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Two centuries after his birth Karl Marx remains controversial, as the unveiling of a 4.5m statue of him (sculpted by Wu Weishan) in his birthplace of Trier, Germany in 2018 demonstrates. [1] Statues of him remain in the former capital of the defunct German Democratic Republic. [2]
| Location | Main article | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aken (Elbe) |  | ||
| Berlin | Marx-Engels Forum |  | The statues of Karl Marx (foreground) and his collaborator Friedrich Engels in Marx-Engels-Forum in reunited Berlin. In the background is the dome of the Berlin Cathedral. |
 | Bust located on Strausberger Platz. | ||
| Karl Marx Memorial in Berlin-Stralau |  | This monument designed in 1964 is located in Berlin-Stralau, where Marx lived as a student in 1837. | |
| Chemnitz (formerly Karl-Marx-Stadt) | Karl Marx Monument |  | This famous 7.1m bust of Karl Marx, hewn from Ukrainian granite, is Chemnitz's most famous landmark. |
 | 1972 relief sculpture "Lob der Dialektik" (Praise of Dialectics) depicting Marx and Engels, forming part of a four-part monument based on the poems of Bertolt Brecht, modeled on designs by Joachim Jastram and located on Brückenstrasse. | ||
| Cologne |  | Statues of Karl Marx (right) and Heinrich Becker (left) on the tower of Cologne City Hall | |
| Coswig (Anhalt) |  | Designed by Karl Kothe and erected in 1958 on the 75th anniversary of Marx's death. | |
| Dessau |  | Erected in October 1984. | |
| Döbeln |  | ||
| Dresden | Karl Marx Monument (Dresden) |  | Installed on Unity Square (now Albertplatz) in 1953. It was ridiculed for its unusual proportions and was later demolished. |
| Frankfurt (Oder) | Karl Marx Monument, Frankfurt (Oder) |  | Bust designed in 1968 by Arnd Wittig, located in Lennépark on Karl-Marx-Straße. |
| Fürstenwalde | Karl Marx Monument (Fürstenwalde) |  | Originally installed in 1904 as a Bismarck monument, the stone was rededicated to Marx in the 1950s. It was renovated in 2003. |
| Gelsenkirchen | Installed in front of the Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany's headquarters in Gelsenkirchen in 2022, alongside a statue of Vladimir Lenin installed in 2020. [3] [4] [5] | ||
| Leipzig | Bronzerelief Aufbruch |  | A 1973 relief depicting Marx originally installed on a building of the University of Leipzig but relocated in 2008. [6] |
| Neubrandenburg | Karl Marx Monument (Neubrandenburg) |  | Originally stood from 1969-2001, reinstalled in a new location in 2018. |
| Neuruppin |  | Designed by Fritz Cremer, erected in 1954. | |
| Rathenow |  | ||
| Trier |  | Created by Chinese artist Wu Weishan in 2018 and donated by China to Trier, the birthplace of Karl Marx. [7] | |
| Werder (Havel) |  | ||
| Wernigerode | Karl Marx Monument (Wernigerode) |  | Bust created by Rudolf Wewerka and inaugurated on the 70th anniversary of Marx's death on November 7, 1953. |
| Wittenberge |  | Inscribed with Marx's quote: "Proletarier aller Länder vereinigt euch" (Proletarians of all countries, unite). | |
| Location | Main article | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arzamas |  | ||
| Balashikha |  | Located on Krupeshina street. | |
| Glazov |  | ||
| Kaliningrad |  | ||
| Kaluga | Bust located on the corner of Lenin Street and Moscow Street. | ||
| Karl Marx Village, Saratov |  | Located in a village named after Karl Marx near the city of Engels, Saratov Oblast. | |
| Kopeysk |  | Statue of Marx and Engels. | |
| Kotovsk |  | ||
| Krasnodar |  | ||
| Marks |  | ||
| Mineralnye Vody |  | ||
| Moscow | Karl Marx monument |  | Located on Theatre Square near the Bolshoi [8] |
| Novaya Ladoga |  | ||
| Penza | Bust of Marx atop a tall plinth, dismantled in 2011. [9] | ||
| Petrozavodsk |  | Statue of Marx and Engels seated at the intersection of Karl Marx Avenue and Kuibyshev Street. | |
| Rostov-on-Don | Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don) |  | Installed in Karl Marx Square in 1959 to replace a prior statue installed in 1925 that was destroyed during World War 2, which had itself replaced a monument to Catherine II demolished by the Bolsheviks. |
| Saint Petersburg |  | Bust located at the Smolny Institute | |
 | |||
| Sobinka |  | Completed in 1923 | |
| Stavropol |  | ||
| Tashir | Large sculpture of Marx's head, located in the middle of Tashir in the Republic of Buryatia. [10] | ||
| Tolyatti |  | Bust located on Liberty Square [11] [12] [13] | |
| Tula |  | ||
| Tver |  | ||
| Ulyanovsk |  | Completed in 1920 | |
| Vyazma |  | ||
| Yaroslavl |  | ||
| Country | Location | Image | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
 Belarus | Luninets | Bust of Marx. | |
| Vitebsk | Bust of Marx. | ||
 Bulgaria | University of National and World Economy in Sofia |  | Bust of Marx. |
 China | Fuxing Park, Shanghai |  | Statue of Marx and Engels. |
| Compilation and Translation Bureau, Beijing | Statue of Marx seated and Engels standing. [14] [15] | ||
| Foshan University in Foshan, Guangdong Province |  | Relief sculpture of Marx and Copernicus. | |
 Czech Republic | Karlovy Vary |  | Karl Marx monument near the orthodox church of St. Peter and Paul. |
| Háj u Duchcova |  | ||
 Ethiopia | Addis Ababa University | Relief sculpture of Marx's face, gifted by the government of East Germany to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Ethiopian Revolution and establishment of the Derg. [16] | |
 Hungary | Memento Park, Budapest |  | Marx and Engels statue. |
| Corvinus University of Budapest |  | Marx seated inside Corvinus University (formerly Karl Marx University), removed in 2014. | |
 India | Kolkata, West Bengal |  | Marx and Engels statue. [17] |
 Italy | Riccione |  | Bust of Marx. |
 Kyrgyzstan | Bishkek |  | Statue of Marx and Engels seated in discussion. |
 Lithuania | Grūtas Park, Druskininkai |  | Busts of Marx and Engels alongside Lenin, Dzerzhinsky and Stalin. |
| Statue of Marx. [18] | |||
 Moldova | Chișinău |  | Bust of Marx |
 Spain | Kepa Enbeita Urretxindorra Square, Bilbao |  | Busts of Marx and Lenin. [19] |
 Turkey | Middle East Technical University in Ankara | [20] | |
 Ukraine | Hadiach |  | Bust of Marx. |
| Markivka |  | Statue of Marx. | |
| Pyriatyn |  | Bust of Marx. | |
| Voronky |  | Statue of Marx. | |
| Zhytomyr |  | Bust of Marx. | |
 United Kingdom | Highgate Cemetery, London |  | Bust at the tomb of Marx. |
 Uzbekistan | Tashkent | Large bust on Amir Temur Square (formerly Revolution Square), removed in 1993.[ citation needed ] | |
 Venezuela | Maracay |  | Bust of Marx. |
Karl Marx was a German-born philosopher, economist, political theorist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His best-known works are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1894); the latter employs his theory of historical materialism in an analysis of capitalism, representing his greatest intellectual achievement. Marx's ideas and theories and their subsequent development, collectively known as Marxism, have exerted enormous influence on modern intellectual, economic, and political history.
Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher, political theorist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He was also a businessman and Karl Marx's closest friend and collaborator.
Tolyatti, also known as Togliatti, formerly known as Stavropol (1737–1964), is a city in Samara Oblast, Russia. It is the largest city in Russia which is neither the administrative center of a federal subject, nor the largest city of a subject. Population: 684,709 (2021 Census); 719,632 (2010 Census); 702,879 (2002 Census); 630,543 (1989 Census).
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. As Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thought, no single, definitive Marxist theory exists. Marxism has had a profound impact in shaping the modern world, with various left-wing and far-left political movements taking inspiration from it in varying local contexts.
"Wage Labour and Capital" was an 1847 lecture by the critic of political economy and philosopher Karl Marx, first published as articles in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in April 1849. It is widely considered the precursor to Marx’s influential treatise Das Kapital. It is commonly paired with Marx's 1865 speech Value, Price and Profit. In 1883, a Russian translation was published as a book and included an excerpt from Capital volume 1 in the appendix, chapter 23 on Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation. In 1885, a pamphlet version was first published as an English translation. An 1885 pamphlet based on the newspaper articles was published in Hottingen-Zürich without Marx's knowledge and with a brief introduction by Friedrich Engels. The German edition was revised by Engels in 1891 and published by Vorwärts after the Anti-Socialist Laws had lapsed the previous year. In 1893, an updated English translation from the 1891 German edition was published in London.
In Marxist theory, a new democratic society will arise through the organised actions of an international working class, enfranchising the entire population and freeing up humans to act without being bound by the labour market. There would be little, if any, need for a state, the goal of which was to enforce the alienation of labor. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels stated in The Communist Manifesto and later works that "the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle for democracy" and universal suffrage, being "one of the first and most important tasks of the militant proletariat". As Marx wrote in his Critique of the Gotha Program, "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat". He allowed for the possibility of peaceful transition in some countries with strong democratic institutional structures, but suggested that in other countries in which workers can not "attain their goal by peaceful means" the "lever of our revolution must be force", stating that the working people had the right to revolt if they were denied political expression. In response to the question "What will be the course of this revolution?" in Principles of Communism, Friedrich Engels wrote:
Above all, it will establish a democratic constitution, and through this, the direct or indirect dominance of the proletariat.
Lev Yefimovich Kerbel was a Soviet and Russian sculptor of socialist realist works. Kerbel's creations included statues of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Yuri Gagarin, which were sent by Soviet Government as gifts to socialist and the Third World countries across the world.
Karl Marx Peak rises to 6,723 m (22,057 ft) in the Shakhdara Range in Pamir Mountains, in the south-west of Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, just north of the Panj River and the Afghanistan border. It was named after the German philosopher Karl Marx whose theories were the basis of communism and socialism. The highest summit in the Shakhdara Range, it was discovered and named in 1937 by Soviet geologist and explorer of South-West Pamir Sergey Klunnikov. The ascent was delayed by the outbreak of World War II, and Karl Marx Peak was first climbed in 1946 by a group of Soviet alpinists led by Evgeniy Beletskiy.
The Karl Marx Monument is a 7.10m (23.29ft)-tall stylized head of Karl Marx in Chemnitz, Germany. The heavy-duty sculpture, together with the base platform, stand over 13 meters tall and weighs approximately 40 tonnes. On a wall just behind the monument, the phrase "Workers of the world, unite!" is inscripted in four languages: German, English, French and Russian.
In Marxist philosophy, the dictatorship of the proletariat is a condition in which the proletariat holds state power. The dictatorship of the proletariat is the intermediate stage between a capitalist economy and a communist economy, whereby the post-revolutionary state seizes the means of production, compels the implementation of direct elections on behalf of and within the confines of the ruling proletarian state party, and institutes elected delegates into representative workers' councils that nationalise ownership of the means of production from private to collective ownership. During this phase, the administrative organizational structure of the party is to be largely determined by the need for it to govern firmly and wield state power to prevent counterrevolution and to facilitate the transition to a lasting communist society.
The political slogan "Workers of the world, unite!" is one of the rallying cries from The Communist Manifesto (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A variation of this phrase is also inscribed on Marx's tombstone. The essence of the slogan is that members of the working classes throughout the world should cooperate to defeat capitalism and achieve victory in the class conflict.
The Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute, established in Moscow in 1919 as the Marx–Engels Institute, was a Soviet library and archive attached to the Communist Academy. The institute was later attached to the governing Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and served as a research center and publishing house for officially published works of Marxist thought. From 1956 to 1991, the institute was named the Institute of Marxism–Leninism (IML).
The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism is an article written by the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin and published in 1913. The article was dedicated to the thirtieth anniversary of Karl Marx’s death.
The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, North London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain, which funded the memorial.
The Monument to Karl Marx in Moscow is a monument completed in 1961 by Soviet sculptor Lev Kerbel. It is located near the Bolshoi Theatre in Theatre Square.
