using aperture synthesis soon, followed by other interferometers such as the CHARA array and the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer which may consist of up to 10 optical telescopes. If outrigger telescopes are built at the Keck Interferometer, it will also become capable of interferometric imaging.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great refractor</span>

Great refractor refers to a large telescope with a lens, usually the largest refractor at an observatory with an equatorial mount. The preeminence and success of this style in observational astronomy defines an era in modern telescopy in the 19th and early 20th century. Great refractors were large refracting telescopes using achromatic lenses. They were often the largest in the world, or largest in a region. Despite typical designs having smaller apertures than reflectors, great refractors offered a number of advantages and were popular for astronomy. It was also popular to exhibit large refractors at international exhibits, and examples of this include the Trophy Telescope at the 1851 Great Exhibition, and the Yerkes Great Refractor at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope</span> Four-meter reflector telescope in Pima County, Arizona

The Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope, also known as the Mayall 4-meter Telescope, is a four-meter reflector telescope located at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona and named after Nicholas U. Mayall. It saw first light on February 27, 1973, and was the second-largest telescope in the world at that time. Initial observers included David Crawford, Nicholas Mayall, and Arthur Hoag. It was dedicated on June 20, 1973 after Mayall's retirement as director. The mirror has an f/2.7 hyperboloidal shape. It is made from a two-foot thick fused quartz disk that is supported in an advanced-design mirror cell. The prime focus has a field of view six times larger than that of the Hale reflector. It is host to the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. The identical Víctor M. Blanco Telescope was later built at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, in Chile.

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