Lock picking

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A set of lock picks and tension wrenches for pin/tumbler locks Lockpicking-Set.jpg
A set of lock picks and tension wrenches for pin/tumbler locks
Picking while tensioning Locksmith-1947387 1920.jpg
Picking while tensioning

Lock picking is the practice of unlocking a lock by manipulating the components of the lock device without the original key.

Contents

Although lock-picking can be associated with criminal intent, it is an essential skill for the legitimate profession of locksmithing, and is also pursued by law-abiding citizens as a useful skill to learn, or simply as a hobby (locksport).

In some countries, such as Japan, lock-picking tools are illegal for most people to possess, but in many others, they are available and legal to own as long as there is no intent to use them for criminal purposes.

History

Various lock picks and tools for opening and picking locks from the Codex Loffelholz, Nuremberg 1505 Loffelholz-Codex Ms-Berol-Germ-Qu-132 Fol 028v-029r.png
Various lock picks and tools for opening and picking locks from the Codex Löffelholz, Nuremberg 1505

Locks by definition secure or fasten something with the intention that access is possible only with the matching key. Despite this, criminal lock picking likely started with the first locks. Famed locksmith Alfred Charles Hobbs said in the mid-1800s:

Rogues are very keen on their profession and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves... [1]

Professional and recreational lock picking also has a long history. King Louis XVI of France (1754–1793) was a keen designer, picker, and manipulator of locks, [2] and physicist Richard Feynman picked locks for fun in the 1940s while employed on the Manhattan Project. The tradition of student roof and tunnel hacking at MIT included lockpicking, [3] and their guide to this was made widely available in 1991. [4]

Beginning in 1997 [5] more organized recreational lockpicking has now grown and developed a competitive aspect in "locksport", along with its own governing body, Locksport International. [6] [7]

Tools

A common set of skeleton keys used to open most types of warded padlocks Padlock Skeleton Keys.jpg
A common set of skeleton keys used to open most types of warded padlocks

Skeleton keys

The warded pick, also known as a skeleton key, is used for opening warded locks. It is generally made to conform to a generalized key shape relatively simpler than the actual key used to open the lock; this simpler shape allows for internal manipulations.

The keys for warded locks only require the back end manipulating which is the end which opens the lock. The other parts are there to distinguish between different varieties of their locks. For example, for a chest of drawers with a warded lock, a skeleton key for that type of warded lock can be made by filing away all but the last one or two teeth or bittings on both sides of the blade. Additionally, a series of grooves on either side of the key's blade limit the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock through the keyway, the wards align with the grooves in the key's profile to allow or deny entry into the lock cylinder.

A traditional pick set. From left to right: torsion wrench, "twist-flex" torsion wrench, offset diamond pick, ball pick, half-diamond pick, short hook, medium hook, saw (or "L") rake, snake (or "C") rake. Lockpicks.jpg
A traditional pick set. From left to right: torsion wrench, "twist-flex" torsion wrench, offset diamond pick, ball pick, half-diamond pick, short hook, medium hook, saw (or "L") rake, snake (or "C") rake.

Pin tumbler lock picking

Comb Picking

Comb picks push all the key and driver pins above the shear line allowing you to open the lock.

Tension wrench

The tension wrench or torsion wrench, is generally used when picking a pin tumbler or wafer lock. It is used to apply torque to the plug of a lock to hold any picked pins in place. Once all pins are picked, the tension wrench is then used to turn the plug and open the lock. There are two basic types of tension: "bottom of the keyway" and "top of the keyway". The bottom of the keyway wrenches is typically shaped like a letter "L", although the vertical part of the letter is elongated in comparison to the horizontal part. Other tension tools, especially those for use with cars, resemble a pair of tweezers and allow the user to apply torque to both the top and the bottom of the lock. These are commonly used with double-sided wafer locks.

Half-diamond pick

This versatile pick is included in nearly all kits and is mainly used for picking individual pins, but can also be used for raking and wafer and disk locks. The triangular-shaped half-diamond is usually 2.5 to 12.2 millimetres (0.098 to 0.480 inches) long. The angles that form the base of the half-diamond can be either steep or shallow, depending on the need for picking without affecting neighboring pins, or raking as appropriate. A normal set comprises around three half-diamond picks and a full-diamond pick.

Hook pick

The hook pick is similar to the half-diamond pick but has a hook-shaped tip rather than a half-diamond shape. The hook pick is sometimes referred to as a "feeler" or "finger" and is not used for raking. This is the most basic lockpicking tool and is all that a professional will usually need if the lock is to be picked in the traditional sense rather than opened by raking or using a pick gun. A variety of differently sized and shaped hooks are available in a normal set.

Ball pick

The ball pick is similar to the half-diamond pick, except the end of the pick has a half or full circle shape. This pick is commonly used to open wafer locks.

Rake picks

Two types of rake pick, the double and triple peak, sometimes known as Bogota rakes Rake Lock Picks.jpg
Two types of rake pick, the double and triple peak, sometimes known as Bogota rakes

These picks, such as the common snake rake, are designed to rake pins by rapidly sliding the pick past all the pins, repeatedly, to bounce the pins until they reach the shear line. This method requires much less skill than picking pins individually and generally works well on cheaper locks. Advanced rakes are available which are shaped to mimic various pin height key positions and are considerably easier to use than traditional rakes. Such rakes are typically machined from a template of common key configurations since not all permutations of pin heights for adjacent pins are possible given the process by which keys are manufactured.

Decoder pick

The decoder pick is a key which has been adapted such that the height of its notches can be changed, either by screwing them into the blade base or by adjusting them from the handle while the key is in the lock. This will allow not only access to the lock but also a template for cutting a replacement key.

Bump keys

A typical bump key Bumping key.jpg
A typical bump key

The simplest way to open the majority of pin locks is to insert a key (or variety of keys) that has been cut so that each peak of the key is equal and has been cut down to the lowest groove of the key. This key is then struck sharply with a hammer whilst applying torque. The force of the blow is carried down the length of the key and (operating as does a Newton's cradle) will move only the driver pins, leaving the key pins in place. If done correctly, this briefly creates a gap around the shear line, allowing the plug to rotate freely. [8] Some modern high-security locks include bumping protection, such as Master Lock's "BumpStop" [9] and ILCO's "Bump Halt" [10] technology.

Wafer tumbler lock picking

Jigglers or try-out keys

The majority of wafer tumbler locks can be opened with a set of jigglers or try-out keys. They can also be opened with pin-tumbler picks.

Pick guns

A snap gun Snap gun.jpg
A snap gun

The manual pick gun (or snap gun) was invented by Ely Epstein. [11] It usually has a trigger that creates a movement which (like bump keys) transfers sudden energy to the key pins, which communicate this to the driver pins, causing only those pins to jump, allowing the cylinder to turn freely for a brief moment, until the pin springs return the pins to their locking position. Electric versions are also common, whereby simply pressing a button vibrates the pins while a normal torsion wrench is being used.

Tubular lock pick

A tubular lock pick is a specialized lockpicking tool used for opening a tubular pin tumbler lock. Tubular lock picks are all very similar in design and come in sizes to fit all major tubular locks, including 6, 7, 8, and 10-pin locks. The tool is simply inserted into the lock and turned clockwise with medium torque. As the tool is pushed into the lock, each of the pins is slowly forced down until they stop, thus binding the driver pins behind the shear line of the lock. When the final pin is pushed down, the shear plane is clear and the lock opens. This can usually be accomplished in a matter of seconds.

Most tubular lock picks come with a "decoder" which lets the locksmith know at what depths the pins broke the shear plane. By using the decoding key after the lock has been picked, the locksmith can cut a tubular key to the correct pin depths and thus avoid having to replace the lock.

Anti-picking methods

A deadbolt lock that has been picked, showing that the plug has been turned without the key Picked lock.jpg
A deadbolt lock that has been picked, showing that the plug has been turned without the key

The history of lock development, particularly modern locks, is largely one of an arms race between lock pickers and lock inventors.

Today's anti-picking methods in standard pin tumbler locks include the use of sidewards which obstruct the keyway and "security pins" or "carnival pins". These are shaped like a spool, mushroom, or barrel, with the effect that they feel as though they have set when in fact they have not. [12] Security pins can also have the effect of resetting other pins when adjusted.

Australia

In Australia, possession of lock picking equipment is legal. However, it may count toward evidence of intent to commit a crime if otherwise incriminating circumstances warrant reasonable suspicion by police. For example, Queensland state law states:

"A person possessing lock picks, an electronic car door lock scanner, or a jemmy in other than easily explainable circumstances, e.g., a locksmith, carpenter, or a person undertaking home renovations, may warrant the suspicion of police that the person may intend to used [sic] the equipment for a burglary or vehicle theft. Obviously, the suspicion held by police must be reasonable and therefore will be dependent on the circumstances under which the person is found with the items." [13] [14]

Canada

In B.C. and Ontario Canada, a license is required to carry out locksmithing professionally. [15] [16] It is legal for hobbyists who are not locksmiths to pick locks that they own.[ citation needed ]

Under Section 351 of the Canadian Criminal Code, lock pick tools fit in the same category as crowbars or hammers, meaning they are legal to possess and use unless they are used to commit a crime or if it is shown there was the intention to commit a crime.

The relevant section states: "Every person who, without lawful excuse, has in their possession any instrument suitable for breaking into any place, motor vehicle, vault or safe knowing that the instrument has been used or is intended to be used for that purpose,

(a) is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or

(b) is guilty of an offense punishable on summary conviction." [17]

Some provinces require a license to carry lock picks. [18] Unlike most laws in Canada, the onus is on the defendant to prove that they have a legal purpose to use the lock picks. Similar to some drug trafficking offenses, this may be automatically applied if possession is discovered, though corroborating evidence is needed to support these charges. [19] Hobbyist use and indications thereof should constitute reasonable doubt, though the defendant must prove legal purposes, the crown must still indicate the charges are reasonable given the circumstances. For example, the discovery of lock picks in a dwelling house in absence of other indications of burglary are not grounds for this charge. [20] It is not uncommon for hackathon events in Canada to have lock picking challenges, and this would constitute a reasonable and legal reason for possession.

Germany

There is no law or regulation on lock picking, so it is legal as long as one has permission from the owner of the lock to pick the lock in question. Lock picking tools can be freely bought and sold. There are several clubs where lock picking is practiced as a sport. [21] Lock picking has also become a popular part of geocaching in Germany. [22] There are also lock picking workshops at geocaching events. [23]

European Union

Most countries of the European Union don't regulate the possession of lockpicks. All responsibility concerning criminal or legal acts using the picks is taken by the owner of the lockpicks.

Hungary

Unusually for a country in the EU, ownership of lock picks in Hungary on public property is prohibited. [24]

Japan

Japan's law prohibits possession of any lock picking tools and imposes a penalty of one-year imprisonment or a 500,000 yen fine. [25]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, owning lock picks is legal, but using them on someone else's locks without permission is not. There is a lock picking championship, the Dutch Open (organized by TOOOL), which started in 2002 and features competitors from around the world. The competition is held during LockCon, an annual conference about locks. [26] [27]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, lock picking tools are not illegal, but possession with the intent to use them for burglary carries a potential penalty of three years in prison. [28]

Poland

In Poland, according to Article 129/1 of the Misdemeanor Code: both (1) possessing, producing or obtaining a lock pick by a person whose profession and occupation does not require it; and (2) delivering a lock pick to a person whose profession and occupation does not require it is punishable with arrest, freedom limitation or fine - and (3) a lock pick is forfeited even if it was not the property of the principal. [29]

United Kingdom

In England and Wales, a person who, not within their abode, has any article to be used in the course of or in connection with any burglary or theft can potentially be prosecuted. [30] A successful prosecution would need to prove intention to use the tools for that purpose at the time of possession. [31] As an either way offence, the maximum penalty for this is 3 years imprisonment if tried in the Crown Court, and 12 months if tried in the Magistrates' Court. [32]

United States

In the United States, laws concerning possession of lock picks vary from state to state. Generally, possession and use of lock picks is considered equivalent to the possession of a crowbar or any other tool that may or may not be used in a burglary. Possession of lock picks with an intent for their unlawful use is generally prosecuted as a misdemeanor under the category of possession of burglary tools or similar statutes. In many states, simple possession of lock picks is completely legal, as the statutes only prohibit the possession of lock picks or the activity of lock picking when there is a malicious intent. [33] This is the case in Arizona, [34] California, [33] Utah, [35] Maine, [36] Massachusetts, [37] New Hampshire, [38] Washington D.C., Washington State, [39] and New York. [40] Some states, such as California and New York, impose restrictions on businesses, such as prohibiting the operation of a locksmithing business without a license and imposing requirements to keep records about sales of lock picking devices. [33] [41] [42]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Locksmithing</span> Science and art of making and defeating locks

Locksmithing is the science and art of making and defeating locks. Locksmithing is a traditional trade and in many countries requires completion of an apprenticeship. The level of formal education legally required varies from country to country from none at all, to a simple training certificate awarded by an employer, to a full diploma from an engineering college, in addition to time spent working as an apprentice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warded lock</span> Type of keyed lock

A warded lock is a type of lock that uses a set of obstructions, or wards, to prevent the lock from opening unless the correct key is inserted. The correct key has notches or slots corresponding to the obstructions in the lock, allowing it to rotate freely inside the lock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pin tumbler lock</span> Lock mechanism

The pin tumbler lock, also known as the Yale lock after the inventor of the modern version, is a lock mechanism that uses pins of varying lengths to prevent the lock from opening without the correct key.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disc tumbler lock</span> Finnish lock design

A disc tumbler or disc detainer lock is a lock composed of slotted rotating detainer discs. The lock was invented by Finnish founder of Abloy, Emil Henriksson (1886–1959) in 1907 and first manufactured under the Abloy brand in 1918.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tubular pin tumbler lock</span>

A tubular pin tumbler lock, also known as a circle pin tumbler lock, radial lock, or the trademark Ace lock popularized by manufacturer Chicago Lock Company since 1933, is a variety of pin tumbler lock in which a number of pins are arranged in a circular pattern, and the corresponding key is tubular or cylindrical in shape. Most locks use between six and eight pins, although some use as few as four or as many as ten. The devices have been widely used on vending machines, elevators, public computers, and bicycle locks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lock and key</span> Mechanical or electronic fastening device

A lock is a mechanical or electronic fastening device that is released by a physical object, by supplying secret information, by a combination thereof, or it may only be able to be opened from one side, such as a door chain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lever tumbler lock</span> Type of lock

A lever tumbler lock is a type of lock that uses a set of levers to prevent the bolt from moving in the lock. In the simplest form of these, lifting the tumbler above a certain height will allow the bolt to slide past.

Medeco, a subsidiary of the Swedish Assa Abloy Group, is a lock manufacturer located in Roanoke County, Virginia, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Skeleton key</span> Key modified to unlock a variety of locks

A skeleton key is a type of master key in which the serrated edge has been removed in such a way that it can open numerous locks, most commonly the warded lock. The term derives from the fact that the key has been reduced to its essential parts.

Rekeying a lock is replacing the old lock pins with new lock pins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Master keying</span> Key designed to operate multiple locks

A master key operates a set of several locks. Usually, there is nothing different about the key. The differences are in the locks the key will operate. These master-keyed locks are configured to operate with two, or more, different keys: one specific to each lock, which cannot operate any of the others in the set, and the master key, which operates all the locks in the set. Locks that have master keys have a second set of the mechanism used to operate them that is identical to all of the others in the set of locks. For example, master keyed pin tumbler locks often have two shear points at each pin position, one for the change key and one for the master key. A far more secure system has two cylinders in each lock, one for the change key and one for the master key.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lock bumping</span> Lock picking technique

Lock bumping is a lock picking technique for opening a pin tumbler lock using a specially crafted bump key, rapping key or 999 key. A bump key must correspond to the target lock in order to function correctly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wafer tumbler lock</span> Type of lock

A wafer tumbler lock is a type of lock that uses a set of flat wafers to prevent the lock from opening unless the correct key is inserted. This type of lock is similar to the pin tumbler lock and works on a similar principle. However, unlike the pin tumbler lock, where each pin consists of two or more pieces, each wafer in the lock is a single piece. The wafer tumbler lock is often incorrectly referred to as a disc tumbler lock, which uses an entirely different mechanism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snap gun</span> Lock picking tool

A snap gun, also known as lock pick gun, pick gun, or electric lock pick, is a tool that can be used to open a mechanical pin tumbler lock without using the key. A thin steel blade, similar in shape to a lock pick, is inserted into the lock and the snap gun briefly fires the blade against all of the lock pins simultaneously, momentarily freeing the cylinder and enabling it to be turned using a tension wrench. The snap gun is an alternative to a conventional lockpick, which requires other techniques such as raking to free the pins.

The Open Organisation of Lockpickers or TOOOL is an organization of individuals who partake in the hobby of locksport, as well as educate its members and the public about the security provided by locks.

The term protector lock has referred to two unrelated lock designs, one invented in the 1850s by Alfred Hobbs, the other in 1874 by Theodor Kromer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetic keyed lock</span> Type of mechanical lock

A magnetic keyed lock or magnetic-coded lock is a locking mechanism whereby the key utilizes magnets as part of the locking and unlocking mechanism. Magnetic-coded locks encompass knob locks, cylinder locks, lever locks, and deadbolt locks as well as applications in other security devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Locksport</span> Recreation of defeating locking systems

Locksport is the sport or recreation of defeating locking systems. Its enthusiasts learn a variety of skills including lock picking, lock bumping, and a variety of other skills traditionally known only to locksmiths and other security professionals. Locksport followers enjoy the challenge and excitement of learning to defeat all forms of locks, and often gather together in sport groups to share knowledge, exchange ideas, and participate in a variety of recreational activities and contests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bramah lock</span> Mechanical fastening device

The Bramah lock was created by Joseph Bramah in 1784. The lock employed the first known high-security design.

This is a glossary of locksmithing terms.

References

  1. ↑ A. C. Hobbs (Charles Tomlinson, ed.), Locks and Safes: The Construction of Locks. Published by Virtue & Co., London, 1853 (revised 1868).
  2. ↑ Andress, David. "The Terror", Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2005, p. 12-13
  3. ↑ "From rei@MIT.EDU Fri Jul 14 14:23:49 1995". Mit.edu . Retrieved September 19, 2017. Executive Summary: The MIT Hacking community is saddened by the series of recent events which have made the "MIT Guide To Lockpicking" available electronically in a indiscriminate fashion.
  4. ↑ "MIT Guide to Lock Picking" (PDF). People.csail.mit.edu. September 1, 1991. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  5. ↑ "SSDeV - The world's first sport lockpicking group - founded 1997 in Germany". Lockpicking.org. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Lock Picking for Sport Cracks the Mainstream". ABC News. January 7, 2006. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  7. ↑ ""Hobbyists embrace the joys of picking locks"" (PDF). Blogs.kansascity.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  8. ↑ "Understanding Bump Keys (Video)". L. Scott Harrell. April 19, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
  9. ↑ Lock®, Master. "Security Enhancements - Master Lock". Masterlock.com. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  10. ↑ "ILCO Key Systems". Kaba-ilco.com. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  11. ↑ "Founders - The Legacy". Lockmuseumofamerica.org. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Security pin - Lockwiki". Lockwiki.com. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  13. ↑ "SUMMARY OFFENCES BILL 2004 Explanatory Notes". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Review of Maximum Penalties for Preparatory Offences Report" (PDF). Sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  15. ↑ "Things to know about locksmiths". Consumer Protection BC. June 2, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Locksmiths Licensing Act, 1996". Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  17. ↑ Canada Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46): Offences Against Rights of Property
  18. ↑ Lockpick Canada: Help Archived March 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ "Criminal Code". Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Can You Buy Lock Picks in Canada? Yes AND No". Lock King. January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  21. ↑ Schafbuch, David (March 22, 2014). "'Lockpicking' as Hobby - Sesam, öffne dich". Faz.net (in German).
  22. ↑ Bookmark list of lock picking geocaches for basic members at geocaching.com, retrieved on June 12, 2018.
  23. ↑ Listing to the event GC321V2, retrieved on June 12, 2018.
  24. ↑ "175/2003. (X. 28.) Korm. rendelet a közbiztonságra különösen veszélyes eszközökről". Jogtár. Wolters Kluwer. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  25. ↑ Act on Prohibiting the Possession of Specified Lock-picking tools (特殊開錠用具の所持の禁止等に関する法律) (65, 3, 4, 16) (in Japanese). June 4, 2003.
  26. ↑ "Lockpicking - Toool". Toool.nl. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  27. ↑ "Lock pickers hebben slot in paar seconden open", the Leeuwarder Courant, December 2, 2002
    • "Vito Tieke", Even Vragen Aan, the Algemeen Dagblad, 2002-12-02
    • "Duitser kampioen sloten openen", the Sp!ts, probably 2002-12-02
    • "Duitser wordt in Sneek kampioen sloten openen", the Friesch Dagblad, probably 2002-12-02
    • "Duitser eerste kampioen sloten openen in Sneek", the Dagblad van het Noorden, probably 2002-12-02
    • "Sloten openen als nieuwe sport", Dagblad de Limburger, probably 2002-12-02
    Note: the dates of some articles were not available, but considering the fact that newspapers generally report promptly, it can be assumed the given dates are correct.
    It was also documented on television, in the programs Hart van Nederland and on Omproep Friesland.
  28. ↑ "New Zealand Crimes Act (1961), Section 233, subsection 1 - Being disguised or in possession of instrument for burglary". Legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  29. ↑ "Ustawa z dnia 20 maja 1971 r. Kodeks wykroczeń" (PDF). Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Kancelaria Sejmu. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Legislation index". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Crown Prosecution Guidance". cps.gov.uk. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  32. ↑ "Sentencing Council Guidelines". sentencingcouncil.org.uk. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  33. 1 2 3 "California Penal Codes, Sections 466–469". California Legislative Information.
  34. ↑ "Arizona Revised Statutes Title 13 – Chapter 13 – Section 13-1505". Arizona State Legislature. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  35. ↑ "Utah Criminal Code: Title 76 – Chapter 06 - Section 205". Le.utah.gov. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  36. ↑ "Title 17-A, 403: Possession or transfer of burglar's tools". legislature.maine.gov. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  37. ↑ "Possession of burglarious tools" (PDF). Massachusetts Court System. 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  38. ↑ "Section 635:1 Burglary". Gencourt.state.nh.us. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  39. ↑ "RCW 9A.52.060: Making or having burglar tools". App.leg.wa.gov. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  40. ↑ "Possession of burglar's tools" (PDF). Nycourts.gov/. New York State Unified Court System. September 1, 1967. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  41. ↑ "California State Business and Professions Code – Chapter 8.5. Locksmiths". California Department of Consumer Affairs. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  42. ↑ "Locksmith License". 1.nyc.gov. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
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