Lower Lake, Bhopal

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Lower Lake
Lower Lake Bhopal.jpg
Location Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Coordinates 23°16′0″N77°25′0″E / 23.26667°N 77.41667°E / 23.26667; 77.41667 Coordinates: 23°16′0″N77°25′0″E / 23.26667°N 77.41667°E / 23.26667; 77.41667
Primary inflows Seepage from Upper Lake and drainage from 28 sewage-filled nullahs
Primary outflows Halali River via Patra Drain
Catchment area 9.6 km2 (3.7 sq mi)
Built 1794
Surface area 1.29 km2 (0.50 sq mi) (2011)
Average depth 6.2 m (20 ft)
Max. depth 10.7 m (35 ft)
References International Lake Environment Committee [1]

The Lower Lake or Chhota Talaab is a lake in Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh state of India. Along with the Upper Lake, it forms the Bhoj Wetland.

Lake A body of relatively still water, in a basin surrounded by land

A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.

Bhopal Metropolis capital in Madhya Pradesh, India

Bhopal is the capital city of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal district and Bhopal division. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal State. Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India. It is the 17th largest city in the country and 131st in the world.

Bhojtal lake in India

Bhojtal, formerly known as Upper Lake, is a large lake which lies on the western side of the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal. It is a major source of drinking water for the residents of the city, serving around 40% of the residents with nearly 30 million imperial gallons (140,000 m3) of water per day. Bada talaab, along with the nearby Chhota Talaab, meaning small lake in Hindi, constitute Bhoj Wetland, which is now a Ramsar site.

Contents

History

Location map India Bhopal.svg
Red pog.svg
Lower Lake
Location of Lower Lake in Bhopal

The lake was built by creating in 1794 to beautify the city. The construction was commissioned by Chote Khan, a minister of Nawab Hayat Muhammad Khan Bahadur. [2] A number of earlier wells were merged in this lake.

The bridge that separates the Lower Lake and the Upper Lake is called "Pul Pukhta" or Lower Lake bridge. The lower lake has also been mentioned as "Pukhta-Pul Talao" in literature. [3]

Geography

The Lower Lake is located to the east of the Upper Lake. An earthen dam separates the two lakes. The two lakes are built in a terraced manner, the lowest level of the Upper Lake is just below the highest level of the Lower Lake.

The Lower Lake has an area (water spread) of 1.29 , and its catchment area is 9.6 km2. The lake receives subsurface seepage from the Upper Lake. In the 1850s, the maximum and minimum depths of the lake were 11.7 m and 6.16 m respectively. [2] As of 2011, the maximum depth was 10.7m.

The Lower Lake does not have any fresh water source; it receives seepage water from the Upper Lake and drainage from 28 sewage-filled nullahs. [4] It drains into the Patra rivulet, which joins Halali River, a small tributary of the Betwa River.

Fresh water naturally occurring water with low concentrations of dissolved salts

Fresh water is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs.

A nullah or nulla is an 'arm of the sea', stream, or watercourse, a steep narrow valley. Like the wadi of the Arabs, the nullah is characteristic of mountainous or hilly country where there is little rainfall.

Betwa River river in India

The Betwa or Betravati is a river in Northern India, and a tributary of the Yamuna. It rises in the Vindhya Range just north of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh and flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh and Orchha to Uttar Pradesh. Nearly half of its course, which is not navigable, runs over the Malwa Plateau. The confluence of the Betwa and the Yamuna rivers is Hamirpur town in Uttar Pradesh, in the vicinity of Orchha.

Pollution

The Lower Lake suffers from pollution due to drainage from sewage-filled nullahs, lack of fresh water source and commercial washing of clothes. The entire lake is eutrophic, and its water is not suitable for drinking. [4]

Dhobi

Dhobi is a caste group of India. Their traditional occupation was washing clothes, i.e. laundry. The word dhobi is derived from the Hindi word dhona, which means to wash.

Eutrophication ecosystem response to the addition of substances

Eutrophication, or hypertrophication, is when a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of plants and algae. This process may result in oxygen depletion of the water body. One example is an "algal bloom" or great increase of phytoplankton in a water body as a response to increased levels of nutrients. Eutrophication is often induced by the discharge of nitrate or phosphate-containing detergents, fertilizers, or sewage into an aquatic system.

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Madhya Pradesh State in India

Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Gwalior, Ujjain and Sagar being the other major cities. Nicknamed the "Heart of India" due to its geographical location, Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest. Its total area is 308,252 km2. Before 2000, when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state, Singoli and Konta, was 1500 km. Konta is presently in Sukma district of Chhattisgarh state.

Yamuna river in India

The Yamuna, also known as the Jumna or Jamuna, is the second largest tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) and the longest tributary in India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of 6,387 metres (20,955 ft) on the southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in Uttarakhand, it travels a total length of 1,376 kilometres (855 mi) and has a drainage system of 366,223 square kilometres (141,399 sq mi), 40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin. It merges with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj (Allahabad), which is a site of the Kumbh Mela, a Hindu festival held every 12 years.

Buckingham Canal

The Buckingham Canal is a 796 kilometres (494.6 mi) long fresh water navigation canal, that parallels the Coromandel Coast of South India from Kakinada in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh to Villupuram District in Tamil Nadu. The canal connects most of the natural backwaters along the coast to Chennai (Madras) port. It was constructed during British Rule, and was an important waterway during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Pachmarhi Hill station in Madhya Pradesh, India

Pachmarhi is a hill station in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh state of central India. It has been the location of a cantonment since British Raj. It is widely known as Satpura ki Rani, situated at a height of 1067 m in a valley of the Satpura Range in Hoshangabad district. Dhupgarh, the highest point (1,352 m) in Madhya Pradesh and the Satpura range, is located here. It is a part of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.

Bhoj Wetland two lakes (Bhojtal and the Lower Lake) located in the city of Bhopal

The Bhoj Wetland consists of two lakes located in the city of Bhopal, the capital of the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The two lakes are the Bhojtal & the Lower Lake, which lie to the west of the city center. The Bhojtal has an area of 31 km², and drains a catchment or watershed of 361 km². The watershed of the Bhojtal is mostly rural, with some urbanized areas around its eastern end. The lower lake has an area of 1.29 km². Its catchment is 9.6 km² and is mostly urbanized; the Lower Lake also receives subsurface seepage from the Bhojtal.

Chambal River river in India

The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. The river flows north-northeast through Madhya Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan, then forming the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh state.

Bhopal district District of Madhya Pradesh in India

Bhopal District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The city of Bhopal serves as its administrative headquarters. The district is part of Bhopal Division.

Mahanoy Creek creek in Pennsylvania

Mahanoy Creek is a 51.6-mile-long (83.0 km) tributary of the Susquehanna River in Northumberland and Schuylkill counties, Pennsylvania. There are at least 35 sources of acid mine drainage in the creek's watershed. Anthracite was mined in the upper part of the Mahanoy Creek watershed in the 19th and 20th centuries. Mahanoy Creek's tributaries include Schwaben Creek, Zerbe Run, Little Mahanoy Creek, Shenandoah Creek, and North Mahanoy Creek. Little Mahanoy Creek and Schwaben Creek are two streams in the watershed that are unaffected by acid mine drainage. Schwaben Creek has a higher number and diversity of fish species than the main stem.

The Bhadbhada dam is a set of 11 sluice gates at the south-east corner of Upper lake in Bhopal. It was constructed in 1965. The gates are used to control the outflow of water from the lake to Kaliasote river, and are usually opened only when the city receives heavy rainfall during the monsoon season. It has a full tank level of 1666.80 feet.

Buddha Nullah or Buddha Nala is a seasonal water stream, which runs through the Malwa region of Punjab, India, and after passing through highly populated Ludhiana district, Punjab, India, it drains into Sutlej River, a tributary of the Indus river. Today it has also become a major source of pollution in the region as well the main Sutlej river, as it get polluted after entering the highly populated and industrialized Ludhiana city, turning it into an open drain. Also, since large area in south-western Punjab solely depend on the canal water for irrigation, and water from Buddha Nullah enters various canals after Harike waterworks near Firozpur, thus affecting far-reaching areas such as Malout, Zira, upper Lambi, while the areas being fed by Sirhind feeder, are the most-affected by its pollution.

Lai Nullah

Lai Nullah, commonly called Nullah Lai, is a rain water fed natural stream flowing through the city of Rawalpindi. Every monsoon season the stream floods after being fed by its catchment basin in the Margalla Hills bordering Islamabad, Pakistan.

Islamnagar, Bhopal village in Madhya Pradesh, India

Islamnagar is a panchayat village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.

Mangalgarh, Bhopal village in Madhya Pradesh, India

Mangalgarh is a panchayat village in the Berasia tehsil of Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Halali Reservoir reservoir in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh, India

The Halali reservoir is a reservoir in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is built on the Halali River, and lies 40 km away from the state capital Bhopal.

Kolar River (Madhya Pradesh) river in Madhya Pradesh, India

The Kolar is a right bank tributary of the Narmada River. It flows for a total length of 101 km, all of which is in the state of Madhya Pradesh.

Sair Sapata is a tourism and entertainment complex situated on the banks of the Upper Lake in Bhopal. Developed by the Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation, it is spread over an area of 24.56 acres, and was inaugurated on 29 September 2011 by State Chief Minister. Aimed at promoting tourism, the complex has attractions like musical fountain, two acres of children’s play area, toy train and a suspension bridge, among other things.

Kolu Khedi, Huzur village in Madhya Pradesh, India

Kolu Khedi is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block, beside Upper Lake. The nearest railway station is Bakanian Bhaunr.

Bhauri village in Madhya Pradesh, India

Bhauri is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block. Bhauri has been included in Bhopal Municipal Corporation in 2015 by Gazette Notification of Government of Madhya Pradesh. The IISER Bhopal is located in Bhauri, beside the Bhopal Bypass Road. School of Planning and Architecture (SPA) Bhopal, an Institute of National Importance under Ministry of Human Resource Development, is located in Bhauri village. SPA is accessed by Neelbad Road from Bhopal Bypass. The road is under construction. Madhya Pradesh Police Academy is also situated in Bhauri village.

References

  1. ↑ "Lower Lake". International Lake Environment Committee. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  2. 1 2 "Places of Interest in Bhopal". Collectorate, Bhopal. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  3. ↑ Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya (1977). Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 275. ISBN   978-0-8426-9091-1.
  4. 1 2 Prashant S. Khirwadkar (2000). "Lake front planning for a sustainable lake". In Ugo Maione; Beatrice Majone Lehto; Rossella Monti. New trends in water and environmental engineering for safety and life (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-90-5809-138-3.
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