Loxosomatidae

Loxosomatidae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Entoprocta
Family:	Loxosomatidae Hincks, 1880

Loxosomatidae is a family of Entoprocta, sometimes classified in the order Coloniales. ^[1]

Taxonomy

Loxosommella and Loxocalyx were split from Loxosoma in 1911 on the basis of foot morphology. While Loxosoma exhibits a sucking disc, both other genera comprise a foot gland and a foot groove. After the discovery of species showing both adult forms, Loxocalyx was merged into Loxosomella in 1964. ^[2] Loxomorpha and Loxomitra , established as subgenera of Loxosomella and Loxosoma respectively, were erected to full genera in 1987. ^[3] Nielsen (2010) proposed the use of only Loxosoma and Loxosomella, so species could be assigned to a genus even when the attachment organ is undescribed. ^[4] A similar proposal by Iseto (2017) retains Loxomitra alongside the latter two. ^[5]

A 2010 molecular phylogeny recovered Loxosomella as paraphyletic with respect to Loxocorone , Loxomitra, and Loxosoma. ^[6] This topology was confirmed by a later 2015 study, although Loxosoma was recovered as non-monophyletic, with Loxosoma axisadversum occupying a basal position among solitary entoprocts. ^[7]

The following genera are accepted according to WoRMS. ^[8]

• Emschermannia Borisanova, 2016
• Loxomitra Nielsen, 1964
• Loxosoma Keferstein, 1862 (synonyms: Cyclatella Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863, Loxostemma Nielsen, 1966)
• Loxosomella Mortensen, 1911 (synonyms: Loxocorone Iseto, 2002, Loxomespilon Bobin & Prenant, 1953, LoxocalyxMortensen, 1911)

References

1. Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (2018-12-03). Miscellaneous Invertebrates. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN   978-3-11-048841-8 . Retrieved 2025-07-11. (Ch. 6.17)
2. Nielsen 1964, p. 59–61.
3. Soule, Soule & Chaney 1987.
4. Nielsen 2010, p. 45–46.
5. Iseto 2017, p. 455.
6. Kajihara et al. 2015, p. 83.
7. Kajihara et al. 2015, p. 87.
8. "Loxosomatidae Hincks, 1880". World Register of Marine Species. 2025-07-11. Retrieved 2025-07-11.

Works cited

• Iseto, Tohru (2017). "Review of the Studies of Japanese Entoprocts (Entoprocta)". In Motokawa, Masaharu; Kajihara, Hiroshi (eds.). Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Springer Japan. pp. 445–467. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_17. ISBN   978-4-431-56432-4.
• Kajihara, Hiroshi; Tomioka, Shinri; Kakui, Keiichi; Iseto, Tohru (2015). "Phylogenetic Position of the Queer, Backward-bent Entoproct Loxosoma axisadversum (Entoprocta: Solitaria: Loxosomatidae)". Species Diversity. 20 (1): 83–88. doi: 10.12782/sd.20.1.083 . ISSN   1342-1670.
• Nielsen, Claus (May 1964). "Studies on Danish entoprocta" . Ophelia. 1 (1): 1–76. doi:10.1080/00785326.1964.10416272. ISSN   0078-5326.
• Nielsen, Claus (2010-03-10). "A review of the taxa of solitary entoprocts (Loxosomatidae)". Zootaxa. 2395 (1): 45–56. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2395.1.4. ISSN   1175-5334.
• Soule, John D.; Soule, Dorothy F.; Chaney, Henry W. (1987). "IV. Phyla Entoprocta and Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)". In Devaney, Dennis M.; Eldredge, Lucius G. (eds.). Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii (PDF). Bishop Museum Special Publication. Vol. 2. Bishop Museum Press.

Further reading

• Fuchs, Judith; Iseto, Tohru; Hirose, Mamiko; Sundberg, Per; Obst, Matthias (July 2010). "The first internal molecular phylogeny of the animal phylum Entoprocta (Kamptozoa)" . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 370–379. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.009.