Astraea (gastropod)

Astraea Temporal range: Paleocene - Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
a shell of Astraea heliotropium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Vetigastropoda
Order:	Trochida
Superfamily:	Trochoidea
Family:	Turbinidae
Genus:	Astraea Röding, 1798 [1]
Type species
Trochus imperialis Gmelin, 1791
Synonyms [2]
List † Astraea (Vitiastraea)Ladd, 1966 alternative representation Astralium (Imperator)Montfort, 1810 junior subjective synonym AstreaLink, 1807(misspelling) CanthorbisSwainson, 1840 ImperatorMontfort, 1810

Fossil Bolma rugosa with signs of crab predation; Pliocene of Cyprus.

Fossil shell of Astraea fimbriata from Pliocene of Italy.

Astraea is a genus of medium to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. ^[2]

Etymology

The Latin genus Astraea means star, with reference to the star-shape of these snails, also commonly called star shells. ^[3]

Description

Shells of species within this genus can reach a size of about 60 millimetres (2.4 in). They have the appearance of a smooth conical shell. The outer edges of the coiled whorls are quite flattened, with prominent axial sculpture. Below widely, it is umbilicate and concave. ^[3]

Species

Extant species within this genus include: ^[4]

• Astraea heliotropium (Martyn, 1784)

Fossil records

This genus is known in the fossil records from the Paleocene to the Quaternary (age range: from 61.7 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found in the sediments of Europe, Australia, United States, Japan, Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil. ^[5]

Species

Extinct species within this genus include: ^[5]

• †Astraea (Liotiastralium) venezuelana Weisbord 1962
• †Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale 1931
• †Astraea (Pomaulax) morani Loel and Corey 1932
• †Astraea (Vitiastraea) holmesi Ladd 1966
• † Astraea bicarinata Suter, 1917
• †Astraea fimbriata Borson 1821 ^[6]
• † Astraea granifer (K. Martin, 1884)
• † Astraea hickmanae Kiel & Bandel, 2002
• † Astraea holmesi Ladd, 1966
• † Astraea hudsoniana (R. M. Johnston, 1888)
• † Astraea pseudomodesta Nomura, 1935
• † Astraea stellare Gmelin 1791
• † Astraea stirps Laws, 1932
• †Astraea tentoriiformis Jonas, 1844

Species brought into synonymy

• †Astraea (Australium) rhodestoma Lamarck 1822: synonym of Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea americana(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Lithopoma americanum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Astraea andersoni(Smith, 1902): synonym of Bolma andersoni (Smith, 1902)
• Astraea babelis(P. Fischer, 1874): synonym of Uvanilla babelis (P. Fischer, 1874)
• Astraea brevispina(Lamarck, 1822): synonym of Lithopoma brevispina (Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea buschii(Philippi, 1844): synonym of Uvanilla buschii (Philippi, 1844)
• Astraea calcar(Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Astralium calcar (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Astraea cookii(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Cookia sulcata (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea cubanumPhilippi, 1849: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea danieliAlf & Kreipl, 2006: synonym of Astralium danieli (Alf & Kreipl, 2006)
• Astraea dominicanaA. H. Verrill, 1950: synonym of Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Astraea gilchristi(G. B. Sowerby III, 1903): synonym of Bolma bathyraphis (E. A. Smith, 1899)
• Astraea heimburgi(Dunker, 1882): synonym of Astralium heimburgi (Dunker, 1882)
• Astraea hokiangaLaws, 1948: synonym of Bembicium hokianga (Laws, 1948)
• Astraea imbricata(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea imbricatumGmelin, 1791: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea jacquelineaeMarche-Marchad, 1957: synonym of Bolma jacquelineae (Marche-Marchad, 1957)
• Astraea johnstoni(Odhner, 1923): synonym of Bolma johnstoni (Odhner, 1923)
• Astraea lapidiferaRöding, 1798: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora(Born, 1780)
• Astraea latispina(Philippi, 1844): synonym of Astralium latispina (Philippi, 1844)
• Astraea longispinaLamarck, 1822: synonym of Lithopoma phoebium longispina(Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea milloniB. Salvat, F. Salvat & Richard, 1973: synonym of Astralium milloni (B. Salvat, F. Salvat & Richard, 1973)
• Astraea olfersii(Philippi, 1846): synonym of Lithopoma americanum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Astraea olivacea(W. Wood, 1828): synonym of Uvanilla olivacea (W. Wood, 1828)
• Astraea papillatumPotiez & Michaud, 1838: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea persicaDall, 1907: synonym of Bolma persica (Dall, 1907)
• Astraea petrothaumaBerry, 1940: synonym of Megastraea turbanica (Dall, 1910)
• Astraea phoebiaRöding, 1798: synonym of Lithopoma phoebium (Röding, 1798)
• Astraea polarisRöding, 1798: synonym of Stellaria solaris (Linnaeus, 1764)
• Astraea rhodostomaLamarck, 1822: synonym of Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea rugosa(Linnaeus, 1767): synonym of Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Astraea rupicollinaStohler, 1959: synonym of Megastraea turbanica (Dall, 1910)
• Astraea semicostata(Kiener, 1850): synonym of Astralium semicostatum (Kiener, 1850)
• Astraea siriusHedley, C., 1923: synonym of Astralium tentoriiforme (Jonas, 1845)
• Astraea spirata(Dall, 1911): synonym of Pomaulax spiratus (Dall, 1911)
• Astraea sulcata(Martyn, 1784): synonym of Cookia sulcata (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea tayloriana(E. A. Smith, 1880): synonym of Bolma tayloriana (E. A. Smith, 1880)
• Astraea tectumLightfoot, 1786: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea tuber(Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Astraea tuberosum: synonym of Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea undosa(Wood, 1828): synonym for Lithopoma undosum (Wood, 1828)
• Astraea unguis(Wood, 1828): synonym of Uvanilla unguis (W. Wood, 1828)
• Astraea venezuelensisFlores & Caceres, 1984: synonym of Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758)

References

1. Röding P. F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. pp. [1-3], [1-8], 1-199. Hamburg. page 79.
2. Bouchet, P. (2012). Astraea Röding, 1798. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at WoRMS taxon details on 2012-03-15
3. The Grazing Snails, Part I - Turbo, Trochus, Astraea, and Kin
4. "World Register of Marine Species". Astraea Röding, 1798. 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
5. Astraea Röding 1798 (snail)
6. Astraea fimbriata, Borson 1821

• Gofas, S.; Afonso, J.P.; Brandào, M. (Ed.). (S.a.). Conchas e Moluscos de Angola = Coquillages et Mollusques d'Angola. [Shells and molluscs of Angola]. Universidade Agostinho / Elf Aquitaine Angola: Angola. 140 pp.
• Williams, S.T. (2007). Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592