Mesorhizobium mediterraneum | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
Order: | Hyphomicrobiales |
Family: | Phyllobacteriaceae |
Genus: | Mesorhizobium |
Species: | M. mediterraneum |
Binomial name | |
Mesorhizobium mediterraneum Jarvis et al. 1997 [1] | |
Type strain | |
ATCC 51670, ATCC 700745, BCRC 15796, CCRC 15796CECT 4847, CFBP 6716, CIP 107327, DSM 11555, DSMZ 11555, HAMBI 2096, IAM 15104, ICMP 13644, JCM 21565, KACC 10664, KCTC 12158, LMG 14994, LMG 17148, NBRC 102497, Nour UPM-Ca36, ORS 2739, strain Ca-7, UPM-Ca36, USDA 3392 [2] | |
Synonyms | |
Rhizobium mediterraneum [3] |
Mesorhizobium mediterraneum is a bacterium from the genus Mesorhizobium, which was isolated from root nodule of the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in Spain. [4] [5] The species Rhizobium mediterraneum was subsequently transferred to Mesorhizobium mediterraneum. [6] This species, along with many other closely related taxa, have been found to promote production of chickpea and other crops worldwide by forming symbiotic relationships.
As a typical species nodulating the chickpea root, M. mediterraneum forms a mutualistic symbiosis with the legume crop. The associations between M. mediterraneum and its legume hosts have been reported to be mediated by type IV secretion system (T4SS) genes such as traG [7] and improved by the addition of the clpB chaperone gene. [8] The invasion of legume by Mesorhizobium mediterraneum was also documented to involve production of hydrolytic enzymes such as xyloglucanase. [9]
Several isolates of M. mediterraneum enhanced the growth of chickpea by efficiently mobilizing phosphorus from insoluble phosphates. [10] [11] [12] The species could help chickpea increase production and protein content even under a moderate water deficit. [13] However, it has also been reported that nodulation by the species on chickpea was reduced by water deficiency. [14] Dual-inoculation of Glomus mosseae and M. mediterraneum helped Lathyrus sativus resist sulfate salinity stress, [15] while the growth of M.mediterraneum was also found to be intolerant of salt stress of 200 mM NaCl. [16] M. mediterraneum helped chickpea resist osmotic stress by enhancing nodular peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activities. [17]
Besides chickpea, Mesorhizobium mediterraneum and/or closely related taxa have also been found to form symbiotic relationships with many other crops and plants, including wild liquorice (Astragalus glycyphyllos), [18] lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), [19] the South African legume species of the genus Lessertia, [20] black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), [21] Lotus tenuis, [22] Caragana, [23] and Astragalus cicer. [24]
Mesorhizobium mediterraneum, along with many other species, contributed to diverse rhizobia nodulating chickpea worldwide, such as Northeast China, [25] [26] [27] India, [28] [29] the North-West Indo Gangetic Plains, [30] Ethiopia, [31] Iran, [32] and Portugal. [33] [34] These findings contribute to valuable pools of isolates that hold promises for increasing chickpea production in these soil types.
The chickpea or chick pea is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. Its different types are variously known as gram or Bengal gram, chhana, chana, or channa, garbanzo or garbanzo bean, or Egyptian pea. Chickpea seeds are high in protein. It is one of the earliest cultivated legumes, and 9,500-year-old remains have been found in the Middle East.
Rhizobia are diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). To express genes for nitrogen fixation, rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. In general, they are gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods.
Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily) legumes and other flowering plants.
Diazotrophs are bacteria and archaea that fix gaseous nitrogen in the atmosphere into a more usable form such as ammonia.
Ensifer meliloti are an aerobic, Gram-negative, and diazotrophic species of bacteria. S. meliloti are motile and possess a cluster of peritrichous flagella. S. meliloti fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for their legume symbionts, such as alfalfa. S. meliloti forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes from the genera Medicago, Melilotus and Trigonella, including the model legume Medicago truncatula. This symbiosis promotes the development of a plant organ, termed a root nodule. Because soil often contains a limited amount of nitrogen for plant use, the symbiotic relationship between S. meliloti and their legume hosts has agricultural applications. These techniques reduce the need for inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers.
Nod factors, are signaling molecules produced by soil bacteria known as rhizobia in response to flavonoid exudation from plants under nitrogen limited conditions. Nod factors initiate the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia by inducing nodulation. Nod factors produce the differentiation of plant tissue in root hairs into nodules where the bacteria reside and are able to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere for the plant in exchange for photosynthates and the appropriate environment for nitrogen fixation. One of the most important features provided by the plant in this symbiosis is the production of leghemoglobin, which maintains the oxygen concentration low and prevents the inhibition of nitrogenase activity.
Bradyrhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria, many of which fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation is an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen (N2); they must use nitrogen compounds such as nitrates.
Ensifer is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia), three of which have been sequenced.
Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a species of legume-root nodulating, microsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The species is one of many Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria commonly referred to as rhizobia. Within that broad classification, which has three groups, taxonomy studies using DNA sequencing indicate that B. japonicum belongs within homology group II.
Mesorhizobium loti, formerly known as Rhizobium loti, is a Gram negative species of bacteria found in the root nodules of many plant species. Its name is a reference to Lotus corniculatus, a flowering plant from which it was originally isolated.
Pararhizobium giardinii is a Gram negative root nodule bacteria. It forms nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legumes, being first isolated from those of Phaseolus vulgaris.
Rhizobium gallicum is a Gram-negative root-nodule bacterium. It forms nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legumes, being first isolated from those of Phaseolus vulgaris.
Mesorhizobium tianshanense, formerly known as Rhizobium tianshanense, is a Gram negative species of bacteria found in the root nodules of many plant species. Its type strain is A-1BS.
Mesorhizobium plurifarium is a species of root nodule bacteria first isolated from Acacia species in Senegal. Its type strain is ORS 1032.
Mesorhizobium amorphae is a species of root nodule bacteria first isolated from Amorpha fruticosa species in China. It is purported to be native to American soil. Its genome has been sequenced. Its type strain is ACCC 19665.
Mesorhizobium ciceri is a gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing motile bacteria from the genus of Mesorhizobium which was isolated from Chickpea nodules of Cicer arietinum in Spain. Rhizobium cicero was transferred to Mesorhizobium ciceri.
Mesorhizobium huakuii is a bacterium from the genus Mesorhizobium which was isolated from the legume Astragalus sinicus in Nanjing in China. Rhizobium huakuii was transferred to Mesorhizobium huakuii.
Mesorhizobium muleiense is a bacterium from the genus Mesorhizobium which was isolated from Cicer arietinum in Xinjiang in China.
Ensifer numidicus is a nitrogen fixing symbiont of Fabaceae. gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium of the family Rhizobiaceae. First described in 2010; more biovars have since been isolated and described with ORS 1407 considered the representative organism. Most examples have been found in arid and infra-arid regions of Tunisia.
Chen Wenxin was a Chinese biologist specializing in soil microorganisms and bacterial taxonomy, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Some English-language sources cite her as "Wen Xin Chen" or as "Wen-Xin Chen".