Lists of emperors

This is a list including all rulers who had carried the title of emperor or who ruled over an empire through history. Some titles meaning "emperor" might not have been used in the context like "padishah" under the Kingdom of Afghanistan or "tsar" under Kingdom of Bulgaria.

Emperors of traditional empires

Asia

Empire	Duration	Title(s)	See
Iran
Achaemenid Empire	550 BC–330 BC	Shahanshah ("King of Kings")	List of Persian monarchs
Seleucid Empire	312 BC–63 BC	Basileus Megas ("Great King")	List of Seleucid rulers
Parthian Empire	247 BC–224 AD	Shahanshah ("King of Kings")	List of Persian monarchs
Sasanian Empire	224–651
Buyid Empire	978–1062
Seljuk Empire	1037–1194
Ilkhanate	1295–1388	Padishah ("Master King")
Timurid Empire	1370–1507
Qara Qoyunlu	1452–1469		List of rulers of Qara Qoyunlu
Aq Qoyunlu	1465–1508		List of rulers of Aq Qoyunlu
Safavid Empire	1501–1736 1750–1773	Shahanshah ("King of Kings")	List of Persian monarchs
Hotak dynasty	1722–1738
Afsharid Empire	1736–1796
Qajar Empire	1789–1925
Pahlavi Iran	1925–1979
Indian subcontinent
Maurya Empire	322 BC–184 BC	Chakravarti ("ideal universal ruler") Samrat ("proper ruler")	List of Mauryan emperors
Chola Empire	848–1279	Chakravartigal [1] ("ideal universal ruler")	List of Tamil monarchs
Mughal Empire	1526–1857	Padishah ("Master King") Shahenshah ("King of Kings")	List of Mughal emperors
Indian Empire [a]	1877–1947	King-Emperor	Emperor of India
East Asia
Imperial China	221 BC–1912	皇帝 , pronounced Huángdì ("Godly Ruler")	List of Chinese emperors
Japan	660 BC-Present	天皇 , pronounced Tennō ("Heavenly Sovereign") 皇帝 , pronounced Kōtei ("Godly Ruler")	List of emperors of Japan
Nanyue	204–125 BC	皇帝 , pronounced Hoàng Đế ("Godly Ruler")	List of Vietnamese emperors
Vietnam	544–602 968–1945	皇帝 , pronounced Hoàng Đế ("Godly Ruler")
Other
Rouran Khaganate	330–555	Khagan ("Great Khan")
Khmer Empire	802–1431	Devarāja ("Godly ruler")	Monarchy of Cambodia
Ottoman Empire	1453–1922	Padishah ("Master King")	List of Ottoman emperors
Mongol Empire	1206–1634	Khagan ("Great Khan")	List of Mongol rulers
Durrani Empire	1747–1823 1839–1842	Padishah ("Master King")	List of Afghan monarchs

Europe

Empire	Duration	Title(s)	See
Alexandrian Empire	331 BC–301 BC	Basileus	Alexander the Great
Roman Empire	27 BC–1453	Augustus Basileus	List of Roman emperors List of Byzantine emperors
Empire of Nicaea	1204–1261	Basileus
Empire of Trebizond	1204–1461	Basileus	List of Trapezuntine emperors
Empire of Thessalonica	1224–1242	Basileus
Latin Empire	1204–1261	Imperator	Latin Emperor
Holy Roman Empire	800–1806	Imperator	Holy Roman Emperor
Avar Khaganate	567–822	Khagan ("Great Khan")
Bulgarian Empire (First) (Second)	913–1018 1185–1396	Tsar	List of Bulgarian monarchs
Serbian Empire	1346–1373	Tsar	List of Serbian monarchs
Russian Tsardom	1547–1721	Tsar	List of Russian monarchs
Russian Empire	1721–1917	Imperator
Austrian Empire	1804–1918	Kaiser	List of Austrian monarchs
German Empire	1871–1918	Kaiser	List of German monarchs
French Empire	1804–1815 1852–1870	Empereur	List of French monarchs

Americas

Empire	Duration	Title	See
Aztec Empire	1375–1521	Hueyi Tlatoani ("great ruler")
Inca Empire	1438–1533	Sapa Inca ("only ruler")	Pre-Conquest Sapa Incas Post-Conquest Sapa Incas
Empire of Brazil	1822–1889	Imperador	List of Brazilian monarchs

Africa

Empire	Duration	Title(s)	See
Ethiopian Empire	1270–1975	Nəgusä nägäst ("ruler of rulers")	List of Ethiopian emperors

Emperors of short-lived monarchies

• Emperor Jacques of the Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)
• Emperor Augustine of the First Mexican Empire (1822–1823)
• Emperor Faustin of the Empire of Haiti (1849–1859)
• Emperor Maximilian of the Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867)
• Emperor Sunjong and Gojong of the Korean Empire (1897–1910)
• The Hongxian Emperor of the Empire of China (1915–1916)
• The Datong Emperor of the Empire of Manchuria (1934–1945)
• Emperor Victor Emmanuel III of Ethiopia (1936–1941)
• Emperor Bảo Đại of the Empire of Vietnam (1945)
• Emperor Bokassa of the Central African Empire (1976–1979)

Self-proclaimed "emperors"

See also Self-proclaimed monarchy and micronation

• Yi Ching-ok, "Emperor of the Geum dynasty" (1453)
• Jovan Nenad, "Emperor of Serbs" (1526–1527)
• Andrés Novales, “Emperor of the Philippines” (1823)
• Joshua Abraham Norton, “Emperor of the United States of America” (1859-1880)

Fictional emperors

• Category: Fictional emperors and empresses

References

1. under British rule

1. Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California Press. p. 366. ISBN   978-0-520-24225-8. The unobtrusive titles used by the early Chola kings were replaced with high-sounding ones, such as chakravartigal (emperor, the equivalent of the northern chakravartin).