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Hadith or Athar is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad. Each hadith is associated with a chain of narrators. Compilations of hadith were collected by Islamic scholars in the centuries after Muhammad's death. Hadith are widely respected in mainstream Muslim thought and are central to Islamic law.
Azrael is the canonical angel of death in Islam, and appears in the apocryphal text Apocalypse of Peter.
Tafsir refers to exegesis, usually of the Quran. An author of a tafsir is a mufassir. A Quranic tafsir attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, interpretation, context or commentary for clear understanding and conviction of God's will in Islam.
Akhbarism is a minority Sect of Twelver Shia Islam. The term is usually used in contrast to the majority branch of Twelver Shia – the Usuli. Like the Usulis, they follow the Quran and Hadith, but unlike them, Akhbari rejects the use of reasoning by trained Islamic jurisprudents (faqih) to derive verdicts in Islamic law, maintaining it is forbidden (haram) to follow the legal rulings of anyone but one of the "Fourteen Infallibles" of Twelver Islam.
Usulism is the majority school of Twelver Shia Islam in opposition to the minority Akhbarism. The Usulis favor the use of ijtihad (reasoning) in the creation of new rules of jurisprudence; in assessing hadith to exclude traditions they believe unreliable; and in considering it obligatory to obey a mujtahid when seeking to determine Islamically correct behavior.
Esoteric interpretation of the Quran is the allegorical interpretation of the Quran or the quest for its hidden, inner meanings. The Arabic word taʾwīl was synonymous with conventional interpretation in its earliest use, but it came to mean a process of discerning its most fundamental understandings. "Esoteric" interpretations do not usually contradict the conventional interpretations; instead, they discuss the inner levels of meaning of the Quran.
The Beast of the Earth, also called "The Dabbah" is a creature mentioned in Surah An-Naml: Ayat 82 of the Quran and associated with The day of judgment. For this reason, the Beast of the Earth is often mentioned in eschatological writings as a sign of Judgement Day close to the event of the sun rising in the west. The Quran does not offer details about the nature of the Beast of the Earth, but various interpretations have linked it to monsters from Turkic mythology. It is also claimed by few hadiths that the beast, ad dabbah will mark on the forehead and on the nose of the people, the mark on the forehead may depict that one would be a believer and the mark on the nose will tell that it was a disbeliever.
Mafatih al-Ghayb, usually known as al-Tafsir al-Kabir, is a classical Islamic tafsir book, written by the twelfth-century Islamic theologian and philosopher Fakhruddin Razi (d.1210). The book is an exegesis and commentary on the Qur'an. At 32 volumes, it is even larger than the 28-volume Tafsir al-Tabari. It is not unusual for modern works to use it as a reference.
One of [his] major concerns was the self-sufficiency of the intellect. [...] [He] believed [that] proofs based on tradition (hadith) could never lead to certainty (yaqin) but only to presumption (zann), a key distinction in Islamic thought. [...] [However] his acknowledgment of the primacy of the Qur'an grew with his years. [...] [Al-Razi's rationalism] undoubtedly holds an important place in the debate in the Islamic tradition on the harmonization of reason and revelation. In his later years, he also showed interest in mysticism, although this never formed a significant part of his thought.
Tanwir al-Miqbas, fully known as Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas is a book of Tafsir; comprising exegesis and interpretation of the Qur'an. The book contains narrations of disputed authenticity which are attributed to the 7th-century Islamic scholar and Sahabi, Ibn Abbas. It was first compiled by the Persian Islamic scholar, Firuzabadi.
'Aql is an Arabic term used in Islamic philosophy and theology for the intellect or the rational faculty of the soul that connects humans to God. According to Islamic beliefs, 'aql is what guides humans towards the right path and prevents them from deviating. In jurisprudence, it is associated with using reason as a source for sharia and has been translated as 'dialectical reasoning'.
In Islamic theology, anthropomorphism and corporealism (tajsīm) refer to beliefs in the human-like (anthropomorphic) and materially embedded (corporeal) form of God, an idea that has been classically described assimilating or comparing God to the creatures created by God. By contrast, belief in the transcendence of God is called tanzih. Tanzih is widely accepted in Islam today, though in the past, it stridently competed with alternative, including anthropomorphic, views, especially up to the year 950, and anthropomorphism briefly attained "orthodox" recognition around or after the Mihna. In premodern times, corporealist views were said to have been more socially prominent among the common people, with more abstract and transcendental views more common for the elite.
Different categories of hadith, who was sent to the whole of mankind, have been used by various scholars. Experts in hadith studies generally use two terms - taqrīr for tacit approvals, and khabar for sayings and acts ascribed to Muhammad.
Haqā'iq al-Furqān is a 4 volume exegesis of the Quran compiled from the discourses and sermons of Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, the first Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. The work is in Urdu.
Al-Burhan fi Tafsir al-Quran or Kitab al-Burhan fi Tafsir al-Quran, popularly known as Tafsir al-Burhan, is a Shi'a Muslim tafsir written by Syed Hashim bin Sulaiman bin Ismail al Husaini al Bahrani.
At-Tibyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran is an exegesis of the Quran in ten volumes written by Shaykh Tusi. Shaykh Tabarsi, the author of Majma' al-Bayan, admitted using this book in writing his commentary. A copy is available at the Malek Library, Tehran. This exegesis has been published along with its summary as Mukhtasar-ut-Tibyan. The author uses hadith as a major component in writing his commentary and preserves the traditions of several of Twelver Shi'i imams.
Tafsir Noor is an exegesis on the Quran by Iranian cleric Mohsin Qara'ati in Persian. The book has 12 volumes and won "Book of the Year Award" in 1997 from the President of Iran. Before publishing his own commentary on Qur'an, the author was a contributing member of the Tafsir Nemooneh team. In the introduction, the author admits relying on older tafsir works, such as Majma' al-Bayan, Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi), Tafsir Noor al-Thaqalayn, Ruh al-Ma'ani, Tafsir al-Mizan, Fi Zilal al-Quran, Tafsir Safi, Atyab al-bayan, Tafsir Nemooneh and Tafsir Rahnama up to seventy percent; the rest he says are his own findings.
Sayyid Murtada Al-Askari, known as Allamah 'Askari, was a Shia scholar and a neo-religious thinker. He took a scholarly approach to the history of Islam. 150 So-Called Companions, Recourse to the Prophet and Consecration to his Relict, and Abdullah ibn Saba and Other Historical Legends are some of his more significant books.
The Zabaniyah is the name of a group of angels in Islam who are tasked to torture the sinners in hell. Their names appeared in many places in Quran, such as Al-Alaq 96:18. "Nineteen angels of Hell" in At-Tahrim 66:6; Al-Muddaththir 74:30, where they are called "Angels of punishment"; "Guardians of Hell", "Wardens of hell", "Angels of hell" or "The keepers"; according to Al-Mulk 67:8.
Bayan Ul Quran is a three volume tafsir (exegesis) of the Quran written by Indian Islamic scholar, Ashraf Ali Thanwi (d.1943). Originally written in Urdu, it is the most prominent work of its author. The tafsīr is said to be specifically for scholars.
References
- ↑ Mahdavi Rad M, Mosallaeipur A, Fahimi Tabar H., "Exertion (Ijtihad) in Narrative Exegesis of Noor al-Thaqalayn," Journal of Hadith Studies, Kashan University pp. 22-44, vol. 0, num. 1, 2009
- ↑ Hawting, G. R., ed. (2005-08-10). Approaches to the Qur'an. Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-134-93292-4.
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