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Methanotrophs are prokaryotes that metabolize methane as their source of carbon and chemical energy. They are bacteria or archaea, can grow aerobically or anaerobically, and require single-carbon compounds to survive.
Methylotrophs are a diverse group of microorganisms that can use reduced one-carbon compounds, such as methanol or methane, as the carbon source for their growth; and multi-carbon compounds that contain no carbon-carbon bonds, such as dimethyl ether and dimethylamine. This group of microorganisms also includes those capable of assimilating reduced one-carbon compounds by way of carbon dioxide using the ribulose bisphosphate pathway. These organisms should not be confused with methanogens which on the contrary produce methane as a by-product from various one-carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide. Some methylotrophs can degrade the greenhouse gas methane, and in this case they are called methanotrophs. The abundance, purity, and low price of methanol compared to commonly used sugars make methylotrophs competent organisms for production of amino acids, vitamins, recombinant proteins, single-cell proteins, co-enzymes and cytochromes.
Methylorubrum extorquens is a Gram-negative bacterium. Methylorubrum species often appear pink, and are classified as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs, or PPFMs. The wild type has been known to use both methane and multiple carbon compounds as energy sources. Specifically, M. extorquens has been observed to use primarily methanol and C1 compounds as substrates in their energy cycles. It has been also observed that use lanthanides as a cofactor to increase its methanol dehydrogenase activity
Methylocella palustris is a species of bacterium. It is notable for oxidising methane. It is acidophilic and was first found in a peat bogs, representing a novel subtype of serine-pathway methanotrophs, for which a new genus was described. It is aerobic, Gram-negative, colourless, non-motile and its cells can be straight or curved rods. Strain KT is the type strain.
Methylocapsa acidiphila is a bacterium. It is a methane-oxidizing and dinitrogen-fixing acidophilic bacterium first isolated from Sphagnum bog. Its cells are aerobic, gram-negative, colourless, non-motile, curved coccoids that form conglomerates covered by an extracellular polysaccharide matrix. The cells use methane and methanol as sole sources of carbon and energy. B2T is the type strain.
Methylosphaera hansonii, also called Antarctic budding methanotroph AM6, is a species of psychrophilic, group I methanotrophs, named after microbiologist Richard S. Hanson. It is non-motile, coccoidal in morphology, does not form resting cells, reproduces by constriction, and requires seawater for growth. Its type strain is ACAM 549.
Methylocella tundrae is a species of bacterium. It is notable for oxidising methane. Its cells are aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile, dinitrogen-fixing rods. Strain T4T is the type strain.
Beijerinckia indica is a nitrogen fixing, aerobic acidophilic bacteria from the genus of Beijerinckia.
Beijerinckia mobilis is a nitrogen fixing bacteria from the genus of Beijerinckia.
Methylocapsa aurea is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile bacteria from the genus of Methylocapsa which was isolated from forest soil in Germany. It is a facultative methanotroph.
Methylobacter tundripaludum is a methane-oxidizing bacterium. It is Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming, with type strain SV96T. Its genome has been sequenced.
Methylocystis bryophila is a Gram-negative, aerobic, facultatively methanotrophic and non-motile bacterium species from the genus of Methylocystis which has been isolated from Sphagnum peat from the Großer Teufelssee in Germany.
Methylocystis heyeri is a Gram-negative, aerobic, methanotrophic and non-motile bacterium species from the genus of Methylocystis that has been isolated from Sphagnum peat in the Großer Teufelssee in Germany.
Methylocystis parvus is a methylotroph bacterium species from the genus of Methylocystis.
Methylosinus trichosporium is an obligate aerobic and methane-oxidizing bacterium species from the genus of Methylosinus. Its native habitat is generally in the soil, but the bacteria has been isolated from fresh water sediments and groundwater as well. Because of this bacterium's ability to oxidize methane, M. trichosporium has been popular for identifying both the structure and function of enzymes involved with methane oxidation since it was first isolated in 1970 by Roger Whittenbury and colleagues. Since its discovery, M. trichosporium and its soluble monooxygenase enzyme have been studied in detail to see if the bacterium could help in bioremediation treatments.
Methyloferula is a Gram-negative, mesophilic, psychrotolerant, aerobic and colorless genus of bacteria from the family of Beijerinckiaceae. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known.
Methyloferula stellata is a Gram-negative and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Methyloferula which has been isolated from acidic peat soil from Arkhangelsk in Russia. In contrast to most known Methanotrophs Methyloferula stellata is an aerobic acidophilic methanotroph. This makes it similar to Methylocella species, however it is unable to grow on multicarbon substrates. It's genome was sequenced in March and April 2015.
Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum is an autotrophic bacterium first described in 2007 growing on volcanic pools near Naples, Italy. It grows in mud at temperatures between 50 °C and 60 °C and an acidic pH of 2–5. It is able to oxidize methane gas. It uses ammonium, nitrate or atmospheric nitrogen as a nitrogen source and fixes carbon dioxide.
Methylacidiphilum infernorum is an extremely acidophilic methanotrophic aerobic bacteria first isolated and described in 2007 growing on soil and sediment on Hell's Gate, New Zealand. Similar organisms have also been isolated from geothermal sites on Italy and Russia.
Candidatus "Methylomirabilis oxyfera" is a candidate species of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the NC10 phylum, characterized for its capacity to couple anaerobic methane oxidation with nitrite reduction in anoxic environments. To acquire oxygen for methane oxidation, M. oxyfera utilizes an intra-aerobic pathway through the reduction of nitrite (NO2) to dinitrogen (N2) and oxygen.
References
- 1 2 3 Dunfield PF, Khmelenina VN, Suzina NE, Trotsenko YA, Dedysh SN (September 2003). "Methylocella silvestris sp. nov., a novel methanotroph isolated from an acidic forest cambisol". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (Pt 5): 1231–1239. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02481-0 . PMID 13130000 . Retrieved 2013-07-25.
- 1 2 Chen Y, Crombie A, Rahman MT, Dedysh SN, Liesack W, Stott MB, et al. (July 2010). "Complete genome sequence of the aerobic facultative methanotroph Methylocella silvestris BL2". Journal of Bacteriology. 192 (14): 3840–1. doi:10.1128/JB.00506-10. PMC 2897342 . PMID 20472789.
- ↑ Dedysh, Svetlana N.; Knief, Claudia; Dunfield, Peter F. (2005-07-01). "Methylocella Species Are Facultatively Methanotrophic". Journal of Bacteriology. 187 (13): 4665–4670. doi: 10.1128/JB.187.13.4665-4670.2005 . ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 1151763 . PMID 15968078.
- 1 2 Bordel, Sergio; Crombie, Andrew T.; Muñoz, Raúl; Murrell, J. Colin (2020-07-16). "Genome Scale Metabolic Model of the versatile methanotroph Methylocella silvestris". Microbial Cell Factories. 19 (1): 144. doi: 10.1186/s12934-020-01395-0 . ISSN 1475-2859. PMC 7364539 . PMID 32677952.