Mediterranean Squadron | |
---|---|
Active | 1801–1865 |
Country | United States of America |
Branch | United States Navy |
Type | Naval squadron |
Garrison/HQ | Mahón (1815–1840) |
The Mediterranean Squadron, also known as the Mediterranean Station, was part of the United States Navy in the 19th century that operated in the Mediterranean Sea. It was formed in response to the First and Second Barbary Wars. Between 1801 and 1818, the squadron was composed of a series of rotating squadrons. Later, squadrons were sent in the 1820s to the 1860s to suppress piracy, primarily in Greece and to engage in gunboat diplomacy. [1] In 1865 the force was renamed the European Squadron.
The Barbary pirates' seizure of American merchant ships went back to just after the victory over Great Britain in 1783. When the Dey of Algiers demanded tribute, the Americans refused and thus began a long series of conflict between the Barbary states and the United States lasting from the 1780s to 1815. The Mediterranean Squadron was created for the protection of American merchant ships sailing in Mediterranean waters. The first squadron sent was under the command of Commodore Richard Dale. His command included the frigates USS Boston, USS Essex, USS Philadelphia and USS President as well as the sloop-of-war USS George Washington and the schooner USS Enterprise. During the squadron's deployment from 1801 to 1802, it operated by convoying merchant ships. Commodore Dale did not have orders to capture enemy vessels and could only respond to the North African's attacks if fired upon first or if coming to the aid of a merchant ship. On August 1, 1801, the twelve gun schooner USS Enterprise under the command of Lieutenant Andrew Sterett encountered the fourteen gun Tripolitan polacca named Tripoli. USS Enterprise captured Tripoli after a long and bloody fight but because the squadron could not legally make a prize of the ship, it was stripped of its fighting capabilities and released.
As attacks on merchantmen continued, the United States government eventually authorized the United States Navy to send a second squadron to blockade Tripoli and attack their ships. In May 1802 Captain Daniel McNeill in USS Boston assisted two Swedish frigates in a battle while blockading Tripoli. In the action several Barbary vessels sortied and the Americans and Swedish frigates fought off the attack which then forced the Tripolitans back into harbor. In June 1803, USS John Adams and USS Enterprise defeated nine enemy gunboats and a polacre near Tripoli. The polacre was sunk and the gunboats forced to flee, the Americans suffered no casualties. The second squadron returned to the United States in 1803 and that same year another force was sent and operated until 1804. On October 31, 1803, USS Philadelphia grounded on a reef just off Tripoli Harbor. Under heavy fire from enemy shore batteries the Americans attempted to refloat their ship but she was hard aground. When Tripolitan gunboats approached for her capture, her commander surrendered his ship and was made a slave along with the crew. Philadelphia was then manned by the Tripolitans as a sort of harbor defence until February 16, 1804. On that night Lieutenant Stephen Decatur in the ketch USS Intrepid boarded and recaptured Philadelphia and scuttled her by fire. This was the most remembered action in the battle for Tripoli. Decatur became famous immediately after this and had a long career of serving the American navy with distinction. He later commanded American forces during the Second Barbary War in 1815.
At the final engagement of the war in April and May 1805, the brig USS Argus, the schooner USS Nautilus and the sloop USS Hornet provided gun support for ten American marines and soldiers leading a mercenary army against Derne. During the battle the Mediterranean Squadron vessels under Oliver Hazard Perry bombarded the city while the land forces besieged the Tripolitan garrison. When the city finally fell, the Dey of Algiers surrendered and the First Barbary War was over.
The Mediterranean Squadron continued to operate until 1807. That year the squadron was withdrawn which tempted the Barbary corsairs to attack American ships again. It was not until the end of the War of 1812 in 1815 that the United States Navy resumed operations against the Barbary coast. Now a commodore, Stephen Decatur led the main squadron of ten vessels including the frigates USS Guerriere, USS Macedonian, USS Constellation, the sloops USS Epervier and USS Ontario, the brigs USS Firefly, USS Spark, USS Flambeau and the schooners USS Torch and USS Spitfire. A second force under Commodore William Bainbridge included the ship of the line USS Independence, the frigates USS Congress, USS Java and USS United States with eight smaller vessels but these warships did not see combat. Only two battles were fought during the Second Barbary War. Decatur's squadron captured the Algerian flagship Mashouda of forty-six guns off Cape Gata on June 15 and later defeated the twenty-two gun Estedio off Cape Palos on June 19. After, the squadron arrived at Algiers and prepared for battle but before fighting began the enemy surrendered and the short war came to an end.
Commanded by Commodore Richard Dale. Deployed in 1801, and returned to the United States in 1802. [1]
Name | Type | Guns | Captain |
---|---|---|---|
Boston [1] | 2nd class frigate | 28 guns [1] | Daniel McNeill [1] |
Enterprise [1] | Schooner | 12 guns [1] | Andrew Sterett [1] |
Essex [1] | 2nd class frigate | 32 guns [1] | William Bainbridge [1] |
George Washington [1] | Sloop of war | 24 guns [1] | John Shaw [1] |
Philadelphia [1] | 2nd class frigate | 36 guns [1] | Samuel Barron [1] |
President [1] | 1st class frigate | 44 guns [1] | James Barron [1] |
Commanded by Commodore Richard Valentine Morris, [1] and later Commodore John Rodgers, who took command after Morris was relieved of duty by the president for inaction—he was later recommended for a court martial, but the president declined to pursue the matter. [2] Deployed in 1802, and returned to the United States in 1803. [1]
Name | Type | Guns | Captain |
---|---|---|---|
Adams [1] | 2nd class frigate | 28 guns [1] | Hugh Campbell [1] |
Boston [1] | 2nd class frigate | 28 guns [1] | Daniel McNeill [1] |
Chesapeake [1] | 2nd class frigate | 36 guns [1] | Isaac Chauncey, [1] James Barron [1] |
Constellation [1] | 2nd class frigate | 36 guns [1] | Alexander Murray [1] |
Enterprise [1] | Schooner | 12 guns [1] | Andrew Sterett, [1] Isaac Hull [1] |
George Washington [1] | Sloop of war | 24 guns [1] | John Shaw [1] |
John Adams [1] | 2nd class frigate | 28 guns [1] | John Rodgers [1] |
New York [1] | 2nd class frigate | 36 guns [1] | James Barron, [1] Isaac Chauncey [1] |
Commanded by Commodore Edward Preble. [1] Deployed in 1803, and returned to the United States in 1804. [1]
Name | Type | Guns | Captain |
---|---|---|---|
Argus [1] | Brig | 16 guns [1] | Isaac Hull [1] |
Constitution [1] | 1st class frigate | 44 guns [1] | John Dent, [1] Thomas Robinson [1] (Lieutenants acting as flag captain to Commodore Preble) [1] |
Enterprise [1] | Schooner | 12 guns [1] | Stephen Decatur [1] |
Intrepid [1] | Ketch | 4 guns [1] | Stephen Decatur, [1] Richard Somers [2] |
John Adams [1] | 2nd class frigate | 28 guns [1] | Isaac Chauncey [1] |
Nautilus [1] | Schooner | 12 guns [1] | Richard Somers, [1] John Dent [1] |
Philadelphia [1] | 2nd class frigate | 36 guns [1] | William Bainbridge [1] |
Scourge [1] | Brig | 16 guns [1] | John Dent, [1] Ralph Izard [1] |
Syren [1] | Brig | 16 guns [1] | Charles Stewart [1] |
Vixen [1] | Schooner | 12 guns [1] | John Smith [1] |
N/a | two bomb-vessels [3] | ||
N/a | nine gunboats [3] |
In 1843, the squadron comprised four ships, Columbia, Cumberland, Fairfield and Plymouth.
Name | Picture | Rank | Assigned (Orders) | Assumed (On Station) | Relieved (Orders) | Relieved (On Station) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | COM Richard Dale [4] (First Squadron) [2] | May 20, 1801 [2] | July 1, 1801 [5] | ? | ? | ||
2 | COM Richard Morris [4] (Second Squadron) [2] | ? | May 25, 1802 [6] | June 21, 1803 [2] | September 11, 1803 [2] | ||
3 | COM John Rodgers [6] (Second Squadron) [2] | June 21, 1803 [2] | September 11, 1803 [6] | ? | ? | ||
4 | COM Edward Preble [4] (Third Squadron) [2] | May 19, 1803 [4] | September, 1803 [5] | 1804 [4] | ? | ||
5 | COM Samuel Barron [2] (Fourth Squadron) [2] | April, 1804 [6] | September 10, 1804 [6] | May 22, 1805 [6] | May 24, 1805 [6] | ||
6 | COM John Rodgers [6] (Fourth Squadron) [6] | May 22, 1805 [6] | May 24, 1805 [6] | ? | May 27, 1806 [6] | ||
7 | COM Hugh Campbell [6] (Fourth Squadron) [6] | ? | May 27, 1806 [6] | ? | ? | ||
COM Stephen Decatur [6] | ? | June 14, 1815 [7] | 1815 [7] | 1815 [7] | |||
COM William Bainbridge [7] | 1815 [7] | ? | ? | 6 oct 1815 [8] | |||
COM John Shaw [7] | ? | 6 oct 1815 [8] | ? | ? | |||
COM Isaac Chauncey | ? | 1816 [9] | ? | February 1, 1818 [10] | |||
COM Charles Stewart [10] | ? | February 1, 1818 [10] | ? | 1820 | |||
COM William Bainbridge [7] | ? | ? | ? | June 4, 1821 [8] | |||
COM Jacob Jones [8] | ? | June 4, 1821 [8] | ? | 1823 [11] | |||
COM John Creigton [6] | ? | ? | ? | 1824 [12] | |||
COM Thomas MacDonough [6] | ? | Nov 24, 1824 [12] | ? | Apr 30, 1825 [12] | |||
COM John Rodgers [6] | ? | April 30, 1825 [6] | ? | May 31, 1827 [6] | |||
COM William Crane [13] | ? | 1827 [13] | ? | ? |
Richard Somers was an officer of the United States Navy, killed during an assault on Tripoli during the First Barbary War.
Commodore William Bainbridge was a United States Navy officer. During his long career in the young American navy he served under six presidents beginning with John Adams and is notable for his many victories at sea. He commanded several famous naval ships, including USS Constitution, and saw service in the Barbary Wars and the War of 1812. Bainbridge was also in command of USS Philadelphia when she grounded off the shores of Tripoli, Libya in North Africa, resulting in his capture and imprisonment for many months. In the latter part of his career he became the U.S. Naval Commissioner.
The USS Enterprise was a schooner, built by Henry Spencer at Baltimore, Maryland, in 1799. Her first commander thought that she was too lightly built and that her quarters, in particular, should be bulletproofed. Enterprise was overhauled and rebuilt several times, effectively changing from a twelve-gun schooner to a fourteen-gun topsail schooner and eventually to a brig. Enterprise saw action in the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, and the Caribbean again, capturing numerous prizes. She wrecked in July 1823.
Andrew Sterett[8] was an officer in the United States Navy during the nation's early days. He saw combat during the Quasi-War with France and in the Barbary Wars, commanding the schooner USS Enterprise in both conflicts.
The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitan War and the Barbary Coast War, was a conflict during the Barbary Wars, in which the United States and Sweden fought against Tripolitania. Tripolitania had declared war against Sweden and the United States over disputes regarding tributary payments made by both states in exchange for a cessation of Tripolitanian commerce raiding at sea. United States President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay this tribute. Sweden had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800. The First Barbary War was the first major American war fought outside the New World, and in the Arab world.
The Barbary Wars were a series of two wars fought by the United States, Sweden, and the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary states and Morocco of North Africa in the early 19th century. Sweden had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800 and was joined by the newly independent US. The First Barbary War extended from 10 May 1801 to 10 June 1805, with the Second Barbary War lasting only three days, ending on 19 June 1815. The Barbary Wars were the first major American war fought entirely outside the New World, and in the Arab World.
USS Philadelphia, a 1240-ton, 36-gun frigate, was the second vessel of the United States Navy to be named for the city of Philadelphia. Originally named City of Philadelphia, she was built in 1798–1799 for the United States government by residents of that city. Funding for her construction was raised by a drive that collected $100,000 in one week, in June 1798. She was designed by Josiah Fox and built by Samuel Humphreys, Nathaniel Hutton and John Delavue. Her carved work was done by William Rush of Philadelphia. She was laid down about November 14, 1798, launched on November 28, 1799, and commissioned on April 5, 1800, with Captain Stephen Decatur, Sr. in command. She was captured by Barbary pirates in Tripoli with William Bainbridge in command. Stephen Decatur led a raid that burned her down, preventing her use by the pirates.
Stephen Decatur Sr. was a United States Navy officer and privateer who served in the American Revolutionary War and the Quasi-War. He was commissioned as a captain in the United States Navy, and was the father of Stephen Decatur.
USS New York was a three-masted, wooden-hulled sailing frigate in the United States Navy that saw service during the Quasi-War with France.
The first USS Intrepid was a captured ketch in the United States Navy during the First Barbary War.
The first USS Argus, originally named USS Merrimack, was a brig in the United States Navy commissioned in 1803. She enforced the Embargo Act of 1807 and fought in the First Barbary War – taking part in the blockade of Tripoli and the capture of Derna – and the War of 1812. During the latter conflict, she had been audaciously raiding British merchant shipping in British home waters for a month, when the heavier British Cruizer-class brig-sloopHMS Pelican intercepted her. After a sharp fight during which Argus's captain, Master Commandant William Henry Allen, was mortally wounded, Argus surrendered when the crew of Pelican were about to board.
The first John Adams was originally built in 1799 as a frigate for the United States Navy, converted to a corvette in 1809, and later converted back to a frigate in 1830. Named for American Founding Father and president John Adams, she fought in the Quasi-War, the First and Second Barbary Wars, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War. At the end of her career, she participated in the Union blockade of South Carolina's ports.
John Trippe was an officer in the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France and the First Barbary War.
USS Vixen was a schooner in the United States Navy during the First Barbary War. Vixen was one of four vessels authorized by Congress on 28 February 1803. She was built at Baltimore, Maryland, in the spring of 1803; and launched on 25 June, Lieutenant John Smith in command.
James R. Caldwell was an officer in the United States Navy who served in the Quasi-War with France and the First Barbary War.
The Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor was a naval action that occurred during the American naval blockade which took place in Tripoli Harbor on July 14, 1804. The battle was part of the First Barbary War between forces of the United States and the forces of the Eyalet of Tripolitania.
Thomas Macdonough, Jr. was a United States Navy officer noted for his roles in the First Barbary War and the War of 1812. He was the son of a revolutionary officer, Thomas Macdonough, Sr. who lived near Middletown, Delaware. He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside. He entered naval life at an early age, receiving a midshipman's commission at the age of sixteen.
The action of 1 August 1801 was a single-ship action of the First Barbary War fought between the American schooner USS Enterprise and the Tripolitan polacca Tripoli off the coast of modern-day Libya.
The action of 22 June 1803 was a naval battle between the United States Navy and the Tripolitan Navy during the First Barbary War. Two ships from the American squadron blockading Tripoli, USS John Adams and USS Enterprise, met and engaged a Tripolitan polacre along with nine gunboats. After fighting a sharp action for forty five minutes the gunboats veered off and the polacre was abandoned. The Tripolitians later retook the polacre and were reengaged by the Americans before the vessel was destroyed in a large explosion.
Commodore Stephen Decatur Jr. was a United States Navy officer. He was born on the eastern shore of Maryland in Worcester County. His father, Stephen Decatur Sr., was a commodore in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War; he brought the younger Stephen into the world of ships and sailing early on. Shortly after attending college, Decatur followed in his father's footsteps and joined the U.S. Navy at age 19 as a midshipman.