List of marine aquarium invertebrate species

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This is a list of various species of marine invertebrates , animals without a backbone, that are commonly found in aquariums kept by hobby aquarists. Some species are intentionally collected for their desirable aesthetic characteristics. Others are kept to serve a functional role such as consuming algae in the aquarium. Some species are present only incidentally or are pest species.

Contents

Annelids

Common name(s)ImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Christmas tree worm [1]
Spirobranchus giganteus (Red and white christmas tree worm).jpg
Spirobranchus giganteus YesExpertFound living anchored in live coral colonies in nature. Each worm has two crowns, which come in a variety of different colors, and are spiraled in the shape of a Christmas tree.5 cm (2.0 in)
Cluster duster [1]
Bispira brunnea (Social Feather Duster Worm).jpg
Bispira brunnea YesModerateThis species grows in groups of up to 100 individual tube worms, living together in a single clump. The clusters of tubes adhere to a rocky substrate at a central point. [2] 2.5 cm (1.0 in)
Feather duster worm, Fan worm [1]
Featherduster 300.jpg
Sabellastarte sp.YesEasy to ModerateA sedentary (but it can scoot around), tube dwelling worm with a fan-shaped crown (radiole) that projects from the end of the tube. This can be white, tan, orange, sometimes with striping. They build their tubes out of sand, mud, and bits of shell.20 cm (7.9 in)

Arthropods

Cheliceratas

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Atlantic horseshoe crab
Limulus polyphemus (aq.).jpg
Limulus polyphemus Yes, with cautionEasyA bottom dwelling animal that is actually not a true crab. Found burrowing in mud or sand flats in the wild, they need a deep sand bed in their aquarium.60 cm (23.6 in)
Sea spider [3]
Sea spider.jpg
Pycnogonids NoModerateNot collected for the aquarium trade, but occasionally seen on live rock and corals as a hitchhiker. They can be pests in a reef tank, preying on soft coral, sponges and anemones.0.2–50 cm (0.1–19.7 in)

Crustaceans

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelNotesMax size
Anemone crab
Porcelain crab Nick Hobgood.jpg
Neopetrolisthes maculatus YesEasyIt lives in anemones. Also a filter feeder
Arrow crab
Stenorhynchus seticornis.jpg
Stenorhynchus seticornis with caution
Hermit crabs
Calliactis and Dardanus 001.JPG
Paguroidea sp. Will eat snailsEasy
Emerald crab
Female Mithraculus sculptus Crab.jpg
Mithraculus sculptus With caution?EasyMay eat fish
Pom-pom crab
Xanthidae - Lybia tessellata.jpg
Lybia tessellata With caution?Easy?
Sally lightfoot crab
Percnon gibbesi Linosa 053.jpg
Percnon gibbesi With caution?Easy?
Spider decorator crab
Camposcia retusa - National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo - DSC07557.JPG
Camposcia retusa With caution?Easy?Will get some polyps to use for cover.
Spiny lobster
Panulirus versicolor.jpg
Panulirus versicolor
Brine shrimp
Artemia salina 2.jpg
Artemia salina YesEasyKept not as livestock, but rather to feed inverts and fish.
Sexy shrimp
Squat shrimp Nick Hobgood.jpg
Thor amboinensis YesEasy
Snapping shrimp
Alpheus distinguendus.jpg
Alpheidae sp. With caution?Will make loud snapping sounds.
Peacock mantis shrimp
Odontodactylus scyllarus1.jpg
Odontodactylus scyllarus with cautionEasyWill eat shelled things and possibly fish. Some people say they will redecorate their tank including moving corals but people have successfully kept them in reef tanks. Not a true shrimp but a stomatapod with the smashing raptorial appendage
Coral banded shrimp
Stenopus hispidus 1.jpg
Stenopus hispidus YesEasyWill eat small fish, in the wild they set up cleaning stations
Camel shrimp
Rhynchocinetes durbanensis.JPG
Rhynchocinetes durbanensis YesEasy?Will nip on soft corals.
Harlequin shrimp
Hymenocera picta en train de retourner Fromia milleporella.JPG
Hymenocera sp. Will eat starfishModerate?Will only eat starfish.
Peppermint shrimp
Berried peppermint shrimp.png
Lysmata wurdemanni complex YesEasySome people think they eat corals, but they only eat dying coral (although this gives the appearance of eating healthy corals)
Skunk cleaner shrimp
Lysmata amboinensis Shrimp.jpg
Lysmata amboinensis YesEasyWill clean dead tissue and remove parasites from fish.

Corals

Corallimorphs

Common name(s)ImageTaxonomyTemperamentCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Jewel anemone
Corynactis Viridis.jpg
Corynactis viridis small polyps with all colours1 cm
Knobbly mushroom coral, Florida false coral [4]
Ricordea florida (Florida Corallimorph).jpg
Ricordea florida a knobbly coral with vibrant colours7 cm
Knobbly mushroom coral, Yuma mushroom coral [4]
Ricordea sp mushroom coral.jpg
Ricordea yuma Semi-aggressiveModerate1 meter
Mushroom coral, Mushroom anemone, Disk anemone [4]
Discosoma, Samoa.jpg
Discosoma sp.Semi-aggressiveEasy50 cm
Strawberry anemone
Corynactis californica 1.jpg
Corynactis californica small red polyps with pink tentacles2.5 cm

Hydrocorals

Common nameImageTaxonomyTemperamentCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Lace coral [5]
Reef0862 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Distichopora sp.
Fire coral [5]
Millepora, dactylozoides.jpg
Millepora sp.

Large-polyp stony

Common name(s)ImageTaxonomyTemperamentCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Black sun coral [6]
Tubastraea.jpg
Tubastraea micrantha Expert
Bubble coral
BubbleCoral.jpg
Plerogyra sinuosa AggressiveEasy
Candy cane coral
Yellow Clown Goby.jpg
Caulastrea furcata PeacefulEasy
Elegance coral [7]
Elegance-coral-catalaphyllia-jardinei.jpg
Catalaphyllia jardinei AggressiveModerate
Flowerpot coral
Goniopora 3.jpg
Goniopora sp.AggressiveDifficult
Frogspawn coral [8]
Euphyllia divisa.jpg
Euphyllia divisa AggressiveModerate
Hammer coral, Anchor coral [8]
Reef0836 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Euphyllia ancora Aggressive
Lobed brain coral
Lobophyllia hemprichii 1.jpg
Lobophyllia hemprichii Semi-Aggressive
Open brain coral
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi.jpg
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Semi-aggressive
Pineapple brain coral, Moon coral
Favia 1.jpg
Favia sp.Aggressive
Sun coral, Orange cup coral [9]
Suncoral1.jpg
Tubastraea sp., often Tubastrea aurea PeacefulExpert
Torch coral
Euphyllia glabrescens en acuario.JPG
Euphyllia glabrescens Aggressive
Whisker coral, Duncan coral [10]
Duncanopsammia axifuga.jpg
Duncanopsammia axifuga PeacefulEasy

Small-polyp stony

Common nameImageTaxonomyTemperamentCare levelDescriptionMax size
Pink bird's nest coral [11]
S hystrix.jpg
Seriatopora hystrix
Cauliflower coral
Pocilloporaverrucosa.jpg
Pocillopora sp., usually Pocillopora damicornis
Dimpled encrusting Montipora
Montipora verrucosa 2.jpg
Montipora verrucosa
Finger coral [12]
Montipora digitata.jpg
Montipora digitata and Montipora samarensis
Millepora coral, "Milli" coral
Acropora millepora Maldives.jpg
Acropora millepora PeacefulModerateA popular and readily available species that comes in many color forms. It should not be confused with fire corals of the genus Millepora .
Plating montipora
Leaf plate montipora.gk.jpg
Montipora capricornis PeacefulModerate
Staghorn coral [13]
Hertshoon.jpg
Acropora cervicornis PeacefulDifficultA very rare species, it is generally not available to the average hobby aquarist due to its critically endangered status. They would likely make good aquarium specimens, but can only be obtained with a special license.

Soft corals

Common name(s)ImageTaxonomyTemperamentCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Cabbage leather coral
Sinularia dura.jpg
Sinularia brassica and Sinularia dura Semi-aggressiveEasy
Clove polyps, Daisy polyps [14]
Clavularia.JPG
Clavularia spPeacefulEasy
Devil's hand leather coral
Lobophytum.jpg
Lobophytum sp.Peaceful to Semi-aggressiveEasy
Finger leather coral
Finger leather coral, Sinularia polydactyla (6165871011).jpg
Sinularia sp.Semi-aggressiveEasy
Jasmine polyps, Daisy polyps
Knopia octocontacanalis.JPG
Knopia PeacefulEasy
Pulse coral, Pulsing Xenia
Coral pulsante (Xenia umbellata), Ras Katy, Sharm el-Sheij, Egipto, 2022-03-26, DD, DD 96.jpg
Xenia sp.PeacefulEasyAn easy to care for coral known for its prolific asexual reproduction and polyps that actively move their tentacles in a pulsing motion.
Red chili coral
Nephthyigorgia.JPG
Nephthyigorgia PeacefulExpert
Spaghetti leather coral
Sinularia flexibilis (Slimy leather coral).jpg
Sinularia flexibilis Semi-aggressiveEasy
Star polyps [14]
Pachiclavularia viridis.JPG
Clavularia viridis , Pachiclavularia viridis , or Briareum violaceum (taxonomy uncertain)PeacefulEasy

Zoanthids

Common name(s)ImageTaxonomyTemperamentCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Stick polyps, Tree polyps
Acrozoanthus australiae.jpg
Acrozoanthus
Button polyps, Zoanthids, "Zoas"
Zoanthid.jpg
Zoanthus Semi-aggressiveEasyCommon, but pretty, coral that is a mainstay of the reef hobby. Their diversity of color is almost infinite, ranging from pale to full-on rainbow.
Button polyps, Palythoa, "Palys"
Palythoa grandis (Sun Zoanthids).jpg
Palythoa Semi-aggressiveEasyPalythoa are nearly as ubiquitous as Zoanthus in the reef hobby. Their colors are usually more muted, but still attractive.
Button polyps, Protopalythoa
Protopalythoa.jpg
Protopalythoa Semi-aggressiveEasySimilar to Palythoa, these may actually be in the same genus due to taxonomic uncertainty.

Echinoderms

Sea cucumbers

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Florida sea cucumber
Florida Sea Cucumber Holothuria floridana.jpg
Holothuria floridana
Pink and black sea cucumber
Edible Sea Cucumber (Holothuria edulis).jpg
Holothuria edulisYesEasy
Sea apple
Pseudocolochirus axiologus.jpg
Pseudocolochirus axiologus MaybeExpert20 cm (7.9 in)
Tiger tail sea cucumber
Holothuria hilla.jpg
Holothuria hilla
Yellow sea cucumber
Sea cucumber yellow komodo.jpg
Colochirus robustus With careExpert7 cm (2.8 in)

Starfish

Common name(s)ImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Blue and pink sea star Astropecten sp.
Brittle star
Haeckel Ophiodea.jpg
Ophiomastix YesEasy60 cm (23.6 in)
Bun star
CulcitanovguineaeJI1.jpg
Culcita novaeguineae With care?30 cm (11.8 in)
Chocolate chip sea star
Protoreaster nodosus.jpg
Protoreaster nodosus NoModerate?30 cm (11.8 in)
Blue linckia
Linckia.jpg
Linckia laevigata 30 cm (11.8 in)
Indian Sea Star
Fromia indica Landaagiraavaru.JPG
Fromia indica YesModerate7.5 cm (3.0 in)
Mottled linckia
Linckia multifora 1.jpg
Linckia multifora 13 cm (5.1 in)
Little red star
Fromia elegans.jpeg
Fromia elegans
Purple linckia Linckia teres , or Tamaria stria YesDifficult20 cm (7.9 in)
Red Sea Star
Fromia millepora.jpg
Fromia millepora YesModerate15 cm (5.9 in)
Red-knobbed starfish
Estrella de mar de espinas rojas (Protoreaster linckii), Zanzibar, Tanzania, 2024-06-01, DD 06.jpg
Protoreaster linckii No30 cm (11.8 in)
Sand sifting sea star Astropecten polyacanthus YesEasyNeeds a large sandbed20 cm (7.9 in)
Tiled sea star, marbled sea star
Fromia monilis.jpg
Fromia monilis YesModerate15 cm (5.9 in)

Crinoids

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Feather star Barren Island feather star and branching coral.jpg Himerometra robustipinna YesExpertOne of the most difficult species to keep alive in a home aquarium37.5 cm (14.8 in)

Urchins

Common name(s)ImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Black longspine urchin
Diademseeigel.jpg
Diadema setosum
Collector urchin, Priest hat urchin, Sea Egg
T. gratilla collector (2).jpg
Tripneustes gratilla
Globe urchin, Tuxedo urchin
Mespilia globulus MHNT Bohol.jpg
Mespilia globulus YesEasyVery common in the aquarium trade7.5 cm (3.0 in)
Slate pencil urchin
Gfp-state-pencil-sea-urchin.jpg
Eucidaris tribuloides
Purple short spine pincushion urchin
Pseudoboletia maculata.jpg
Pseudoboletia maculata
Red slate pencil urchin
Heterocentrotus mammillatus in situ from Hawaii.JPG
Heterocentrotus mamillatus
Reef urchin, Rock boring urchin
Echinometra mathaei Landaagiraavaru.JPG
Echinometra sp.
Variegated urchin
Lytechinus variegatus.jpg
Lytechinus variegatus

Jellyfish

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size (bell diameter)
Blue Blubber Jellyfish
Blubber Jellyfish.jpg
Catostylus mosaicus NoExpertThis jellyfish actually ranges in color from white to dark purple to reddish brown. It has a dome-shaped bell which pulses at a quick, steady pace, making these jellyfish strong, active swimmers.25 cm (9.8 in)
Moon jellyfish
Aurelia aurita 001.JPG
Aurelia aurita NoModerate to DifficultA whitish to clear jellyfish with a large dinner-plate shaped bell. They have a fringe of short tentacles around the edge of the bell, and four longer oral arms extending from around the mouth.50 cm (19.7 in)
Sea Nettles
Sea nettle (Chrysaora fuscescens) 2 Sea nettle (Chrysaora fuscescens) 2.jpg
Sea nettle (Chrysaora fuscescens) 2
Chrysaora sp.NoExpertRange in color from white to striped orange and brown to purplish. Long tentacles trail behind the bell, sometimes for several meters.30 cm (11.8 in)
Upside Down jellyfish
Fkeysmacro.jpg
Cassiopea sp.NoExpertThis jellyfish has a somewhat green or grayish blue coloration due to symbiotic algae living in its tissues. It resides on the bottom, exposing its tentacles (and the algae inside them) to the light. very similar to coral in behavior30 cm (11.8 in)

Mollusks

Bivalves

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Atlantic Thorny oyster
Spondylus americanus Spondylus americanus.jpg
Spondylus americanus
Spondylus americanus 10 cm (3.9 in)
Bear paw clam
Hippopus hippopus.jpg
Hippopus hippopus
Blue clam, Boring clam
Tridacna crocea.jpg
Tridacna crocea Yes15 cm (5.9 in)
China clam Hippopus porcellanus
Electric flame scallop
Ctenoides ales by OpenCage.jpg
Ctenoides ales Yes
Flame scallop
Lima scabra.jpg
Ctenoides scaber Yes3 in (7.6 cm)
Fluted giant clam
Tridacna squamosa (Giant clam) brown and blue.jpg
Tridacna squamosa YesModerate?40 cm (15.7 in)
Flying scallop Promantellum vigens
Gigas aka "Giant" clam
Tridacna gigas by Ewa Barska.jpg
Tridacna gigas Yes120 cm (47.2 in)
Maxima clam
2 Tridacna gigas.jpg
Tridacna maxima YesModerate20 cm (7.9 in)
Southern giant clam
Tridacna derasa.001 - Aquarium Finisterrae.JPG
Tridacna derasa Yes60 cm (23.6 in)
Thorny oyster
Spondylus varius Thorny Oyster Fiji by Nick Hobgood.jpg
Spondylus sp.

Gastropods

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Abalone
LivingAbalone LivingAbalone.JPG
LivingAbalone
Haliotis sp.YesEasy12 cm (4.7 in)
Arabian Cowrie
Arabian Cowry2.jpg
Cypraea arabica 10 cm (3.9 in)
Astraea snail
Astraea heliotropium.JPG
Astraea sp.YesEasy2.5–10 cm (1.0–3.9 in)
Bumble bee snail [15]
Engina mendicaria unilineata.jpg
Engina mendicaria YesEasy1.5 cm (0.6 in)
Cerith snail
Cerithium echinatum.shell001.jpg
Cerithium sp.YesEasy3.5 cm (1.4 in)
Gold ring cowrie
Cypraeaannulus.jpg
Cypraea annulus 5 cm (2.0 in)
Lettuce sea slug
Lettuce Sea Slug 11-03-2006.jpg
Elysia sp., usually Elysia crispata YesModerateA sacoglossan sea slug with folded parapodia (side appendages), that give it a lettuce-like appearance. They feed on algae, and incorporate algal chloroplasts into their cells. Color ranges from brownish to green, and can include blues, yellows, and pinks.5 cm (2.0 in)
Nassarius snail
Nassarius tiarula.jpg
Nassarius sp.YesEasy2.5 cm (1.0 in)
Queen conch
Lobatus gigas 2.jpg
Eustrombus gigas Yes, but may knock over loose rocks and coral.30 cm (11.8 in)
Sand conch
Strombus alatus.jpg
Strombidae YesEasy
Sea Hare
Sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela, 14 04 2009 4-47pm.jpg
Aplysiomorpha sp., usually Aplysia sp. or Dolabella sp.YesExpert4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in)
Tiger cowrie,
Cypraea tigris 1.jpg
Cypraea tigris 15 cm (5.9 in)
Turbo snail
Turbo petholatus Voavah.JPG
Turbo sp.YesEasy5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in)

Cephalopods

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Common tropical octopus
Octopus vulgaris2 Octopus vulgaris2.jpg
Octopus vulgaris2
Octopus vulgaris NoExpertMantle:25 cm (9.8 in)Arms:1 m (3.3 ft)
Dwarf cuttlefish
HPIM1795.JPG
Sepia bandensis NoExpertMantle:45 cm (17.7 in)
European common cuttlefish
Dwarf cuttlefish (Sepia bandensis) Dwarf cuttlefish (Sepia bandensis).JPG
Dwarf cuttlefish (Sepia bandensis)
Sepia officinalis NoExpertMantle:10 cm (3.9 in)

Sea anemones

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Aptasia
Aiptasia.jpg
Aiptasia sp.NoA common pest species in marine aquariums which spreads rapidly and harms corals and invertebrates with their sting. Can sting fish, but fatalities are rare. Notoriously difficult to eradicate, but a number of organisms can be used for control, including peppermint shrimp and Berghia verrucicornis .
Bubble-tip anemone
Quadricolor.jpg
Entacmaea quadricolor With cautionModerateA relatively easy to keep anemone species, it is very colorful, and has distinctive bubble-like swellings on the tips of its tentacles.30 cm (11.8 in)
Condy anemone [16]
Tickle Me Pink (113158351).jpg
Condylactis gigantea With cautionModerateCommon anemone species in the aquarium trade. The base color is usually brown to white, often with color on tentacle tips. Many color variations exist, including magenta, purple, yellow, and green.15 cm (5.9 in)
Delicate sea anemone [17]
Heteractis malu.JPG
Heteractis malu With cautionDifficultAlso known as the malu anemone or white sand anemone. Color tipped tentacles reach 4 cm in length. This anemone should not be placed on a rock, it prefers a sandy substrate to bury its base in.20 cm (7.9 in)
Long tentacled anemone
Macrodactyla doreensis at the Botanicka zahrada Liberec (11).jpg
Macrodactyla doreensis With cautionModerate50 cm (19.7 in)
Magnificent anemone
Maldive anemonefish.jpg
Heteractis magnifica With cautionExpertOne of the most difficult anemone species to keep healthy in captivity.1 m (3.3 ft)
Rock flower anemone
Epicystis crucifer (Beaded anemone).jpg
Phymanthus crucifer With cautionModerate
Tube anemone
Cerianthus membranacea - Zoo Frankfurt 2.jpg
Cerianthus sp.YesModerateNot a true anemone (actinarian), but a member of the order Ceriantharia. Can make a very colorful aquarium specimen, colored with pinks, purples and sometimes shades of fluorescent green.

Sponges

Common nameImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Ball sponge Cinachyra allocladia YesExpert
Branching vase sponge
Callyspongia vaginalis (Branching Vase Sponge - pink variation).jpg
Callyspongia vaginalis YesExpert
Bee sponge
Acanthella acuta Schmidt, 1862.jpg
Acanthella sp.YesExpert
Orange ball sponge Cinachyra kuekenthali YesExpert
Orange fan sponge Axinella bookhouti YesExpert
Red ball sponge
Esponja marina (Dragmacidon lunaecharta), parque nacional Ras Muhammad, Egipto, 2022-03-28, DD 101.jpg
Dragmacidon lunaecharta YesExpert
Red tree sponge
Amphimedon compressa (Erect Rope Sponge- red).jpg
Amphimedon compressa YesExpert
Pineapple Sponge
Sycon raphanus Schmidt, 1862 et Diplosoma listerianum (Milne-Edwards, 1841).jpg
Sycon YesCommonly regarded as a pest species

Tunicates

Common name(s)ImageTaxonomyReef safeCare LevelDescriptionMax size
Blue lollipop tunicate [18]
Oxycorynia fascicularis (Tunicates).jpg
Nephtheis fascicularis YesExpert7.5 cm (3.0 in)
Golden sea squirt, Ink-spot sea squirt [18]
Tunicate komodo.jpg
Polycarpa aurata YesModerate15 cm (5.9 in)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Sprung, Julian (14 August 2002). "Aquarium Invertebrates: Featherdusters In The Aquarium". Advanced Aquarist. Pomacanthus Publications, LLC. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  2. "Cluster Duster (Bispira brunnea)". AquariumDomain.com. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  3. Goemans, Bob. "Marine Spiders (Sea Spiders)". saltcorner.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 Sprung, Julian (14 October 2002). "Aquarium Invertebrates: Mushrooms, Elephants Ears, And False Corals: A Review Of The Corallimorpharia". Advanced Aquarist. Pomacanthus Publications, LLC. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  5. 1 2 Borneman, Eric. "Venomous Corals: The Fire Corals". Reefkeeping Magazine. Reef Central, LLC. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  6. de Vries, Joost (10 October 2012). "Tubastraea micrantha, the Black Sun, is the most majestic Azoox coral". Reef Builders. Reef Builders, Inc. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  7. "Elegance Coral". FishChannel.com. I-5 Publishing, LLC. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  8. 1 2 Fatherree, James W. (3 October 2012). "Aquarium Corals: Corals of the Genus Euphyllia". Advanced Aquarist. Pomacanthus Publications, LLC. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  9. Fatherree, James W. (14 December 2011). "Aquarium Corals: A Look at the Sun Corals". Advanced Aquarist. Pomacanthus Publications, LLC. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  10. Hanley, Charles J. "Why Duncan, Your Whiskers are Tickling my Corallite!". QualityMarine.com. Quality Marine. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  11. Thein, Than. "The Perfect Beginner SPS Coral: Seriatopora (Bird's nest)". Saltwater Smarts. Archived from the original on August 19, 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  12. Dana Riddle. "Montipora digitata: A Stony Coral for All Hobbyists". Advanced Aquarist. VII (January 2008).
  13. "Staghorn Coral". Animal-World.com. Animal-World. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  14. 1 2 Fatherree, James W. "The Stoloniferans: Clove Polyps, Star Polyps, and Pipe Organ Corals". Saltcorner. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  15. "Bumblebee Snail". Microcosm Aquarium Explorer. Microcosm, Ltd. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  16. "Condy Anemone - Condylactis gigantea". Fishlore.com. Fish Lore.com. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  17. "Delicate Sea Anemone". Animal-World.com. Animal-World. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  18. 1 2 Fatherree, James W. "An Introduction to Tunicates". Reefs.com. Reefs Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.