Malik Al Nasir

Last updated

Malik Al Nasir
Malik Al Nasir.jpg
Born
Mark T. Parry [1]

Liverpool
Nationality British
Citizenship United Kingdom
EducationM.A.
Alma mater Liverpool Hope University
Occupation(s)Writer, poet

Malik Al Nasir (born Mark Parry, also known as Mark Watson) in 1966, Liverpool, England is a British author and performance poet. He was born to a Welsh mother and a Guyanese father. [2] He is the leader of the band Malik & the O.G's. [3] Spurred by an interest in the early black footballer Andrew Watson, he began to research his family ancestry, claiming he was related to Watson.

Contents

Early life

Parry was born in 1966, one of four siblings to a white Welsh mother and a black Guyanese father. Liverpool, a major port city, was poor and racism was rife; the Toxteth riots shook the city in 1981.[ citation needed ]

Parry's father worked as a merchant seaman and a security guard; his mother worked in a factory. When Mark was nine years old, his father became paralysed from a stroke. When Mark was expelled from school, the local authority took Mark and into care. [4]

Many years later, he successfully sued the local authority for abuse he was subjected to while in care, and received a substantial payout and a public apology from the Lord Mayor of Liverpool. [5] He spent ten years in litigation, during which time he pursued educational qualifications in order to better research his own case. He was represented by Allan Levy QC, [6] a noted children's advocate who co-chaired the 1990 public inquiry into pin-down, a punitive technique used in children's homes.[ citation needed ]

Poetry

At 18, he was introduced by photographer Penny Potter to Gil Scott-Heron, who had a profound effect on his life. [7] Scott-Heron was an African-American poet-musician, part of the Black Arts Movement and best-known for the song "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised". (His father, Gil Heron, was, like Andrew Watson, a Scottish footballer from the Caribbean.) Scott-Heron supported the young man over many years, encouraging him to learn to read fluently and to write poetry, and developing his understanding of Black consciousness.

Recordings, publications, and media production

Eventually Watson compiled the writings of his late teens and twenties, both poems and explanatory prose, into a book entitled Ordinary Guy. It was released in 2004 by Fore-Word Press, the publishing house he had founded. [8] The book was written in tribute to Scott-Heron & The Last Poets, and includes a foreword by Jalal Mansur Nuriddin.

In 2006, Al-Nasir co-founded Dubai-based production company MediaCPR and its record label MCPR Music. Conceptually MediaCPR wanted to develop clean content in mainstream music, that could entertain listeners without being offensive or explicit. Malik and his team of music producers pioneered a new genre of music which they called "Drum Fusion". The idea was to unite traditional rhythms with contemporary song arrangements and apply positive lyrical content to produce a new style of music, which could be applied to any genre. The drum fusion formula involves developing a full organic sound composition derived exclusively from the use of drum, percussion, the human voice and natural sounds such as wind, rain, running water etc.

The first album released using this formula was Drumquestra (2009), by Jamaican master percussionist Larry McDonald (percussionist), who wanted to showcase his 50-year recording career. The concept was developed collaboratively between Al Nasir, as executive producer, Larry McDonald, and producer Sidney Mills from Steel Pulse. One of the tracks, Set the Children Free, was recorded for the album by Toots & the Maytals. A dance remix by Lenny B demonstrated that the "Drum Fusion" formula could cross genres and be relevant to the young, as well as the old traditionalists. Al-Nasir co-wrote two tracks on Drumquestra: "Peace of Mind" (which he co-produced with Sidney Mills featuring Shaza) and [9] and "Crime Or Music" [10] (featuring veteran ska musician Stranger Cole and reggae drummer Sly Dunbar). Additional percussion on this track was provided by Sticky Thompson of The Wailers and Bongo Herman.

Al-Nasir featured in Word Up – From Ghetto to Mecca (2011), a documentary about performance poetry. It was produced by UKTV's commissioning editor Shirani Sabaratnam and included Scott-Heron, The Last Poets and Benjamin Zephaniah. Fore-Word Press screened the film at the Phoenix Cinema, Leicester, as part of the 2011 Black History Month events, sponsored by Leicester City Council. [11]

Al-Nasir wrote and produced two albums of his poetry and songs, Rhythms of the Diaspora Vol. 1 & 2, 2015, featuring Scott-Heron, The Last Poets, LL Cool J, Stanley Clarke, Swiss Chris, Rod Youngs, Larry McDonald, and Ms Marie Labropolus. The albums were recorded at Sarm Studios in Reading, Mercredi 9 Studios in Paris and Wyclef Jean's Platinum Sound Recording Studios in New York. Mixed by Serge Tsai and mastered by Chris Gehringer at Sterling Sound New York.

Education

In 2010, Malik Al Nasir graduated with an MA in New Media Production from Liverpool Screen School, a faculty of Liverpool John Moores University. For his thesis piece he created a web-based multimedia software program for genealogical family tree building, called Ancestory but has no link to the programme of a similar name which was developed in the USA.

Research

Football

Malik has researched the life of Andrew Watson (24 May 1856 – 8 March 1921) who was the world’s first Black international footballer and one of the architects of the game of soccer as it is known today. Watson came from British Guiana in 1860, and went on to play for the Scottish national team.

Al Nasir claims to be a relative of Andrew Watson. Al Nasir accepts that his father was born Reginald Wilcox July and only later adopted Watson as a surname. Al Nasir was consulted on the development of (and featured in) the BBC Scotland documentary entitled "Mark Walters in the Footsteps of Andrew Watson". [12] [13] [14]

Mercantile families

In 2022 it was reported in The Guardian that Al Nasir was registered for a postgraduate research degree at the University of Cambridge. His project is entitled "Kinship Networks and Mercantile Hegemony in the Latter Days of British Slavery – The Case of Sandbach Tinne". His research into Sandbach, Tinne & Company came to public attention in connection with artworks related to the Sandbach family on display at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. The gallery altered its display in order to recognise that the family made a fortune partly from enslaved people. [15]

Al Nadir's findings about the kinship links of mercantile families received backlash in 2023 when he was embroiled in controversy regarding a Ted talk given back in 2021. The controversy related to his mention of the former MP Antoinette Sandbach. Citing privacy and other concerns, the former MP complained to the University of Cambridge, which had embedded the talk on its website. She had previously received death threats in relation to her views on Brexit. [16] [17] In a BBC Newsnight interview, Al Nasir explained that her ancestral links to Samuel Sandbach were a footnote to his research, [18] and he indicated that his release of personal details was done in the context of his claim that the family still "had influence". In an interview with Tom Swarbrick on LBC radio on 1 September 2023 Al Nasir confirmed Cambridge University had disclosed legal correspondence to him and claimed that he was unaware of GDPR policies at Cambridge University and had no knowledge of GDPR laws when releasing the home address and business details of the former MP. Al Nasir accepted that he had not considered the risk to the former MP's personal safety in the light of documented death threats against her and her family.

As part of the project, funding was received from the ESRC to digitise records collected over 20 years. Cambridge University confirmed in 2022 that the records had been digitised. [19] In 2023 a conference at the University of Bristol explored how the material could be accessed. Attendees were able to use VR headsets to experience a demonstration, developed by University of Cambridge Library Services and University of Bristol Library, of a virtual museum of Sandbach Tinne artefacts. [20]

Media work

Al-Nasir wrote The Guardian obituary for Jalal Mansur Nuriddin, entitled "The grandfather of rap". [21]

Event producer and performer

Al-Nasir formed a band named Malik & the O.G's, standing for "Ordinary Guys". The band included Malik Al Nasir, Orphy Robinson, Rod Youngs, Mohammed Nazam, Paislie Reid, Shaza Tiago Coimbra and engineer Tom Parker.

In 2013, Al-Nasir and his publishing house were asked to produce a live show of the world's first rap album Hustlers Convention . The event, at the Jazz Cafe in Camden, North London, was filmed for the making of a documentary of the same name. The film was directed by Mike Todd of Riverhorse TV and executive produced by Public Enemy's Chuck D. The live event was sponsored by Charly Records, who re-issuesd the album to commemorate both 40 years of "The Hustlers Convention" and 40 years of the company. Malik was the associate producer of the film, as well as an interviewee, presenting a segment to camera. Malik & the O.G's (Cleveland Watkiss, Orphy Robinson, Rod Youngs & Hawi Gondwe) supported Jalal and The Jazz Warriors International Collective [22] at the event.

The death of his mentor, Gil Scott-Heron, led Al Nasir to perform acts of tribute, such as at Liverpool International Music Festival 2013. Two years later, the Festival commissioned him to produce a range of events, including its opening night. [23] On UNESCO International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition he produced "Poets Against Apartheid" [24] at the International Slavery Museum, featuring readings from Tayo Aluko, Jean Binta Breeze MBE, and the Incognito Gospel Choir. [25] A few days later at St George's Hall, Liverpool, he produced, in partnership with nightclub entrepreneur and promoter Richard McGinnis, "The Revolution Will Be Live – A Tribute to Gil Scott-Heron". [26] The MC was BBC Radio Merseyside presenter Ngunan Adamu, and the show featured Al-Nasir's own band, Malik & the O.G's, as well as Talib Kweli, Aswad, The Christians, Craig Charles, DJ 2Kind, Sophia Ben-Yousef, and Cleveland Watkiss.

Al Nasir was invited to tour Canada with Last Poets founder member Jalal Mansur Nuriddin for Black History Month (February 2016). Events at Harbourfront in Toronto reached the national press [27] The pair screened two films,Hustlers Convention and Word-Up, and participated in workshops, seminars, school visits and performances in Toronto [28] Ottawa and Mississauga. [29]

Al Nasir was invited back in March 2016 [30] further promoting his film Word-Up and performing with his band Malik & the O.G's featuring Ottawa R & B artists Rita Carter. 'The Revolution Will Be Live' again toured the UK in Nov 2017 with Scott-Heron's former musical director Kim Jordan joining Malik & the O.G's and featured Canadian singer Rita Carter.

Radio appearances

Filmography

Discography

Collaboration albums

YearAlbumLabelArtist
2008Urban GriotMCPR Music UnreleasedRaw UnLtd
2009Drumquestra (Cat No. CPLM301)MCPR MusicLarry McDonald

Discography

YearAlbumLabelArtist
2015Rhythms of the Diaspora Vol 1. (2 disc Cat No. Mentis001)MentiS RecordsMalik & the O.G's Ft. Gil Scott-Heron
Rhythms of the Diaspora Vol 2. (2 disc Cat No. Mentis001)Malik & the O.G's Ft. The Last Poets
2017Africa EP (CD Cat No. Mentis002)Malik & the O.G's

Other works

Related Research Articles

The Last Poets is a poetry collective and musical group that arose in the late 1960s as part of the African-American civil rights movement and black nationalism. The name was inspired by revolutionary South African poet Keorapetse Kgositsile who believed he was in the last era of poetry before guns took over.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gil Scott-Heron</span> American soul and jazz poet, musician, and author (1949–2011)

Gilbert Scott-Heron was an American jazz poet, singer, musician, and author known for his work as a spoken-word performer in the 1970s and 1980s. His collaborative efforts with musician Brian Jackson fused jazz, blues, and soul with lyrics relative to social and political issues of the time, delivered in both rapping and melismatic vocal styles. He referred to himself as a "bluesologist", his own term for "a scientist who is concerned with the origin of the blues". His poem "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised", delivered over a jazz-soul beat, is considered a major influence on hip hop music.

"The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" is a satirical poem and song by Gil Scott-Heron. Scott-Heron first recorded it for his 1970 album Small Talk at 125th and Lenox, on which he recited the lyrics, accompanied by congas and bongo drums. A re-recorded version, with a full band, was the B-side to Scott-Heron's first single, "Home Is Where the Hatred Is", from his album Pieces of a Man (1971), featuring a distinctive bass-line by jazz bassist Ron Carter. It was also included on his compilation album, The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (1974). All these releases were issued on the Flying Dutchman Productions record label.

Jalaluddin Mansur Nuriddin was an American poet and musician. He was one of the founding members of The Last Poets, a group of poets and musicians that evolved in the 1960s out of the Harlem Writers Workshop in New York City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poetry reading</span> Public oral recitation of poetry

A poetry reading is a public oral recitation or performance of poetry. Reading poetry aloud allows the reader to express their own experience through poetry, changing the poem according to their sensibilities. The reader uses pitch and stress, and pauses become apparent. A poetry reading typically takes place on a small stage in a café or bookstore where multiple poets recite their own work. A more prominent poet may be chosen as the "headliner" of such an event and famous poets may also take the stage at a bigger venue such as an amphitheater or college auditorium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abiodun Oyewole</span> American writer

Abiodun Oyewole, is a poet, teacher and member of the African-American music and spoken-word group The Last Poets, which developed into what is considered to be the first hip hop group. Critic Jason Ankeny wrote, "With their politically charged raps, taut rhythms, and dedication to raising African-American consciousness, the Last Poets almost single-handedly laid the groundwork for the emergence of hip-hop."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orphy Robinson</span> British jazz musician and composer

Orphy Robinson MBE is a British jazz multi-instrumentalist who plays vibraphone, keyboards, saxophone, trumpet, piano, marimba, steelpans and drums. He has written music for television, film and theatre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malcolm Cecil</span> English musician and record producer (1937–2021)

Malcolm Cecil was a British jazz bassist, record producer, engineer, electronic musician and teacher. He was a founding member of a leading UK jazz quintet of the late 1950s, the Jazz Couriers, before going on to join a number of British jazz combos led by Dick Morrissey, Tony Crombie and Ronnie Scott in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He later joined Cyril Davies and Alexis Korner to form the original line-up of Blues Incorporated. Cecil subsequently collaborated with Robert Margouleff to form the duo TONTO's Expanding Head Band, a project based on a unique combination of synthesizers which led to them collaborating on and co-producing several of Stevie Wonder's Grammy-winning albums of the early 1970s. The TONTO synthesizer was described by Rolling Stone as "revolutionary".

<i>Pieces of a Man</i> 1971 studio album by Gil Scott-Heron

Pieces of a Man is the debut studio album by American poet Gil Scott-Heron. It was recorded in April 1971 at RCA Studios in New York City and released later that year by Flying Dutchman Records. The album followed Scott-Heron's debut live album Small Talk at 125th and Lenox (1970) and departed from that album's spoken word performance, instead featuring compositions in a more conventional popular song structure.

<i>Winter in America</i> 1974 studio album by Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson

Winter in America is a studio album by American vocalist Gil Scott-Heron and keyboardist Brian Jackson. It was recorded in September to October 1973 at D&B Sound Studio in Silver Spring, Maryland and released in May 1974 by Strata-East Records. Scott-Heron and Jackson produced the album in a stripped-down fashion, relying on traditional African and R&B sounds, while Jackson's piano-based arrangements were rooted in jazz and the blues. The subject matter on Winter in America deals with the African-American community and inner city in the 1970s.

<i>Free Will</i> (Gil Scott-Heron album) 1972 studio album by Gil Scott-Heron

Free Will is the second studio album by American poet Gil Scott-Heron, released in August 1972 on Flying Dutchman Records. Recordings sessions for the album took place on March 2 and 3, 1972, at RCA Studios in New York City, and production was handled by producer Bob Thiele. It is the follow-up to Scott-Heron's critically acclaimed studio debut, Pieces of a Man (1971), and it is the second album to feature him working with keyboardist Brian Jackson. Free Will is also Scott-Heron's final studio album for Flying Dutchman. The album reissued on compact disc in 2001 by Bluebird Records with alternative takes of eight tracks from the original album.

<i>The Mind of Gil Scott-Heron</i> 1978 studio album by Gil Scott-Heron

The Mind of Gil Scott-Heron is a 1978 album by spoken word and rap artist Gil Scott-Heron. Like many of Scott-Heron's albums, the album's content primarily addresses political and social issues; however, The Mind of Gil Scott-Heron relies far more on his spoken word delivery than his other albums. Whereas much of the artist's earlier albums contained backup jazz-funk music from Brian Jackson, many of these tracks, which address contemporary issues such as Watergate, the pardon of Richard Nixon and the Attica Prison riot, are either live recordings or studio-recorded songs with little more than sparse drum backing or occasional instrumentation. "Jose Campos Torres" is about Jose Campos Torres, a U.S. Army veteran who was arrested and then murdered and tossed into a bayou by two police officers in Houston in 1978, spurring the Moody Park Riot. Many of the tracks featured were included on previous Gil Scott-Heron albums.

<i>Im New Here</i> Album by Gil Scott-Heron

I'm New Here is the 15th and final studio album by American vocalist and pianist Gil Scott-Heron. It was released on February 8, 2010, by XL Recordings and was his first release of original music in 16 years, following a period of personal and legal troubles with drug addiction.

<i>Were New Here</i> 2011 remix album by Gil Scott-Heron and Jamie xx

We're New Here is a remix album by American vocalist Gil Scott-Heron and English music producer Jamie xx, released on February 21, 2011, by Young Turks and XL Recordings. A longtime fan of Scott-Heron, Jamie xx was approached by XL label head Richard Russell to remix Scott-Heron's 2010 studio album I'm New Here. He worked on the album while touring with his band The xx in 2010 and occasionally communicated with Scott-Heron through letters for his approval to rework certain material.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antoinette Sandbach</span> British Liberal Democrat politician (born 1969)

Antoinette Geraldine Mackeson-Sandbach, known as Antoinette Sandbach, is a barrister, farm manager and politician who was elected as a North Wales region Member of the Welsh Assembly at the May 2011 election, and subsequently elected Member of Parliament for Eddisbury in Cheshire at the 2015 general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malik & the O.G's</span> British spoken-word performance band

Malik & the O.G's is a spoken-word performance band based in Liverpool. Its founder Malik Al Nasir put the band together in 2006 when he first recorded his poetry to music for his debut album Rhythms of the Diaspora Vol 1 & 2, which was released in on Mentis Records featuring Gil Scott-Heron and The Last Poets′ Jalal Mansur Nuriddin. Malik produced the album in 2006 and Malik & the O.G's produced a video with Emmy Award-winning Director Mitchell Stuart for the song from the album Africa, an adaptation of one of the poems of the same name in Malik's book Ordinary Guy.

<i>Moving Target</i> (Gil Scott-Heron album) 1982 studio album by Gil Scott-Heron

Moving Target is a studio album by American spoken-word poet and blues musician Gil Scott-Heron.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Larry McDonald (percussionist)</span> Musical artist

Larry McDonald is a Jamaican percussionist. He was born in Port Maria, Jamaica in 1937. McDonald played congas with Carlos Malcolm's band, Toots and the Maytals and the Count Ossie Band. He plays a wide variety of traditional percussion instruments.

Samuel Sandbach was successively bailiff, coroner and Mayor of Liverpool, as well as High Sheriff of Denbighshire and a Justice of the Peace for Lancashire. He made his fortune as a merchant in a partnership that traded with the West Indies and owned slaves.

"Whitey on the Moon" is a spoken word poem by Gil Scott-Heron, released as the ninth track on his debut album Small Talk at 125th and Lenox in 1970. Accompanied by conga drums, Scott-Heron's narrative tells of medical debt, high taxes and poverty experienced at the time of the Apollo Moon landings. The poem critiques the resources spent on the space program while Black Americans were experiencing social and economic disparities at home. "Whitey on the Moon" was prominently featured in the 2018 biographical film about Neil Armstrong, First Man, and the second episode of HBO's television series Lovecraft Country. It received renewed interest in 2021 following spaceflights by billionaires Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson, which were seen as emblematic of the inequities highlighted by the poem.

References

  1. ↑ "General Register Office, United Kingdom". General Register Office; United Kingdom. 100: 1073. 1966.
  2. ↑ England and Wales Civil birth index volume 10d page 1009
  3. ↑ Laurer, W. (1 August 2015). "GLP". George Leitner Productions GmbH. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "'Gil Scott-Heron saved my life'". The Guardian. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  5. ↑ "Letters To Gil: A memoir by Malik Al Nasir book review". The-tls-co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  6. ↑ "A Conversation With Malik Al Nasir". Careexperienceandculture.com. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  7. ↑ Hattenstone, S. (19 June 2011). "'Gil Scott-Heron saved my life' | Music". The Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  8. ↑ Watson, M. T. (2004). Ordinary Guy: a collection of poetry & explanatory prose. Fore-Word Press poetry series, v. 1. Liverpool, Fore-Word Press Archived 11 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine .
  9. 1 2 "Larry McDonald – Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and pictures at". Last.fm. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  10. ↑ "Larry McDonald – Drumquestra (CD, Album) at Discogs". Discogs.com . Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  11. ↑ "black history season 2011". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  12. ↑ "Gedboy". Gedboy.com. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  13. ↑ Searching for my slave roots, Malik Al Nasir and Ed Thomas, BBC News, July 2020
  14. ↑ [RR Andrew Watson: The 'most influential' black footballer for decades lost to history], Andrew Aloia, BBC Sport, 12 October 2021
  15. ↑ Brown, Mark (5 May 2022). "Slaves' shackles put on show alongside sculptures at Liverpool gallery" – via The Guardian.
  16. ↑ "Retired police officer sent death threats to Eddisbury MP Antoinette Sandbach over Brexit". Northwich Guardian. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  17. ↑ "ITV investigation reveals extent of online abuse and death threats aimed at MPs in 'Exposure: Brexit Online Uncovered'". Itv.com. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  18. ↑ "bbc newsnight 31 August 2023 - Google Search". Google.com.
  19. ↑ "The Sandbach Tinne Programme - CDH". Cdh.cam.ac.uk. 15 November 2022.
  20. ↑ "2023: news - sandbach tinne conference | Bristol Digital Futures Institute | University of Bristol". Bristol.ac.uk.
  21. ↑ Al Nasir, A.M. (6 June 2018). "Jalal Mansur Nuriddin farewell to the grandfather of rap". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  22. ↑ "Malik & The O.G's (2014)". Ukvibe.org. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  23. ↑ "LIMF kicks off in style with tribute to Gil Scott Heron". Liverpoolecho.co.uk. 27 August 2015.
  24. ↑ "Home - Royal Albert Dock Liverpool". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016.
  25. ↑ [ dead link ]
  26. ↑ "Gil Scott-Heron: the revolution lives on". the Guardian. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  27. ↑ "The grandfather of rap Jalal Nuriddin gives a lesson in hip hop history". CBC Radio. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  28. ↑ Juneja, R. (3 February 2016). "Malik Al Nasir's Continuing Spoken Word Legacy – Gil Scott-Heron's protégé on mentorship, Kanye West and his new documentary with Chuck D". Now Toronto. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  29. ↑ Spencer, J. (8 February 2016). "Rap pioneer helps launch Black History Month at Peel school". Mississauga News. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  30. ↑ O’Hare, A. (5 April 2016). "How do we measure the distance between art and activism? This week's look at Liverpool's less ordinary has us dancing to the rhythms of the diaspora, as we chat with Malik Al Nasir – star of LIMF 2015 and the artist and activist who had his life changed following a chance meeting with the legendary Gil Scott-Heron". Liverpool Etc. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  31. ↑ Bannister, M. (2 July 2011). "BBC World Service – 'Extraordinary personal stories from around the world', 27/06/2011". Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  32. ↑ [ dead link ]
  33. ↑ Balding, C. (2 July 2011). "BBC Radio 4 – Saturday Live, 02/07/2011". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  34. ↑ Waddington, Marc (9 July 2011). "Flashback: How meeting Gil Scott-Heron in riot-hit Toxteth changed my life". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  35. ↑ "BBC News – Liverpool riots 'caused by government cuts'". Bbc.co.uk. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2014.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.