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Ijtihad is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. It is contrasted with taqlid. According to classical Sunni theory, ijtihad requires expertise in the Arabic language, theology, revealed texts, and principles of jurisprudence, and is not employed where authentic and authoritative texts are considered unambiguous with regard to the question, or where there is an existing scholarly consensus (ijma). Ijtihad is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to perform it. An Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform ijtihad is called as a "mujtahid".
Tafsir refers to exegesis, usually of the Quran. An author of a tafsir is a mufassir. A Quranic tafsir attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, interpretation, context or commentary for clear understanding and conviction of God's will in Islam.
A hawza or ḥawzah ʿilmīyah is the collective term for a madrasa where Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated.
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abu al-Qasim al-Musawi al-Khoei was an Iranian-Iraqi Shia marja'. Al-Khoei is considered one of the most influential twelver scholars.
Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. However, in the modern contexts of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries as well as secularised Muslim states like Turkey, and Bangladesh, the religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.
Hajiyeh Seyyedeh Nosrat Begum Amin, also known as Banu Amin, Lady Amin, was Iran's most outstanding female jurisprudent, theologian and great Muslim mystic (‘arif) of the 20th century, a Lady Mujtahideh. She received numerous ijazahs (permissions) of ijtihad, among them from Ayatollahs Muḥammad Kazim Ḥusayni Shīrāzī (1873-1947) and Grand Ayatullah ‘arif (1859-1937), the founder of the Qom seminaries (hawza).
Akhbarism is a minority Sect of Twelver Shia Islam. The term is usually used in contrast to the majority branch of Twelver Shia – the Usuli. Like the Usulis, they follow the Quran and Hadith, but unlike them, Akhbari rejects the use of reasoning by trained Islamic jurisprudents (faqih) to derive verdicts in Islamic law, maintaining it is forbidden (haram) to follow the legal rulings of anyone but one of the "Fourteen Infallibles" of Twelver Islam.
Usulism is the majority school of Twelver Shia Islam in opposition to the minority Akhbarism. The Usulis favor the use of ijtihad (reasoning) in the creation of new rules of jurisprudence; in assessing hadith to exclude traditions they believe unreliable; and in considering it obligatory to obey a mujtahid when seeking to determine Islamically correct behavior.
Grand Ayatollah Shaikh Muhammad Hussain Najafi was a Pakistani Twelver Shia Marja. Muhammad Hussain Najafi was running a Hawza in Sargodha. Najafi was included in all the editions of "The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims" since 2010. He is one of the nine marja's mentioned in the most recent edition.
Wasa'il al-Shia is a reputable book of hadith in Shia Islam, compiled in the 17th century by Shaykh al-Hurr al-Amili. Shaykh Al-Hurr wrote two editions of this book, Ahl al-Bayt which is a 30 volume long edition of it, and Al-Islamiyyah which is 20 volumes long.
Ayatollah Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi, born 1970 is one of the ayatollahs of Pakistan. His father, Allama Syed Safdar Hussain Najafi, was the principal of Hawza Elmiye Jamia-tul-Muntazar Lahore, the largest Shia madrasah in Pakistan.
Syed Safdar Hussain Najafi was a scholar and religious leader.
Mala Abdul Karim Mudarris or Maulana Sheikh Abdul Karim Mudarris, also known as Nami, was a Kurdish Faqih, Mufti of Iraq, and Quran interpreter in addition to being a poet, writer, as well as a translator. He was known by the epithet Mudarris because he taught Islamic sciences for more than 80 years. Al-Mudarris left a legacy of approximately 150 publications on a multitude of subjects The majority of this work got published. His book, "Two Sentences", which was published in 1982, is a dictionary which defines Arabic words in poems in Kurdish. He was the first person to translate the Quran into Kurdish. The Kurdistan governmental region has decided to open a place for his works.
Iffat al-Zaman Amin, also known as Iftikhar al-Tujjar, was a student and niece of Banu Amin, Iran's most prominent female religious scholar of the 20th century.
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Kamal al-Haydari is a Philosopher and Shia marja' from Iraq, who resides in Qom, Iran.
Marja' is a title given to the highest level of Twelver Shia religious cleric, with the authority given by a hawzah to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and clerics below him in rank. The highest ranking marjiʿ is known as the marja al-mutlaq or marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq. A marji' is usually also a grand ayatollah.
The Najaf Seminary, also known as the al-Hawza Al-Ilmiyya, is the oldest and one of the most important Shia seminaries (hawza) in the world. It is located near the Imam Ali Shrine in the city of Najaf in Iraq, and also operates a campus in Karbala, Iraq. It was established by Shaykh al-Tusi, and continued as a center of study after the establishment of modern Iraq in 1921.
Ghulam Rasool Saeedi was a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar, author and writer belonging to the Barelvi movement of Sunni Islam. He known for his book Tafsir Tibyan-ul-Qur'an.
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