Diadema setosum

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Diadema setosum
Diadema setosum Oman.JPG
Diadema setosum in Oman.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Order: Diadematoida
Family: Diadematidae
Genus: Diadema
Species:
D. setosum
Binomial name
Diadema setosum
Leske, 1778 [1]
Synonyms [1]
  • Centrechinus setosus (Leske, 1778)
  • Centrostephanus setosum (Leske, 1778)
  • Centrostephanus setosus (Leske, 1778)
  • Cidaris tenuispina Philippi, 1845
  • Cidarites diadema (Gmelin, 1788)
  • Diadema lamarcki (Gmelin, 1788)
  • Diadema nudum A. Agassiz, 1863
  • Diadema saxatile (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Diadema setosa (Leske, 1778)
  • Diadema setosum f. depressa Dollfus & Roman, 1981
  • Diadema turcarum Schynvoet, 1711
  • Echinometra setosa Rumphius, 1705
  • Echinus diadema Gmelin, 1788
  • Echinus saxatilis Linnaeus, 1758

Diadema setosum is a species of long-spined sea urchin belonging to the family Diadematidae. It is a typical sea urchin, with extremely long, hollow spines that are mildly venomous. D. setosum differs from other Diadema with five, characteristic white dots that can be found on its body. The species can be found throughout the Indo-Pacific region, from Australia and Africa to Japan and the Red Sea. Despite being capable of causing painful stings when stepped upon, the urchin is only slightly venomous and does not pose a serious threat to humans.

Contents

Description

As a member of the class Echinoidea, the anatomy of Diadema setosum is that of a typical sea urchin. All of the animal's internal organs are enclosed within the spherical, black test that is essentially the body of the organism. However, the body is not perfectly spherical – Diadema tests are slightly dorso-ventrally compressed. Protruding outwards from the central body are the long spines iconic of a sea urchin's appearance. Like the other members of the family Diadematidae, the spines of D. setosum are extremely long and narrow in proportion to its body. The spines, often black but sometimes brown-banded, are hollow and contain a mild venom. D. setosum can be distinguished from other species in the genus Diadema by the presence of five white spots on the animal's test, strategically located between the urchin's ambulacral grooves.

In addition, a clear distinguishing characteristic of the species is the presence of a bright, orange ring around the urchin's periproctal cone, a structure commonly referred to as the urchin's "anus" [ by whom? ]. A few other minor characteristics in D. setosum include bluish spots on the organism's genital plates and similar blue spots (iridophores) arranged in linear fashion along its test. An apical ring is absent in the species, along with calcareous platelets on its apical cone. [2] [3] Sexually mature Diadema setosum specimens average from 35 to 80 grams in weight. [4] Adults average a size of no more than 70 millimeters in test diameter and around 40 millimeters high. [5]

Distribution and habitat

Diadema setosum, black spines color-morph Diadema setosum 2228x2252.png
Diadema setosum, black spines color-morph

Diadema setosum is a widely distributed species of sea urchin. Its range stretches throughout the Indo-Pacific basin including Malaysia, [6] longitudinally from the Red Sea and then eastward to the Australian coast. Latitudinally, the species can be found as far north as Japan and its range extends as far south as the southern tip of the African east coast. [2]

The species has been introduced into other localities not within its natural range. In 2006, two living specimens of Diadema setosum were found in waters off the Kaş peninsula in Turkey. The discovery and subsequent collection of these individuals makes D. setosum the first invasive Erythrean sea urchin in the Mediterranean. [2] Several hypotheses have been proposed for the finding of these individuals. Larvae of the species may have traveled through the Suez Canal (Lessepsian migration) into the Mediterranean from the Gulf of Suez, where the species has a thriving natural population. Another proposed vector is that of foreign ships bringing in individuals via their ballasts. A final possibility proposed was that the individual specimens were intentionally released by aquarists. [2]

Diadema setosum is commonly associated with coral reefs, but is also found on sand flats and in seagrass beds. Along with the other members of the family, D. setosum is a prolific grazer. They are known to feed on a variety of algal species common on tropical coral reefs. The ecological importance of the taxon as a whole has been stressed because of its herbivorous habits. [5]

In Hong Kong, Diadema setosum is omnipresent in rocky reefs, with a population density of up to one individual per 3.4m2. The unusually large number of these urchins is theorised to be partly natural, and partly due to overfishing of its primary predator in the region, the blackspot tuskfish (Choerodon schoenleinii). [7]

Biology

The species has been known to spawn both seasonally and year-round depending on the location of the spawning population. It has been suggested that Diadema setosum populations are temperature-dependent in their spawning seasonalities. Temperatures higher than 25 °C (77 °F) have been cited as a possible spawning cue. [8] Equatorial populations are those recorded to spawn at no particular times throughout the entire year. This is true for the Philippine populations of D. setosum. [9] For a population in the Persian Gulf, spawning occurs during the months of April to May. [4] Other cues, such as the phases of the moon have been observed to affect the spawning of D. setosum populations. The species has been found to trigger spawning events in concordance with the appearance of a full moon. [10] They are broadcast spawners. [11]

Evolutionarily, Diadema setosum is considered one of the oldest of the known extant species in the genus Diadema. Genetic analysis of the Diadema have placed D. setosum at a basal branch on a cladogram, having it as the sister group to all the other remaining members of the genus. [12] Morphological analysis confirms this conclusion, adding weight to the concept of D. setosum being the most basal of the Diadema and possibly the oldest extant species in the genus. [5]

Like other venomous sea urchins, the venom of Diadema setosum is only mild and not at all fatal to humans. The toxin mostly causes swelling and pain, and gradually diffuses over several hours. More danger is presented by the delivery system – the urchin's spines which are extremely brittle and needle-like. They easily break off within flesh and are quite a challenge to extract. [13]

In terms of behavior, D. setosum has been observed to be able to avoid danger by rapidly inverting its body and "running" on the tips of its longest spines. This behavior is triggered by sudden impacts and the snapping of one or more of its spines. During the process, upon encountering small obstacles, D. setosum will take on a rolling motion much like the robot TARS from Interstellar. It has been observed to move 30 inches in just 7 seconds using this method of locomotion.

It is also worth noting that this particular variety has some of the very best vision observed among sea urchins and will regularly redirect spines toward passing fish as a defense mechanism. Although unclear, this vision seems to be achieved by the sensing of light that enters each spine and it transmitted down the spines shaft and sensed at the base, although further scientific research is required.

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

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<i>Diadema</i> (sea urchin) Genus of sea urchins

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<i>Diadema antillarum</i> Species of sea urchin

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<i>Loxechinus</i> Species of sea urchin

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<i>Heterocentrotus mamillatus</i> Species of echinoderm

Heterocentrotus mamillatus, commonly known as the slate pencil urchin, red slate pencil urchin, or red pencil urchin, is a species of tropical sea urchin from the Indo-Pacific region.

<i>Toxopneustes pileolus</i> Species of sea urchin

Toxopneustes pileolus, commonly known as the flower urchin, is a widespread and commonly encountered species of sea urchin from the Indo-West Pacific. It is considered highly dangerous, as it is capable of delivering extremely painful and medically significant stings when touched. It inhabits coral reefs, seagrass beds, and rocky or sandy environments at depths of up to 90 m (295 ft). It feeds on algae, bryozoans, and organic detritus.

<i>Echinometra mathaei</i> Species of sea urchin

Echinometra mathaei, the burrowing urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Echinometridae. It occurs in shallow waters in the Indo-Pacific region. The type locality is Mauritius.

<i>Sphaerechinus granularis</i> Species of sea urchin

Sphaerechinus granularis is a species of sea urchin in the family Toxopneustidae, commonly known as the violet sea urchin, or sometimes the purple sea urchin. Its range includes the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Asthenosoma varium</i> Species of sea urchin

Asthenosoma varium is a sea urchin. Growing up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter, it lives on sand and rubble sea bottoms in the Indo-Pacific, from the Red Sea to Australia and Southern Japan. Its venom tipped spines, with distinctive globular swellings below the tip, can inflict a painful sting if handled; the pain lasts as long as several hours. This capacity, perhaps coupled with its reddish-brown colour, has given it the common name fire urchin; other commonly used names are Pacific fire urchin, elusive sea urchin, variable fire urchin, and electric sea urchin.

<i>Echinometra lucunter</i> Species of sea urchin

Echinometra lucunter, the rock boring urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Echinometridae. It is found in very shallow parts of the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.

<i>Echinometra viridis</i> Species of sea urchin

Echinometra viridis, the reef urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Echinometridae. It is found on reefs in very shallow parts of the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.

<i>Phormosoma placenta</i> Species of sea urchin

Phormosoma placenta is a species of sea urchin in the order Echinothurioida. It is a deepwater species, seldom being found at depths less than 500 m (1,600 ft), and occurs on either side of the Atlantic Ocean on the continental slope.

<i>Centrostephanus longispinus</i> Species of sea urchin

Centrostephanus longispinus, the hatpin urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Diadematidae. There are two subspecies, Centrostephanus l. longispinus, found in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea and Centrostephanus l. rubricingulus, found in the western Atlantic.

<i>Diadema paucispinum</i> Species of sea urchin

Diadema paucispinum, the long-spined sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Diadematidae. It is found in the western Indo-Pacific Ocean and in Hawaii and other east Pacific islands.

<i>Diadema mexicanum</i> Species of sea urchin

Diadema mexicanum is a species of long-spined sea urchin belonging to the family Diadematidae. It is native to the Pacific coast of Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Panama.

<i>Diadema savignyi</i> Species of sea urchin

Diadema savignyi is a species of long-spined sea urchin belonging to the family Diadematidae. Common names include long-spined sea urchin, black longspine urchin and the banded diadem. It is native to the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. It was first described in 1829 by the French naturalist Jean Victoire Audouin. The specific epithet honours the French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny who described many new marine species from the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. The type locality is Mauritius.

<i>Athanas areteformis</i> Species of crustacean

Athanas areteformis is a species of small alpheid shrimp from the Indo-West Pacific.

<i>Stomopneustes</i> Species of sea urchin

Stomopneustes variolaris, the black sea urchin or long-spined sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin, the only one in its genus Stomopneustes and only species still alive in its family Stomopneustidae. It is found throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, with a patchy distribution.

References

  1. 1 2 Kroh, Andreas (2013). Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). "Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778)". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Yokes, Baki; Bella S. Galil (2006). "The first record of the needle-spined urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the Mediterranean Sea". Aquatic Invasions. 1 (3): 188–190. doi: 10.3391/ai.2006.1.3.15 .
  3. ↑ Clark, HL (1925). A catalogue of the recent sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). London: British Museum. p. 250.
  4. 1 2 Alsaffar, Adel H.; Khalid P. Lone (2000). "Reproductive cycles of Diadema setosum and Echinometra mathaei (Echinoidea: Echinodermata) from Kuwait (Northern Arabian Gulf)". Bulletin of Marine Science. 67 (2): 845–856.
  5. 1 2 3 Coppard, Simon Edward; Andrew C. Campbell (2006). "Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 (Echinodermata)" (PDF). Zoosystema. 28 (1): 93–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-27. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  6. ↑ Rahman, Raihana Abdul; Ab Lah, Roslizawati; Wan Hussin, Wan Mohd Rauhan; Idris, Mohd Hanafi; Al-Asif, Abdulla-; Anuar, Ummi Nazatun Amira Saiful (31 January 2023). "Proximate and mineral composition of the long-spined Sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe". Borneo Journal of Sciences and Technology. 05 (1): 30–39. doi: 10.35370/bjost.2023.5.1-04 .
  7. ↑ "Diadema sea urchins and the Black-spot tuskfish".
  8. ↑ Pearse, John S. (1974). "Reproductive patterns of tropical reef animals: three species of sea urchins". Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium. 1. Brisbane, Australia: ICRS: 235–240. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  9. ↑ Tuason, A. Y.; Ed D. Gomez (1979). "The reproductive biology of Tripneustes gratilla Linnaeus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), with some notes on Diadema setosum". Proceedings of the International Symposium on Marine Biogeographic Evolution. 2. Auckland, New Zealand: 707–716.
  10. ↑ Lessios, H. A. (1981). "Reproductive periodicity of the echinoids Diadema and Echinometra on the two coasts of Panama". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 50 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(81)90062-9.
  11. ↑ "Reproduction of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema setosum in the Gulf of Aqaba" . Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  12. ↑ Lessios, H. A.; B. D. Kessing; John S. Pearse (2001). "Population structure and speciation in tropical seas: Global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema". Evolution. 55 (5): 955–975. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0955:PSASIT]2.0.CO;2. PMID   11430656.[ dead link ]
  13. ↑ Williamson, JA; PJ Fenner; JW Burnett; JF Rifkin (1996). Venomous and poisonous marine animals: a medical and biological handbook. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press. p. 504. ISBN   0-86840-279-6.
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