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Ijtihad is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. It is contrasted with taqlid. According to classical Sunni theory, ijtihad requires expertise in the Arabic language, theology, revealed texts, and principles of jurisprudence, and is not employed where authentic and authoritative texts are considered unambiguous with regard to the question, or where there is an existing scholarly consensus (ijma). Ijtihad is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to perform it. An Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform ijtihad is called a mujtahid.
Tafsir refers to exegesis, usually of the Quran. An author of a tafsir is a mufassir. A Quranic tafsir attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, interpretation, context or commentary for clear understanding and conviction of God's will.
A Hawza or Ḥawzah ʿIlmīyah is a seminary where Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated.
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abu al-Qasim al-Musawi al-Khoei was an Iranian-Iraqi Shia marja'. al-Khoei is considered one of the most influential twelver scholars.
Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. However, in the modern contexts of Muslims minorities in non-Muslim countries as well as secularised Muslim states like Turkey, Indonesia and Bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.
Hajiyeh Seyyedeh Nosrat Begum Amin, also known as Banu Amin, Lady Amin, was Iran's most outstanding female jurisprudent, theologian and great Muslim mystic (‘arif) of the 20th century, a Lady Mujtahideh. She received numerous ijazahs (permissions) of ijtihad, among them from Ayatollahs Muḥammad Kazim Ḥusayni Shīrāzī (1873-1947) and Grand Ayatullah ‘arif (1859-1937), the founder of the Qom seminaries (hawza).
The ʾAkhbāri's are a minority of Twelver Shia Muslims who reject the use of reasoning in deriving verdicts, and believe in Quran and Hadith.
Usulis are the majority Twelver Shi'a Muslim group. They differ from their now much smaller rival Akhbari group in favoring the use of ijtihad in the creation of new rules of fiqh; in assessing hadith to exclude traditions they believe unreliable; and in considering it obligatory to obey a mujtahid when seeking to determine Islamically correct behavior.
Shaikh Muhammad Hussain Najafi is a Pakistani Twelver Shia Marja. At the present there are two maraji of Pakistani descent, the first one is he himself and second one is Basheer Hussain Najafi. As Basheer Hussain Najafi has chosen to reside in Najaf, Iraq, Muhammad Hussain Najafi is the only marja in Pakistan. He is running Hawza in Sargodha.
He has been included in the last 5 editions of "The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims" since 2010. He is one of the 9 marja's mentioned in the most recent edition.
Wasa'il al-Shia is a reputable book of hadith in Shia Islam, compiled in the 17th century by Shaykh al-Hurr al-Amili. Shaykh Al-Hurr wrote two editions of this book, Ahl al-Bayt which is a 30 volume long edition of it, and Al-Islamiyyah which is 20 volumes long.
Ayatollah Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi, born 1970 is one of the ayatollahs of Pakistan. His father, Allama Syed Safdar Hussain Najafi, was the principal of Hawza Elmiye Jamia-tul-Muntazar Lahore, the largest Shia madrasah in Pakistan.
Syed Safdar Hussain Najafi was a scholar and religious leader.
Iffat al-Zamān Amīn, also known as Iftikhār al-Tujjar, was a student and niece of Banu Amin, Iran's most prominent female religious scholar of the 20th century.
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Kamal al-Husayni al-Haydari is a Shia marja' from Iraq, who resides in Qom, Iran.
Abu Muhammad Izz al-Din Abdul Aziz bin Abd al-Salam bin Abi al-Qasim bin Hassan al-Salami al-Shafi’i, also known by his titles, Sultan al-'Ulama/ Sulthanul Ulama, Abu Muhammad al-Sulami, was a famous mujtahid, Ash'ari theologian, jurist and the leading Shafi'i authority of his generation and Shadhili Sufi. He was described by Al-Dhahabi as someone who attained the rank of ijtihad, with asceticism and piety and the command of virtue and forbidding of what is evil and solidity in religion. He was described by Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali as the sheikh of Islam, the imam of the scholar, the lone of his era, the authority of scholars, who excelled in jurisprudence, origins and the Arabic language, and reached the rank of ijtihad, and received students who traveled to him from all over the country.
Marji', also known as a marji' taqlīd or marji' dīnī, literally meaning "source to follow" or "religious reference", is a title given to the highest level of Twelver Shia authority, a Grand Ayatollah with the authority given by a hawzah to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and lower-ranking clerics.
The Najaf Seminary, also known as the al-Hawza al-Ilmiyya, is the most important Shia seminaries (hawza) in the city of Najaf, Iraq. The school also operates a campus in Karbala.
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